BARELY LEGAL: DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES

UNDER THE REGULATORY RADAR

MICHAEL NERNEY and ASSOCIATESP.O. Box 93Long Lake, NY 12847-0093(518) 624-5351mcnerneyLL@frontiernet.net

Legal Issues

Federal Analogue Act 21 U.S.C Sect. 813 of the United States Controlled

Substances Act, allows any chemical “substantially similar” to an illegal drug (Schedule I or II) to be treated as a Schedule I. Must be intended for human consumption.

It’s About the Money

Packaging Comments Not for human consumption Not for sale in the US Not to be sold to persons under 18

CONTEXT

Not new development More than 100 years

Synthesis Extraction and synthesis since the 1850’s Aspirin, morphine, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine

Semi-synthetics Heroin

Analogues A new form of designer drug 1960’s and 70’s hundreds of new drugs 80’s and 90’s new analogues each year Tango and Cash, China White

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Emotional Intensity

Ages 11 – 24 years

Amygdala Hormones Larger and more active

2 to 4 times

THE ADOLESCENT BRAIN FACTOR

https://images.nonexiste.net/popular/2012/03/30/diffusion-spectrum-imaging-reveals-an-orderly-weave-of-nerve-fibers-in-the-brain/

Risk Taking and Peers

Change at 13 years old

New sites appear in brain

Emotional reward for risk taking

Peer influence

THE ADOLESCENT BRAIN FACTOR, CON’T.

Social Media Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, YouTube Instant information Personal communication Possibly anonymous Nearly every young person has access

BRAIN FACTOR, CON’T.

Cannabinoids

3 experimental strands:

JWH-073, JWH-018, 200, 250 CP 47, CP 80 HU-210

Clemson University

John W. Huffman

THE PRODUCTS:MARIJUANA SYNTHETICS

Animal Studies

Medical Use of Cannabinoids Pain management Appetite regulation

No human clinical trials Tested on primates and rodents

MARIJUANA SYNTHETICS: RESEARCH APPLICATION

K2, Spice, Blond, Standard, Spice Gold, Zohai, Genie 3-4 years under radar 2009 testing showed few herbal compounds New synthetic cannabinoids discovered

MARIJUANA SYNTHETICS:DIVERTED TO THE PUBLIC

(knockoff)

Not legal in NYS Distribution Possession

MARIJUANA SYNTHETICS:LEGAL STATUS

http://www.floridaconnectsinc.com/florida-homes-auction-method-sales-selling-auction-method-work/court-gavel

Physical Rapid onset Dilated pupils Time distortion Speech may be confused and non-responsive

MARIJUANA SYNTHETICS:EFFECTS

http://saypeople.com/2011/11/04/pupil-reflexes-without-brain-messaging/

Social/Emotional Bouts of laughter Interference with color and sound

MARIJUANA SYNTHETICS:EFFECTS, CON’T

http://beckyland.wordpress.com/tag/synesthesia/

Behavioral

Increased appetite

Cognitive deficiencies

In vulnerable individuals:

May lead to psychosis May deepen depression

MARIJUANA SYNTHETICS: EFFECTS, CON’T

Addiction Anandamide influence

High potency – more activity in CB1 and CB2 sites

May lead to dependency and addiction

Tolerance Withdrawal Compulsion Loss of Control Continued Use Despite Consequences

MARIJUANA SYNTHETICS:SIGNIFICANT RISKS

Non-responsive High dose – no divided attention

Operation of any moving vehicle Not attentive to environmental risks

Cognitive impact Measurable impact on memory and learning Potential paranoia and/or psychotic break

Testing Requires specialized and sophisticated drug testing

MARIJUANA SYNTHETICS:SIGNIFICANT RISKS, CONT

Wicked X, Posh, Dank, K2 Compliant, Shakabuku, Kush, Bombay Blue, Aztec Gold

“Not for human consumption” Sold as potpourri or aromatherapy

Discreet shipping

Blend of herbal compounds may include: Canavalia rosea, Clematis vitalba, Nelumbo nucifera,Pedicularis grandifolia, Heimia salicifolia,Leonurus sibiricus and Ledum palustre,Damiana, Lavender, Baybean, Yerba Mate

MARIJUANA SUBSTITUTES

Legal in many states

Available on reservation

Expensive product for mild high

MARIJUANA SUBSTITUTES:LEGAL STATUS

Physical Mild mental stimulation Body relaxation

Social/Emotional Relaxation Laughter

Behavioral Disconnected

MARIJUANA SUBSTITUTES:EFFECTS

Lung function Joints, blunts, pipes, bongs Vaporizers

Unknown herbal products Damiana Yerba Mate

Loaded Blunts Herbals plus smokable:

Marijuana Heroin Cocaine Methamphetamine Ketamine

MARIJUANA SUBSTITUTES:RISKS

Diviner’s Sage

Legal Status

Source – Mexico/Florida Sun Pharm Potency ratings 5x, 10x, 15x, 20x, 30x

Salvinorin A Extract available Psychoactive compound

SALVIA DIVINORUM

Physical Mild to moderate stimulation 5-10 minute duration Uncoordinated

Social/Emotional Tactile, auditory and visual hallucinations Extended bouts of laughter Confusion and fearfulness

SALVIA DIVINORUM:EFFECTS

Behavioral Restless

Non-responsive

No impulse control

At risk when unsupervised Motor control Depth perception

SALVIA DIVINORUM:EFFECTS, CONT.

YouTube – Salvia Bad Trips

Highly unpredictable

Random rapid movements

Injury to self or others

Non-responsive to intervention

Fatal accidents and falls

Testing is limited

SALVIA DIVINORUM:RISKS AND TESTING

Vanilla Skye, Red Dove, Blue Silk, Ocean Burst

Not for Human Consumption

Smoked, snorted, oral

Injected

BATH SALTS

Contents:

Mephedrone Plant food Similar to amphetamine

MDPV Similar to Ritalin Party enhancer Mimics ecstasy

TFMPP Hallucinogenic Less powerful

BATH SALTS, CONT

Physical Increased heart rate and blood pressure Stimulant, high energy Restlessness Decreased appetite Impaired sleep

Social/Emotional Euphoria Excitement Alertness Increased sexuality

Behavioral Manic Repetitive behaviors

BATH SALTS:EFFECTS

Unpredictable

Agitation and fearfulness

Sleep defi cits

Aggressive paranoia

Psychosis

Seizures

Coma

Suicidal ideation

BATH SALTS:RISKS

Illegal to distribute or possess

Except for TFMPP

2C-I

Testing is specialized

BATH SALTS:LEGAL STATUS AND TESTING

Alcohol treats

Pocket Shots

ALCOHOL: NEW PRODUCTS

Malt Beverages

Malt brewed beer

Sugars

Flavors

20 – 24 ounces

7 – 13% alcohol

ALCOHOL: NEW PRODUCTS, CONT.

Oral

Mucous membranes

Inhalation

ALCOHOL: ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION

Hand Sanitizer

Infused Marijuana

ALCOHOL: OTHER PRODUCTS

Impact on Brain

Two systems activated

Stimulatory – caffeine

Biphasic – alcohol

Harvard University study

“Wide Awake Drunk”

ALCOHOL AND CAFFEINE MIX.

Physical

Energized

Uncoordinated

30% drop in glucose uptake in motor cortex

30% drop in glucose uptake in visual cortex

Slower reaction time

ALCOHOL AND CAFFEINE: RISK FACTORS

Behavioral Sense of competence

Aggressive social interactions

Twice as likely to suffer physical injury

Twice as likely to get in fights

Twice as likely to be either a victim or a perpetrator of sexual assault

ALCOHOL AND CAFFEINE: RISK FACTORS, CONT.

High risk when operating any moving vehicle Auto/motorcycle

32% of all crashes alcohol-related

Boat 60% of fatalities alcohol-related

Bike/skateboard

High risk: Swimming Heights Parties

ALCOHOL AND CAFFEINE: RISK FACTORS

Robo-shots

Dextromethorphan

Opioid cough suppressant

Plus alcohol

Rapid and powerful intoxication

Motor control

Impulse control

Delusional

ALCOHOL ANDOVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS

Oxycontin

Vicodin

Roxanol

Opana

ALCOHOL ANDPRESCRIPTION PAIN MEDICATIONS

Pain Medication

Street Drug

Routes of Administration

ALCOHOL AND HEROIN

Addiction

Infection

Overdose

RISK FACTORS

Molly

MDMA

EMPATHOGENS

Mollylicious •PMMA•MDMA•Methamphetamine•Caffeine•Methylsulfonylmethane•Safrole

•7•6•5•2•1•1

May 26, 2012

2c-I Smiles

Several Fatal Events

EMPATHOGENS

Nutmeg

Long lasting

Side effects

Hallucinogenic

FROM THE KITCHEN

HALLUCINOGENS

DMT

Dimethyltriptamine

Businessman's Lunch

Substantial uncertainty regarding actual ingredients Possible contaminants and/or toxins

No accurate measurement of potency

Unpredictable response

No human trials

No information regarding long-term health consequences

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