bank of new york v romero

7/22/2019 Bank of New York v Romero

1/19

0

LH [AN R^]_NCN BJ^_[ JD [AN R[@[N JD HNY CNQLBJ

Jplhljh Huconr5

Dlflhi K`tn5 Dnoru`ry 02, ?=0;

Kjbgnt Hj. 22,??;

O@HG JD HNY \J_G `s [rustnn djr ]J]^F@_DLH@HBL@F RN_TLBNR CJ_[I@IN/]@RR[A_J^IA BN_[LDLB@[N RN_LNR #?==4,

]f`lhtldd-_nspjhknht,

v.

EJRN]A @. _JCN_J `hk C@_\ _JCN_J,`/g/` C@_\ J. _JCN_J, `/g/` C@_L@ _JCN_J,

Kndnhk`hts-]ntltljhnrs.

J_LILH@F @]]N@F JH BN_[LJ_@_LE`cns @. A`ff, Klstrlbt Eukin

Ejsau` _. Rlccs, ].B.Ejsau` _. Rlccs@fouqunrqun, HC

Drnknrlbg C. _jwnK`hlnf \ja`fncG`tanrlhn Nflz`onta Curr`yR`ht` Dn, HC

djr ]ntltljhnrs

_jsn Flttfn Or`hk & @ssjbl`tns, ].B.Nr`lh` C`rln Nkw`rks@fouqunrqun, HC

Rnvnrsjh & YnrsjhE`h [. BalftjhR`h Dr`hblsbj, B@

djr _nspjhknhts


2/19

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I`ry G. Glhi, @ttjrhny Inhnr`fEjnf Bruz-Nsp`rz`, @sslst`ht @ttjrhny Inhnr`fG`rnh E. Cnynrs, @sslst`ht @ttjrhny Inhnr`fR`ht` Dn, HC

djr @clbus Burl`n Hnw Cnxlbj @ttjrhny Inhnr`f

H`hby @h` I`rhnrR`ht` Dn, HC

djr @clbus Burl`n Blvlb @clbl

_jkny, Klbg`sjh, Rfj`h, @glh & _joo, ][email protected]`rk _. _lbbjEjah ]. Ourtjh

@fouqunrqun, HC

E`cns E. Yaltn@hh @rojr, CL

djr @clbus Burl`n Hnw Cnxlbj O`hgnrs @ssjbl`tljh

J]LHLJH

K@HLNFR, Eustlbn.

{0} Yn ir`htnk bnrtljr`rl tj rnvlnw rnburrlhi prjbnkur`f hk suost`htlvn lssuns lh ajcncjrtiìn djrnbfjsurn `btljhs. Yn ajfk ta`t tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg klk hjt nstòflsa ltsf`wduf st`hklhi lh tals b`sn tj dlfn ` ajcn cjrtiìn djrnbfjsurn `btljh. Yn `fsj ajfk ta`t òjrrjwnrs òlflty tj rnp`y ajcn cjrtiìn fj`h ls jhn jd tan ojrrjwnrs blrbucst`hbnsta`t fnhknrs `hk bjurts cust bjhslknr lh kntnrclhlhi bjcpfl`hbn wlta tan Hnw CnxlbjAjcn Fj`h ]rjtnbtljh @bt, HCR@ 01-?0@-0 tj -0; (?==2, `s `cnhknk tarjuia?==


3/19

2

(CN_R), `s tan hjclhnn djr Nqulty Jhn, pfnkilhi tanlr ajcn `s bjff`tnr`f djr tan fj`h.

{2} [an _jcnrjs `ffnin ta`t Nqulty Jhn bjfk-b`ffnk tanc `hk urink tanc tj rndlh`hbntanlr ajcn djr `bbnss tj tanlr ajcns nqulty. [an tnrcs jd tan Nqulty Jhn fj`h wnrn hjt `hlcprjvncnht jvnr tanlr burrnht ajcn fj`h5 Nqulty Jhns lhtnrnst r`tn w`s alianr (st`rtlhi

`t 1.0 pnrbnht hk lhbrn`slhi tj 0; pnrbnht bjcp`rnk tj 9.90 pnrbnht), tan _jcnrjs cjhtafyp`ycnhts wnrn irn`tnr ($0,412.?1 bjcp`rnk tj $0,?>4.2=). Ajwnvnr, tan _jcnrjs wjufk rnbnlvn ` b`sap`yjut jd hn`rfy $;2,===, walba wjufk bjvnr òjut $0?,=== lh hnw bfjslhi bjsts `hkprjvlkn tanc wlta òjut $2=,=== tj p`y jdd jtanr knots.

{;} Ojta p`rtlns ìrnn ta`t tan _jcnrjs fj`h w`s ` hj lhbjcn, hj `ssnts fj`h (HLH@)`hk ta`t kjbucnht`tljh jd tanlr lhbjcn w`s hnvnr rnqunstnk jr vnrldlnk. [an _jcnrjs jwhnk` cuslb stjrn lh Nsp`hjf`, Hnw Cnxlbj, hk Cr. _jcnrj ffninkfy tjfk Nqulty Jhn ta`t tanstjrn prjvlknk alc h lhbjcn jd $>,4== cjhta. @fsj ghjwh s fl`r fj`hs onbùsn tany rno`snk sjfnfy jh tan prjdnssnk lhbjcn jd tan snfd-ncpfjynk, HLH@ fj`hs a`vn slhbn onnh

spnbldlb`ffy prjaloltnk lh Hnw Cnxlbj oy ` ?==< `cnhkcnht tj tan AF]@ `hk `fsj oydnknr`f f`w. Rnn HCR@ 01-?0@-;(B)-(K) (rnqulrlhi ` brnkltjr tj kjbucnht òjrrjwnrs olflty tj rnp`y)7 0> .R.B.@. 042} [an _jcnrjs sjjh onb`cn knflhqunht jh tanlr lhbrn`snk fj`h p`ycnhts. Jh @prlf0, ?==1, ` talrk p`rtytan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg, lknhtldylhi ltsnfd `s ` trustnn djr ]jpuf`rDlh`hbl`f Rnrvlbns Cjrtiìndlfnk bjcpf`lht lh tan Dlrst Euklbl`f Klstrlbt Bjurt snnglhidjrnbfjsurn jh tan _jcnrjs ajcn `hk bf`lclhi tj on tan ajfknr jd tan _jcnrjs hjtn `hkcjrtiìn wlta tan rliat jd nhdjrbncnht.

{4} [an _jcnrjs rnspjhknk oy riulhi, `cjhi jtanr talhis, ta`t tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrgf`bgnk st`hklhi tj djrnbfjsn onbùsn hjtalhi lh tan bjcpf`lht nstòflsank ajw tan O`hg jdHnw \jrg w`s ` ajfknr jd tan hjtn hk cjrtiìn bjhtr`bts tan _jcnrjs slihnk wlta NqultyJhn. @bbjrklhi tj tan _jcnrjs, Rnburltlns `hk Nxba`hin Bjcclssljh dlflhis sajwnk ta`ttanlr fj`h bnrtldlb`tn snrlns w`s jhbn jwhnk oy ]jpuf`r @OR Cjrtiìn `hk hjt ]jpuf`r

Dlh`hbl`f Rnrvlbns Cjrtiìn `hk ta`t tan ajfknr w`s E]Cjri`h Ba`sn. [an _jcnrjs `fsjr`lsnk snvnr`f bjuhtnrbf`lcs, jhfy jhn jd walba ls rnfnv`ht tj tals `ppn`f5 ta`t tan fj`hvljf`tnk tan htldflpplhi prjvlsljhs jd tan Hnw Cnxlbj AF]@, Rnbtljh >1-?0@-;(O) (?==2).

{9} [an O`hg rnspjhknk oy prjvlklhi (0) kjbucnht sajwlhi ta`t CN_R s hjclhnndjr Nqulty Jhn sslihnk tan _jcnrjs cjrtiìn tj tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg jh Euhn ?>, ?==1,


4/19

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tarnn cjhtas `dtnr tan O`hg dlfnk tan djrnbfjsurn bjcpf`lht `hk (?) tan `ddlk`vlt jd @hhGnffny, snhljr vlbn prnslknht djr Flttjh Fj`h Rnrvlblhi F], st`tlhi ta`t Nqulty Jhn lhtnhknktj tr`hsdnr tan hjtn `hk `sslih tan cjrtiìn tj tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg prljr tj tan O`hgsdlflhi jd tan djrnbfjsurn bjcpf`lht. Ajwnvnr, tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg `kclts ta`t Gnffnysncpfjynr Flttjh Fj`h Rnrvlblhi klk hjt onilh snrvlblhi tan _jcnrjs fj`h uhtlf Hjvnconr

0, ?==1, snvnh cjhtas `dtnr tan djrnbfjsurn bjcpf`lht w`s dlfnk lh klstrlbt bjurt.

{1} @t ` onhba trl`f, Gnvlh Df`hhli`h, ` snhljr fltli`tljh prjbnssjr djr Flttjh Fj`hRnrvlblhi, tnstldlnk jh ona`fd jd tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg. Df`hhli`h `ssnrtnk ta`t tan bjplnsjd tan hjtn `hk cjrtiìn `kclttnk `s trl`f nvlknhbn oy tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg wnrn bjplnsjd tan jrlilh`fs hk fsj tnstldlnk ta`t tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg a`k payslb`f pjssnssljh jd ojtatan hjtn `hk cjrtiìn `t tan tlcn lt dlfnk tan djrnbfjsurn bjcpf`lht.

{= H.C.94


5/19

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tan _jcnrjs prnncptljh `riucnht.).

{02} Yn ir`htnk tan _jcnrjs pntltljh djr wrlt jd bnrtljr`rl.

LL. KLRB^RRLJH

@. [an O`hg jd Hnw \jrg F`bgs Rt`hklhi tj Djrnbfjsn

0. ]rnsnrv`tljh

{0;} @s ` prnflclh`ry c`ttnr, wn `kkrnss tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrgs `riucnht ta`t tan_jcnrjs w`lvnk tanlr ba`ffnhin jd tan O`hgs st`hklhi lh tals Bjurt `hk tan Bjurt jd@ppn`fs oy d`lflhi tj prjvlkn tan nvlknhtl`ry suppjrt rnqulrnk oy _ufn 0?-?02(@)(2) [email protected] O`hg jd H.\., ?=00-HCB@-00=, ?=-?0 (klsclsslhi tan _jcnrjs ba`ffnhin tjst`hklhi s wltajut utajrlty hk o`snk prlc`rlfy jh tan hjtns on`rnr-st`cp sslihcnht tjE]Cjri`h Ba`sn)7 snn `fsj_ufn 0?-?02(@)(2) (@ bjhtnhtljh ta`t ` vnrklbt, eukicnht jr

dlhklhi jd d`bt ls hjt suppjrtnk oy suost`htl`f nvlknhbn sa`ff on knncnk w`lvnk uhfnss tansucc`ry jd prjbnnklhis lhbfukns tan suost`hbn jd tan nvlknhbn on`rlhi upjh tanprjpjsltljh.).

{0>} Yn a`vn rnbjihlznk ta`t tan f`bg jd Wst`hklhiS ls ` pjtnhtl`f eurlsklbtljh`f kndnbtwalba c`y hjt on w`lvnk `hk c`y on r`lsnk `t `hy stìn jd tan prjbnnklhis, nvnh su`

spjhtn oy tan `ppnff`tn bjurt. Iuhèl v. C`bl`s, ?==0-HCRB-=?1, ?=, 02= H.C. 92;,20 ].2k 0==1 (blt`tljh jclttnk). Yalfn wn klsìrnn ta`t tan _jcnrjs w`lvnk tanlr st`hklhibf`lc, onbùsn tanlr ba`ffnhin a`s onnh hk rnc`lhs f`rinfy o`snk jh tan hjtns lhkjrsncnhttj E]Cjri`h Ba`sn, wantanr tan _jcnrjs d`lfnk tj duffy knvnfjp tanlr st`hklhi `riucnhtondjrn tan Bjurt jd @ppn`fs ls lcc`tnrl`f. [als Bjurt c`y rn`ba tan lssun jd st hklhi o`snk

jh pruknhtl`f bjhbnrhs. Rnn Hnw Nhnriy Nbjhjcy, Lhb. v. Rajjorlkin, ?=0=-HCRB-=;, ?==1, `sslihcnht

fnttnr oy CN_R, hk tan trl`f tnstlcjhy jd Gnvlh Df`hhli`h. Oy bjhtr`st, tan _jcnrjs riunta`t hjhn jd tan O`hgs nvlknhbn kncjhstr`tns st`hklhi onbùsn (0) pjssnssljh `fjhn lslhsuddlblnht, (?) tan jrlilh`f hjtn lhtrjkubnk oy tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg t trl`f wlta tan twjuhk`tnk lhkjrsncnhts lhbfukns spnbl`f lhkjrsncnht tj E]Cjri`h Ba`sn, walba b`hhjt onlihjrnk lh d`vjr jd tan of`hg lhkjrsncnht, (2) tan Euhn ?>, ?==1, `sslihcnht fnttnr drjcCN_R jbburrnk `dtnrtan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg dlfnk lts bjcpf`lht, `hk `s ` cnrn `sslihcnht


6/19

4

jd tan cjrtiìn kjns hjt `bt `s ` f`wduf tr`hsdnr jd tan hjtn, `hk (;) tan st`tncnhts oy @hhGnffny `hk Gnvlh Df`hhli`h `rn lh`kclsslofn onbùsn ojta f`bg pnrsjh`f ghjwfnkin ilvnhta`t Flttjh Fj`h Rnrvlblhi klk hjt onilh snrvlblhi fj`hs djr tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg uhtlfsnvnh cjhtas dtnr tan djrnbfjsurn bjcpf`lht w`s dlfnk hk dtnr tan purpjrtnk tr`hsdnr jd tanfj`h jbburrnk. Djr tan djffjwlhi rn`sjhs, wn ìrnn wlta tan _jcnrjs.

{09} [an O`hg jd Hnw \jrg kjns hjt klsputn ta`t lt w`s rnqulrnk tj kncjhstr`tn uhknrHnw Cnxlbjs hldjrc Bjccnrbl`f Bjkn (^BB) ta`t lt a`k st hklhi tj orlhi djrnbfjsurn`btljh t tan tlcn lt dlfnk sult. RnnHCR@ 0>-2-2=0 (0


7/19

9

2. Hjhn jd tan O`hgs Nvlknhbn Kncjhstr`tns Rt`hklhi tj Djrnbfjsn

{0>-2-2=0 (kndlhlhi WpSnrsjh nhtltfnk tj nhdjrbn ` hnijtlòfnlhstrucnht). Yalfn wn ìrnn wlta tan O`hg ta`t jur st`tns ^BB ijvnrhs ajw ` p`rtyonbjcns fni`ffy nhtltfnk tj nhdjrbn hnijtlòfn lhstrucnht suba s tan hjtn djr ajcn fj`h,wn klsìrnn ta`t tan O`hg put djrta suba nvlknhbn.

`. ]jssnssljh jd Hjtn Rpnbl ffy Lhkjrsnk tj E]Cjri`h Ba`sn Kjns Hjt Nstòflsatan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg `s ` Ajfknr

{?=} Rnbtljh >>-2-2=0 jd tan BB prjvlkns tarnn w`ys lh walba talrk p`rty b`h nhdjrbn` hnijtlòfn lhstrucnht suba s hjtn.Lk.(]nrsjh nhtltfnk tj nhdjrbn h lhstrucnht cn`hs(l) tan ajfknr jd tan lhstrucnht, (ll) hjhajfknr lh pjssnssljh jd tan lhstrucnht waj a`s tan

rliats jd ` ajfknr, jr (lll) ` pnrsjh hjt lh pjssnssljh jd tan lhstrucnht waj ls nhtltfnk tjnhdjrbn tan Wfjst, knstrjynk, stjfnh, jr clst`gnhfy tr`hsdnrrnkS lhstrucnht pursu`ht tj Wbnrt`lh^BB nhdjrbncnht prjvlsljhsS.)7 snn `fsj >>-2-0=;(`)(0), (o), (n) (kndlhlhi hnijtlòfnlhstrucnht s lhbfuklhi hjtn c`kn p`yòfn tj on`rnr jr tj jrknr). Onbùsn tan O`hgs`riucnhts rnst jh tan d`bt ta`t lt w`s lh payslb`f pjssnssljh jd tan _jcnrjs hjtn, wn hnnktj bjhslknr jhfy tan dlrst twj b`tnijrlns jd nflilolflty tj nhdjrbn uhknr Rnbtljh >>-2-2=0.

{?0} [an ^BB kndlhns tan dlrst typn jd pnrsjh nhtltfnk tj nhdjrbn ` hjtntan ajfknrjd tan lhstrucnht`s tan pnrsjh lh pjssnssljh jd ` hnijtlòfn lhstrucnht ta`t ls p`yòfnnltanr tj on`rnr jr tj `h lknhtldlnk pnrsjh ta`t ls tan pnrsjh lh pjssnssljh. HCR@ 0>-0-?=0(o)(?0)(@) (?==>)7 snn `fsjDrnknrlbg C. A`rt & Ylffl`c D. Ylfflnr,Hnijtlòfn

Lhstrucnhts ^hknr tan ^hldjrc Bjccnrbl`f Bjkn, 0?.=?(0) `t 0?-02 tj 0?-0> (?=0?)([an dlrst rnqulrncnht jd onlhi ` ajfknr ls pjssnssljh jd tan lhstrucnht. Ajwnvnr,pjssnssljh ls hjt hnbnss`rlfy suddlblnht tj c`gn jhn ` ajfknr. . . . [an p`ynn ls `fw`ys àjfknr ld tan p`ynn a`s pjssnssljh. Yantanr jtanr pnrsjhs qu`fldy s ajfknr knpnhks upjhwantanr tan lhstrucnht lhltl`ffy ls p`yòfn tj jrknr jr p`yòfn tj on`rnr, `hk wantanr tanlhstrucnht a`s onnh lhkjrsnk. (djjthjtns jclttnk)). @bbjrklhify, ` talrk p`rty cust prjvnojta payslb`f pjssnssljh `hktan rliat tj nhdjrbncnht tarjuia nltanr ` prjpnr lhkjrsncnhtjr ` tr`hsdnr oy hnijtl`tljh. RnnHCR@ 0>-2-?=0(`) (0


8/19

1

hjtn nstòflsans tan O`hg `s ` ajfknr.

{?2} ]jssnssljh jd h uhlhkjrsnk hjtn c`kn p`yòfn tj talrk p`rty kjns hjt nstòflsa tanrliat jd nhdjrbncnht, eust s dlhklhi fjst banbg c`kn p`yòfn tj p`rtlbuf`r p`rty kjns hjt`ffjw tan dlhknr tj b`sa lt. RnnHCR@ 0>-2-0=< bct. 0 (0


9/19

-2-?=;(b) (0


10/19

0=

wlthnss a`s pnrsjh`f ghjwfnkin jd tan c`ttnr. Nvlknhbn tj prjvn pnrsjh`f ghjwfnkin c`ybjhslst jd tan wlthnsss jwh tnstlcjhy.). Yn c`gn ` slclf`r bjhbfusljh ojut tan `ddlk`vltjd @hh Gnffny, waj `fsj tnstldlnk òjut tan st`tus jd tan _jcnrjs fj`h o`snk jh anr wjrgdjr Flttjh Fj`h Rnrvlblhi. @s wlta Df`hhli`hs tnstlcjhy, suba st`tncnhts oy Gnffny wnrnlh`kclsslofn onbùsn tany f`bgnk pnrsjh`f ghjwfnkin.

{2?} Yanh prnssnk òjut Df`hhli`hs o`sls jd ghjwfnkin jh brjss-nx`clh`tljh,Df`hhli`h cnrnfy st`tnk ta`t jur rnbjrks kj lhklb`tn tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg `s tan ajfknrjd tan hjtn o`snk jh ` pjjflhi hk snrvlblhi irnncnht. Hj suba ouslhnss rnbjrk ltsnfd w`sjddnrnk jr `kclttnk `s ` ouslhnss rnbjrks an`rs`y nxbnptljh. Rnn_ufn 00-1=2(D) HC_@(?==9) (h`clhi tals b`tnijry jd an`rs`y nxbnptljhs `s rnbjrks jd rniuf`rfy bjhkubtnk`btlvlty).

{22} [an klstrlbt bjurt nrrnk lh `kclttlhi tan tnstlcjhy jd Df`hhli`h `s ` bustjkl`h jdrnbjrks uhknr tan nxbnptljh tj tan lh`kclsslolflty jd an`rs`y djr ouslhnss rnbjrks ta`t rnc`kn lh tan rniuf`r bjursn jd ouslhnss `hk `rn inhnr`ffy `kclsslofn `t trl`f uhknr bnrt`lh

bjhkltljhs. Rnn_ufn 00-1=2(D) (?==9) (bltlhi tan vnrsljh jd tan rufn lh nddnbt `t tan tlcn jdtrl`f). [an ouslhnss rnbjrks nxbnptljh ffjws tan rnbjrks tancsnfvns tj on kclsslofn out hjtslcpfy st`tncnhts òjut tan purpjrtnk bjhtnhts jd tan rnbjrks. Rnn Rt`tn v. Bjdnr,?=00-HCB@-=1>, 09, 0>= H.C. ;12, ?40 ].2k 000> (ajfklhi ta`t, o`snk jh tan pf`lhf`hiuìn jd _ufn 00-1=2(D) (?==9), lt ls bfn`r ta`t tan ouslhnss rnbjrks nxbnptljh rnqulrnssjcn djrc jd kjbucnht ta`t s`tlsdlns tan rufns djuhk`tljh`f nfncnhts tj on jddnrnk `hk`kclttnk lhtj nvlknhbn hk ta`t tnstlcjhy fjhn kjns hjt qu`fldy uhknr tals nxbnptljh tj tanan`rs`y rufn `hk bjhbfuklhi ta`t tnstlcjhy rni`rklhi tan bjhtnhts jd ouslhnss rnbjrks,uhsuppjrtnk oy tan rnbjrks tancsnfvns, oy jhn wltajut pnrsjh`f ghjwfnkin jd tan d`btsbjhstltutns lh`kclsslofn an`rs`y. (blt`tljh jclttnk)). Hnltanr Df`hhli`hs tnstlcjhy hjrGnffnys ddlk`vlt b`h suost`htl`tn tan nxlstnhbn jd kjbucnhts nvlknhblhi tr`hsdnr ld tajsn

kjbucnhts `rn hjt nhtnrnk lhtj nvlknhbn. @bbjrklhify, Df`hhli`hs trl`f tnstlcjhy b`hhjtnstòflsa ta`t tan _jcnrjs hjtn w`s tr`hsdnrrnk tj tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg.

{2;} Yn `fsj rnenbt tan O`hgs `riucnht ta`t lt b`h nhdjrbn tan _jcnrjs hjtn onbùsnlt w`s sslihnk tan cjrtiìn oy CN_R. @h `sslihcnht jd cjrtiìn vnsts jhfy tajsn rliatstj tan cjrtiìn ta`t wnrn vnstnk lh tan sslihlhi nhtlty hk hjtalhi cjrn. Rnn >>-2-?=2(o)([r`hsdnr jd `h lhstrucnht, wantanr jr hjt tan tr`hsdnr ls ` hnijtl`tljh, vnsts lh tantr`hsdnrnn `hy rliat jd tan tr`hsdnrjr tj nhdjrbn tan lhstrucnht, lhbfuklhi `hy rliat `s àjfknr lh kun bjursn.)7 `bbjrkA`rt & Ylfflnr, supr`, 0?.=2(?) `t 0?-?9 ([aWlsS sanftnr

rufn puts tan tr`hsdnrnn lh tan sajns jd tan tr`hsdnrjr.).

{2>} Anrn, s Nqulty Jhn hk CN_R nxpf`lhnk tj tan klstrlbt bjurt lh ejlht dlflhi snnglhitj on klsclssnk `s talrk p`rtlns tj tan _jcnrjs bjuhtnrbf`lcs, CN_R . . . ls cnrnfy tanhjclhnn djr Nqulty Jhn, Lhb. lh tan uhknrfylhi Cjrtiìn `hk w`s hjt tan `btu`f fnhknr.CN_R ls ` h`tljh`f nfnbtrjhlb rnilstry walba gnnps tr`bg jd tan ba`hins lh snrvlblhi `hkjwhnrsalp jd cjrtiìn fj`hs. Rnn `fsjBarlstjpanr F. ]ntnrsjh, Djrnbfjsurn, RuoprlcnCjrtiìn Fnhklhi, `hk tan Cjrtiìn Nfnbtrjhlb _nilstr`tljh Rystnc, 91 ^. Blh. F. _nv.


11/19

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02>


12/19

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{21} [an slcpfn d`bt ta`t Nqulty Jhn kjns hjt bf`lc jwhnrsalp jd tan _jcnrjs hjtn kjnshjt nstòflsa ta`t tan hjtn w`s prjpnrfy tr`hsdnrrnk tj tan O`hg jd Hnw \jrg. Lh d`bt, tannvlknhbn lh tan rnbjrk lhklb`tns ta`t E]Cjri`h Ba`sn c`y on tan f`wduf ajfknr jd tan_jcnrjs hjtn, s rndfnbtnk lh tan hjtns spnbl`f lhkjrsncnht. @s tals Bjurt a`s rnbjihlznk,

[an wajfn purpjsn jd tan bjhbnpt jd ` hnijtlòfn lhstrucnht uhknr@rtlbfn 2 Wjd tan BBS ls tj knbf`rn ta`t tr`hsdnrnns lh tan jrklh`ry bjursn jdouslhnss `rn jhfy tj on anfk flòfn djr lhdjrc`tljh `ppn`rlhi lh tanlhstrucnht ltsnfd `hk wlff hjt on nxpnbtnk tj ghjw jd `hy flclt`tljhs jhhnijtlòlflty jr ba`hins lh tnrcs, ntb., bjht`lhnk lh hy snp`r`tn kjbucnhts.

Dlrst Rt`tn O`hg `t I`ffup v. Bf`rg, 0>-S2-2=1 W(0


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02

Bjurt jd @ppn`fs `hk tan klstrlbt bjurt ta`t ` ajcnjwhnrs lhòlflty tj rnp`y ls hjt `cjhi`ff jd tan blrbucst`hbns ta`t tan ?==2 AF]@, `ppflbòfn tj tan _jcnrjs fj`h, rnqulrns `fnhknr tj bjhslknr uhknr lts dflpplhi prjvlsljhs5

Hj brnkltjr sa`ff ghjwlhify hk lhtnhtljh`ffy nhiìn lh tan uhd`lr bt

jr pr`btlbn jd dflpplhi ` ajcn fj`h. @s usnk lh tals suosnbtljh, dflpplhi àjcn fj`h cn`hs tan c`glhi jd ` ajcn fj`h tj ` ojrrjwnr ta`t rndlh`hbns`h nxlstlhi ajcn fj`h wanh tan hnw fj`h kjns hjt a`vn rn`sjhòfn, t`hilofnhnt onhndlt tj tan ojrrjwnr bjhslknrlhi ff jd tan blrbucst`hbns, lhbfuklhi tantnrcs jd ojta tan hnw `hk rndlh`hbnk fj`hs, tan bjst jd tan hnw fj`h `hk tanojrrjwnrs blrbucst`hbns.

Rnbtljh >1-?0@-;(O) (?==2)7 snn `fsjO`hg jd H.\., ?=00-HCB@-00=, 09 (ajfklhi ta`twalfn tan òlflty tj rnp`y ` fj`h ls `h lcpjrt`ht bjhslknr`tljh wanh jtanrwlsn `ssnsslhi òjrrjwnrs dlh`hbl`f sltu`tljh, wn wlff hjt rn`k suba cn`hlhi lhtj tan st`tutns rn`sjhòfn,t`hilofn hnt onhndlt f`hiuìn).

{;=} Rt`tutjry lhtnrprnt`tljh ls ` qunstljh jd f`w, walba wn rnvlnw kn hjvj.Ajvnt v.@ffst`tn Lhs. Bj., ?==;-HCRB-=0=, 0=, 02> H.C. 2..>..>.


14/19

0;

wlta tan rndlh`hblhi jd fj`hs).

{;2} [an Bjurt jd @ppn`fs nxprnssnk ta`t lt w`s slihldlb`ht ta`t tan Fnilsf`turn klk hjtspnbldlb`ffy rnbltn tan òlflty tj rnp`y `s ` d`btjr tj on bjhslknrnk lh tan uhkndlhnkojrrjwnrs blrbucst`hbns kkrnssnk lh tan htldflpplhi prjvlsljhs jd Rnbtljh >1-?0@-;(O)

(?==2) walfn tan Fnilsf`turn klk spnbldlb`ffy rnbltn ta`t d`btjr lh ` snp`r`tn snbtljh jd tanAF]@ prjaloltlhi nqulty strlpplhi lh alia-bjst fj`hs. RnnO`hg jd H.\., ?=00-HCB@-00=, 00, 09 (hjtlhi ta`t tan ?==2 AF]@ snts djrta flclt`tljhs `hk prjaloltnk pr`btlbns djralia-bjst cjrtiìns)7 snn fsj >1-?0@->(A) (?==2) (Hj brnkltjr sa`ff c`gn alia-bjstajcn fj`h wltajut kun rni`rk tj rnp`ycnht òlflty.). [an Bjurt jd @ppn`fs lhdnrrnk drjctan spnbldlb `kkltljh`f wjrklhi lh tan ?==2 st`tutjry prjvlsljhs djr alia-bjst fj`hs ta`twanh lt nh`btnk Rnbtljh >1-?0@-;(O) lh ?==2 tan Fnilsf`turn bajsn hjt tj rnqulrnbjhslknr`tljh `hk kjbucnht`tljh jd ` ojrrjwnrs rn`sjhòfn òlflty tj rnp`y tan fj`h wanhkntnrclhlhi wa`t t`hilofn onhndlt, ld `hy, tan ojrrjwnr wjufk rnbnlvn drjc ` cjrtiìnfj`h. O`hg jd H.\., ?=00-HCB@-00=, 09. Yalfn bjcp`rlsjhs ontwnnh snbtljhs jd `st`tutn b`h on anfpduf lh kntnrclhlhi fnilsf`tlvn lhtnht wanrn tan st`tutjry f`hiuìn jr tan

fnilsf`tlvn purpjsn ls uhbfn`r, wn b`hhjt lihjrn tan bjcc`hks jd nltanr tan orj`k pf`lhf`hiuìn jd tan AF]@ htldflpplhi prjvlsljhs, lknhtlb`f lh ojta tan ?==2 st`tutn hk lts ?==

{;>} Onbùsn tan _jcnrjs cjrtiìn hk jtanrs flgn lt c`y bjcn ondjrn jur bjurts lh tanduturn, wn c`gn sjcn josnrv`tljhs tj prjvlkn iulk`hbn lh ssnsslhi ojrrjwnrs olflty tjrnp`y. [an fnhknr lh tals b`sn bf`lcnk tj rnfy sjfnfy jh tan _jcnrjs uhnxpf`lhnk ssnrtljhjh djrc ta`t tany n`rhnk $>,4== cjhta, out tan fnhknr klk hjt rnvlnw t`x rnturhs jr jtanrkjbucnhts ta`t n`slfy wjufk a`vn bf`rldlnk n`rhlhi $>,4== `s ` jhn-tlcn jbburrnhbn. [an

O`hg `riuns ta`t tan fnhknr w`s hjt rnqulrnk tj `sg tan ojrrjwnrs djr prjjd jd tanlr lhbjcnout r`tanr ta`t tan _jcnrjs wnrn rnqulrnk tj prjvlkn lt, bltlhi 0?.0>.>.


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04

ta`t tan fj`h w`s `pprjprl`tn djr tan ojrrjwnr `hk(?) lhklb`tn jh ` prnprlhtnk banbgflst`hy jd nliat rn`sjhòfn, t`hilofn hnt onhndlts tan ojrrjwnr wjufk on rnbnlvlhi. @ftajuiaNqulty Jhn rnspjhknk tj tan snbjhk rnqulrncnht oy lhklb`tlhi ta`t tan fj`h rndlh`hbnk sjcnjd tan _jcnrjs knot, lt fndt tan dlrst of`hg, jddnrlhi hj vnrldlb`tljh ta`t tan fj`h w`s`pprjprl`tn djr tan _jcnrjs o`snk jh tanlr òlflty tj rnp`y` rnqulrnk nfncnht jd Nqulty

Jhns jwh onhndlt h`fysls. Nqulty Jhns onhndlt h`fysls wjrgsannt rnvlnwnk hk pprjvnkoy `h Nqulty Jhn c`hìnr jh Euhn ?4, ?==4, spn`gs djr ltsnfd, prjvlklhi uhol`snk,kjbucnht`ry nvlknhbn jd Nqulty Jhns jwh klsrni`rk jd tan _jcnrjs dlh`hbl`fblrbucst`hbns lh vljf`tljh jd tan AF]@, wantanr jr hjt tan _jcnrjs slihnk Nqulty Jhnskjbucnht rnbltlhi ta`t tany rnbnlvnk ` rn`sjhòfn, t`hilofn hnt onhndlt. Rnn0?.0>.>.=} Ojrrjwnrs `rn bnrt`lhfy hjt of`cnfnss ld tany try tj rndlh`hbn tanlr ajcns tarjuiafj`hs tany b`hhjt `ddjrk. Out tany kj hjt a`vn ` cjrtiìn fnhknrs nxpnrtlsn, `hk tanbjcolh`tljh jd tan rnf`tlvn uhsjpalstlb`tljh jd c`hy ojrrjwnrs `hk tan pjtnhtl`f cjtlvns

jd uhsbrupufjus fnhknrs snnglhi prjdlts drjc c`glhi fj`hs wltajut rni`rk djr tanbjhsnqunhbns tj ajcnjwhnrs fnk tj tan hnnk djr st`tutjry rndjrc. Rnn >1-?0@-?(klsbusslhi (@) òuslvn cjrtiìn fnhklhi pr`btlbns, lhbfuklhi (O) c`glhi . . . fj`hs ta`t`rn nqulty-o`snk, r`tanr ta`h lhbjcn o`snk, (B) rnpn`tnkfy rndlh`hbWlhiS ajcn fj`hs,rnw`rklhi fnhknrs wlta lccnkl`tn lhbjcn drjc pjlhts `hk dnns `hk (K) vlbtlclzlhiajcnjwhnrs wlta tan uhhnbnss`ry bjsts `hk tnrcs jd jvnrrn`balhi brnkltjrs). [an

AF]@ w`s nh`btnk tj prnvnht tan glhks jd pr`btlbns tan _jcnrjs ffnin Nqulty Jhn nhiìnklh anrn5 btlvnfy sjflbltlhi vufhnròfn ajcnjwhnrs hk jddnrlhi tncptlhi lhbnhtlvns suba sup-drjht b`sa tj lhkubn tanc tj rndlh`hbn tanlr cjrtiìns wlta uhd`vjròfn tnrcs jr wltajutrni`rk djr tan ojrrjwnrs òlflty tj rnp`y tan fj`hs `hk `vjlk fjss jd tanlr ajcns. Yantanrtan _jcnrjs `ffni`tljhs `rn `bbur`tn ls hjt ondjrn us, out ` bjurt cust bjhslknr tan`ffni`tljhs lh jrknr tj kntnrclhn wantanr tan fnhknr vljf`tnk tan AF]@.

B. Dnknr`f F`w Kjns Hjt ]rnncpt tan ]rjtnbtljhs jd tan AF]@

{>0} @ftajuia tan Bjurt jd @ppn`fs klk hjt rnvlnw tan bjhbfusljh jd tan klstrlbt bjurt ta`tdnknr`f f`w prnncpts tan AF]@, snnO`hg jd H.\., ?=00-HCB@-00=, 4, jur klsbussljh jd

tan `ppflbòlflty jd tan AF]@ tj Hnw Cnxlbj ajcn cjrtiìn fj`hs wjufk on lhbjcpfntnwltajut jur `kkrnsslhi tan lssun.

{>?} [an kjbtrlhn jd prnncptljh ls h jutirjwta jd tan Ruprnc`by Bfùsn jd @rtlbfn TLjd tan ^hltnk Rt`tns Bjhstltutljh. Rnfd v. ^hltnk ]`rbnf Rnrv., Lhb., 0


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09

sa`ff on tan suprncn F`w jd tan F`hk. (qujtlhi @rtlbfn TL jd tan ^hltnk Rt`tnsBjhstltutljh)). Yn rnvlnw lssuns jd st`tutjry `hk bjhstltutljh`f lhtnrprnt`tljh kn hjvj.Rt`tn v. Fubnrj, ?==9-HCRB-=;0, 1, 0;? H.C. 0=?, 042 ].2k ;12} [an O`hg jd Hnw \jrgs `riucnht ta`t dnknr`f f`w prnncpts tan AF]@ rnflns jh

rniuf`tjry prjvlsljhs jd tan Hnw Cnxlbj _niuf`tljh hk Flbnhslhi Knp`rtcnhts Dlh`hbl`fLhstltutljhs Klvlsljh rnbjihlzlhi ta`t WnSddnbtlvn Dnoru`ry 0?, ?==;, tan Wdnknr`f Jddlbn jdtan Bjcptrjffnr jd BurrnhbyS puoflsank ` dlh`f rufn ta`t st`tns, lh pnrtlhnht p`rt5 st`tn f`wsta`t jostrubt, lcp`lr, jr bjhkltljh ` h`tljh`f o`hgs òlflty tj duffy nxnrblsn lts dnknr`ffyùtajrlznk rn`f nst`tn fnhklhi pjwnrs kj hjt `ppfy tj h`tljh`f o`hgs (tan JBBprnncptljh) hk bjhbfuklhi ta`t WoS snk jh tan JBB prnncptljh, slhbn E hu`ry 0, ?==;,h`tljh`f o`hgs lh Hnw Cnxlbj a`vn onnh ùtajrlznk tj nhiìn lh bnrt`lh o`hglhi `btlvltlnsjtanrwlsn prjaloltnk oy tan WAF]@S. 0?.04.94.1(I)-(A) HC@B. [ansn `kclhlstr`tlvnprjvlsljhs a`vn hjt onnh upk`tnk slhbn ?==;. Rnn 0?.04.94.1 HC@B (hjtlhi jhfy jhn`cnhkcnht, jh Euhn 0>, ?==;, slhbn tan E`hu`ry 0, ?==;, nddnbtlvn k`tn jd tan rniuf`tljh).

{>;} Yalfn tan O`hg ls bjrrnbt lh `ssnrtlhi ta`t tan JBB lssunk ` of`hgnt rufn lh E`hu`ry?==;, snn0? B.D._. 2;.;(`) (?==;) (prnncptlhi st`tn f`ws ta`t lcp`bt ` h`tljh`f o`hgsòlflty tj duffy nxnrblsn lts Dnknr`ffy ùtajrlznk rn`f nst`tn fnhklhi pjwnrs), `hk ta`t tanHnw Cnxlbj @kclhlstr`tlvn Bjkn rnbjihlzns tals JBB rufn, hnltanr tan O`hg hjr jur`kclhlstr`tlvn bjkn `kkrnssns snvnr`f `btljhs t`gnh oy Bjhirnss `hk tan bjurts slhbn ?==;tj kls`vjw tan JBBs orj`k prnncptljh st`tncnht.

{>>} Lh ?==9, tan ^hltnk Rt`tns Ruprncn Bjurt rnltnr`tnk lts pjsltljh jh prnncptljh oytan H`tljh`f O`hg @bt (HO@), st`tlhi ta`t

WlSh tan yn`rs slhbn tan HO@s nh`btcnht, wn a`vn rnpn`tnkfy c`kn bfn`r ta`t

dnknr`f bjhtrjf salnfks h`tljh`f o`hglhi drjc uhkufy ourknhsjcn `hkkupflb`tlvn st`tn rniuf`tljh. Dnknr`ffy ba`rtnrnk o`hgs `rn suoenbt tj st`tnf`ws jd inhnr`f `ppflb`tljh lh tanlr k`lfy ouslhnss tj tan nxtnht suba f`ws kjhjt bjhdflbt wlta tan fnttnr jr tan inhnr`f purpjsns jd tan HO@.

Y`ttnrs v.Y`bajvl` O`hg, H.@., >>= .R. 0, 00 (?==9) (blt`tljh jclttnk). _nfylhi prlc`rlfyjh `h n`rflnr b`sn,O`rhntt O`hg jd C`rljh Bhty., H.@. v. Hnfsjh, >09 ^.R. ?> (0= ^.R. `t 0?. Out wanh st`tnprnsbrlptljhs slihldlb`htfy lcp`lr tan nxnrblsn jd ùtajrlty, nhucnr`tnk jr lhblknht`f uhknr

tan HO@, tan Rt`tns rniuf`tljhs cust ilvn w`y.Lk.

{>4} [wj yn`rs f`tnr, lh Bujcj v. Bfn`rlhi Ajusn @ssh, F.F.B., >>9 ^.R. >0?2-?;(?==


18/19

01

JBBs orj`k st`tncnht jd lts prnncptljh pjwnrs `s uhsuppjrtnk. Rnn Bujcj, >>9 ^.R. `t>?>, >?1-?< (klstlhiulsalhi tan pjwnr tj nhdjrbn tan f`w ì`lhst ` h`tljh`f o`hg, walba `st`tn rnt`lhs hjtwltast`hklhi tan HO@, drjc vlsltjrl`f pjwnrslhbfuklhi ùklts, inhnr`fsupnrvlsljh `hk bjhtrjf, `hk jvnrsliat jd h`tljh`f o`hgswalba tan HO@ prnncpts `snxbfuslvn tj tan JBB). @ftajuia tan Bujcj Bjurt klk hjt spnbldlb`ffy `kkrnss tan

prnncptljh rufn jh rn`f-nst`tn fnhklhi `t lssun anrn, lts r`tljh`fn ls hjhntanfnss klspjsltlvnlh lts `bghjwfnkicnht ta`t WhSj jhn knhlns ta`t tan WHO@S fn`vns lh pf`bn sjcn st`tnsuost`htlvn f`ws ddnbtlhi o`hgs, lk. t >? yn`rs, lk.`t >2;.

{>9} Lh kkltljh, lh ?=0=, Bjhirnss nxpflbltfy bf`rldlnk st`tn f`w prnncptljh st`hk`rks djrh`tljh`f o`hgs lh ]uo. F. Hj. 000-?=2, 0=;;, 0?; Rt`t. 0294 (?=0=) jd tan Kjkk-Dr`hgY`ff Rtrnnt _ndjrc `hk Bjhsucnr ]rjtnbtljh @bt. [an Kjkk-Dr`hg @bt prnncpts st`tnbjhsucnr dlh`hbl`f f`w lh jhfy tarnn blrbucst`hbns5 (0) ld ppflb`tljh jd tan st`tn f`w wjufka`vn ` klsbrlclh`tjry nddnbt jh h`tljh`f o`hgs, lh bjcp`rlsjh wlta tan nddnbt jd tan f`w jh` o`hg ba`rtnrnk oy ta`t Rt`tn, (?) lh bbjrk`hbn wlta tan fni`f st`hk`rk snt djrta lhO`rhntt

O`hg wanh tan st`tn f`w prnvnhts jr slihldlb`htfy lhtnrdnrns wlta tan nxnrblsn oy tanh`tljh`f o`hg jd lts pjwnrs, jr (2) oy nxpflblt dnknr`f prnncptljh. Rnn lk.7 0? ^.R.B.@. ?>o(o)(0)(@)-(B) (?=0=).

{>1} Lh rnspjhsn tj tals fnilsf`tljh, tan JBB bjrrnbtnk lts ?==; of`hgnt prnncptljh rufntj bjhdjrc tj tan fnilsf`tlvn bf`rldlb`tljhs. RnnKjkk-Dr`hg @bt Lcpfncnht`tljh, 94 Dnk._ni. ;2>;>? (Eufy ?0, ?=00) (prjpjslhi ba`hins tj tan JBBs rniuf`tljhs rnf`tlhitj prnncptljh (0? BD_ . . . 2;.;) (?==; prnncptljh rufns) . . . tj lcpfncnht tan prjvlsljhsjd tan Kjkk-Dr`hg @bt ta`t `ddnbt tan sbjpn jd h`tljh`f o`hg . . . prnncptljh oy rncjvlhidrjc Ruosnbtljh ` tan of`hgnt bfùsn, st`tn f`ws ta`t jostrubt, lcp`lr jr bjhkltljh `h`tljh`f o`hgs olflty tj duffy nxnrblsn lts Dnknr`ffy utajrlznk Wrn`f nst`tn fnhklhiS pjwnrs

kj hjt `ppfy tj h`tljh`f o`hgs `hk oy bf`rldylhi lh Ruosnbtljh o ta`t st`tn f`w ls hjtprnncptnk tj tan nxtnht . . . bjhslstnht wlta tanO`rhnttknblsljh). Bjcp`rn0? B.D._. 2;.;(`) & (o) (?=00), wlta0? B.D._. 2;.;(`) & (o) (?==;). Hnltanr Kjkk-Dr`hg hjr tanbjrrnbtnk JBB rniuf`tljhs brn`tnk hnw f`w bjhbnrhlhi tan sbjpn jd h`tljh`f o`hgprnncptljh out lhstn`k bf`rldlnk prnnxlstlhi rnqulrncnhts jd tan HO@ `hk tan 01-?0@-? (prjvlklhi fnilsf`tlvn dlhklhis jh òuslvncjrtiìn fnhklhi pr`btlbns ta`t tan AF]@ ls cn`ht tj klsbjurìn).


19/19

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