basal ganglia and thalamic connections bruce crosson, ph.d
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Basal Ganglia and Thalamic ConnectionsBasal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections
Bruce Crosson, Ph.D.Bruce Crosson, Ph.D.
![Page 2: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Here they are.Here they are.
Any questions?Any questions? from Mink, 1996
![Page 3: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Amygdala
from Crosson, 1992
![Page 4: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Anatomy: Axial ViewBasal Ganglia and Thalamic Anatomy: Axial View
![Page 5: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
from Nauta & Feirtag, 1986
Subthalamic NucleusSubthalamic Nucleus
![Page 6: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
FrontalFrontalCortexCortex
StriatumStriatum
Globus Pallidus/Globus Pallidus/SNSNprpr
ThalamusThalamus
MidbrainMidbrainDADA
++
--
--
+
+/-
PosteriorPosteriorCorticesCortices
+
Alexander, DeLong, &Strick (1986)
![Page 7: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
FrontalFrontalCortexCortex
StriatumStriatum
Globus Pallidus/Globus Pallidus/SNSNprpr
ThalamusThalamus
MidbrainMidbrainDADA
++
--
--
+
+/-
PosteriorPosteriorCorticesCortices
+
Middleton &Strick (2000)
![Page 8: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
SubthalamicSubthalamicNucleusNucleus
LateralLateralGlobus PallidusGlobus Pallidus
MedialMedialGlobus PallidusGlobus Pallidus
-
+
GABA
Glu
Indirect Basal Ganglia LoopIndirect Basal Ganglia Loop
![Page 9: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Pre-SMAStriatalBridges
MedialGlobusPallidus
Ventral Ant.Thalamus
LateralGlobusPallidus
SubthalamicNucleus
+ -
- +
-
-
+
+
+
Modeling Activity in the Pre-SMA LoopModeling Activity in the Pre-SMA Loop
![Page 10: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
SMA
PUT
vlGP
VLoVLm
FEF
BCN
cdmGP
VAmcMDpl
DLPF
dlHCN
ldmGP
VApcMDpc
LOF
vmHCN
mdmGP
VAmcMDmc
ACA
VS
rlVP
pmMD
Motor OculomotorDorsolateralPrefrontal
LateralOrbitofrontal
AnteriorCingulate
Cortex
Striatum
Pallidum
Thalamus
Alexander, DeLong, & Strick, 1986
![Page 11: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Motor Loops StudiedMotor Loops Studied
Strick, Dum, & Picard, 1995
![Page 12: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex:Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex:Executive Functions and Working MemoryExecutive Functions and Working Memory
![Page 13: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
DorsolateralPrefrontalCortex
BA 9BA 9
BA 46BA 46
BA 9BA 9
from Mai et al., 1997
![Page 14: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex:Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex:Basal Ganglia ConnectionsBasal Ganglia Connections
DorsolateralDorsolateralPrefrontalPrefrontal
(BA9) Loop(BA9) Loop
DorsolateralPFC
DorsolateralCaudate Head
rd GlobusPallidus
VAThalamus
DorsolateralDorsolateralPrefrontalPrefrontal
(BA 46) Loop(BA 46) Loop
DorsolateralPFC
DorsolateralCaudate Head
dm GlobusPallidus
VA & DMThalamus
![Page 15: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Orbitofrontal Cortex:Orbitofrontal Cortex:Impulse ControlImpulse Control
![Page 16: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
LateralOrbitofrontalCortex
MedialOrbitofrontalCortex
from Mai et al., 1997
![Page 17: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Orbitofrontal Cortex:Orbitofrontal Cortex:Basal Ganglia ConnectionsBasal Ganglia Connections
LateralLateralOrbitofrontalOrbitofrontal
LoopLoop
MedialMedialOrbitofrontalOrbitofrontal
LoopLoop
LateralOFC
GlobusPallidus
Ventral Ant.Thalamus
VentromedialCaudate Nuc.
MedialOFC
NucleusAccumbens
GlobusPallidus
Ventral Ant.Thalamus
![Page 18: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Medial Frontal Cortex:Medial Frontal Cortex:Initiation, Conflict Monitoring,Initiation, Conflict Monitoring,
and Response Selectionand Response Selection
![Page 19: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SMAPosterior BA 6
Pre-SMAAnterior BA 6
RostralCingulate Zone
BA 32Anterior
Cingulate GyrusBA 24
from Mai et al., 1997
![Page 20: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SMA, Pre-SMA, and Rostral Cingulate Zone:SMA, Pre-SMA, and Rostral Cingulate Zone:General ConnectivityGeneral Connectivity
SMA
Pre-SMA
AnteriorRostral
Cingulate Zone
PosteriorRostral
Cingulate Zone
SpinalCord
PrimaryMotorCortex
LateralPremotor
Cortex
LateralPrefrontal
Cortex
![Page 21: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Medial Frontal Cortex:Medial Frontal Cortex:Basal Ganglia ConnectionsBasal Ganglia Connections
SMASMALoopLoop
SMA
Putamen
GlobusPallidus
Ventral Lat.Thalamus
Pre-SMAPre-SMALoopLoop
Pre-SMA
StriatalBridges
GlobusPallidus
Ventral Ant.Thalamus
RostralRostralCingulateCingulate
LoopsLoops
RostralCingulate Zone
?
?
?
AnteriorAnteriorCingulateCingulate
LoopLoop
AnteriorCingualte Gyrus
NucleusAccumbens
VentralPallidum
DorsomedialThalamus
![Page 22: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Striatal ProjectionStriatal ProjectionAreas for Pre-SMAAreas for Pre-SMA
and SMAand SMA
Inase et al. (1999)Inase et al. (1999)
![Page 23: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Pre-SMA Connections with the ThalamusPre-SMA Connections with the ThalamusWiesendanger & Wiesendanger, 1985Wiesendanger & Wiesendanger, 1985
![Page 24: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Posterior Inferior Frontal Gyrus:Posterior Inferior Frontal Gyrus:CommunicationCommunication
![Page 25: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pars Opercularis
Pars Triangularisfrom Mai et al., 1997
![Page 26: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Broca’s AreaBroca’s Area
Broca’sArea
?
?
?
Ullman, 2001Ullman, 2001
![Page 27: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Internal Structure of the StriatumInternal Structure of the Striatum
![Page 28: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Striatal Medium Spiny NeuronStriatal Medium Spiny Neuron
from Mink, 1996
![Page 29: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
--Medial Pallidal Projections from StriatumMedial Pallidal Projections from Striatum
and Subthalamic Nucleusand Subthalamic Nucleus
from Mink, 1996
![Page 30: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Striatum
Globus Pallidus
Local Arborization of Medium Spiny Neuron AxonsLocal Arborization of Medium Spiny Neuron Axonsin the Striatumin the Striatum
after Groves, 1993
![Page 31: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
NeostriatalNeostriatalMatrixMatrix
NeostriatalPatch
SNpcSNpc(DA)(DA)
LGPLGPMGP/MGP/SNprSNpr
Compartmentalization of NeostriatumCompartmentalization of Neostriatum
ACh
Gerfen, 1985; Graybiel, 1984
![Page 32: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Internal Structure of theInternal Structure of theGlobus PallidusGlobus Pallidus
![Page 33: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
GlobusPallidus
Striatum
Disk-Shaped Pallidal Dentric FieldsDisk-Shaped Pallidal Dentric Fields
Per Yelnik et al., 1984
![Page 34: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Thalamic Nuclei Associated with Basal Ganglia Loops Thalamic Nuclei Associated with Basal Ganglia Loops (ventral anterior n., ventral lateral n., dorsal medial n.)(ventral anterior n., ventral lateral n., dorsal medial n.)
ANTERIORANTERIOR
POSTERIORPOSTERIOR
DORSALDORSAL
VENTRALVENTRALAdapted from Matzke & Foltz, 1983
![Page 35: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
SubthalamicNucleus
Cortex
SubstantiaNigra parscompacta
D1
D2
LateralGlobusPallidus
Striatum
MedialGlobusPallidus
Thalamus
Cortex
Focused Inhibition andFocused Inhibition andSurround of ExcitationSurround of Excitationin Medial Globusin Medial GlobusPallidusPallidus
after Mink, 1996
![Page 36: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Types of Thalamic NucleiTypes of Thalamic Nucleiby Cortical Connectivityby Cortical Connectivity
1. Motor (ventral lateral)1. Motor (ventral lateral)
2. Sensory Relay (medial geniculate, lateral geniculate,2. Sensory Relay (medial geniculate, lateral geniculate,ventral posterior lateral, ventral posterior medial)ventral posterior lateral, ventral posterior medial)
3. Association (ventral anterior, dorsal medial, pulvinar)3. Association (ventral anterior, dorsal medial, pulvinar)
4. Limbic (anterior, dorsal medial)4. Limbic (anterior, dorsal medial)
5. Nonspecific (midline, intralaminar)5. Nonspecific (midline, intralaminar)
6. Nucleus Reticularis6. Nucleus Reticularis
![Page 37: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Motor Thalamus (ventral lateral nucleus)Motor Thalamus (ventral lateral nucleus)
ANTERIORANTERIOR
POSTERIORPOSTERIOR
DORSALDORSAL
VENTRALVENTRALAdapted from Matzke & Foltz, 1983
![Page 38: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Thalamic Sensory Relay Nuclei (medial geniculate n., lateral Thalamic Sensory Relay Nuclei (medial geniculate n., lateral geniculate n., ventral posterior lateral n., ventral posterior geniculate n., ventral posterior lateral n., ventral posterior
medial n.)medial n.)
ANTERIORANTERIOR
POSTERIORPOSTERIOR
DORSALDORSAL
VENTRALVENTRALAdapted from Matzke & Foltz, 1983
![Page 39: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Thalamic Association Nuclei (ventral anterior n., Thalamic Association Nuclei (ventral anterior n., dorsal medial n., pulvinar)dorsal medial n., pulvinar)
ANTERIORANTERIOR
POSTERIORPOSTERIOR
DORSALDORSAL
VENTRALVENTRALAdapted from Matzke & Foltz, 1983
![Page 40: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Limbic Thalamic Nuclei (anterior n., dorsal medial n.)Limbic Thalamic Nuclei (anterior n., dorsal medial n.)
ANTERIORANTERIOR
POSTERIORPOSTERIOR
DORSALDORSAL
VENTRALVENTRALAdapted from Matzke & Foltz, 1983
![Page 41: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
OtherIntralaminarNuclei
Nonspecific Thalamic Nuclei (midline nuclei, Nonspecific Thalamic Nuclei (midline nuclei, intralaminar nuclei)intralaminar nuclei)
ANTERIORANTERIOR
POSTERIORPOSTERIOR
DORSALDORSAL
VENTRALVENTRALAdapted from Matzke & Foltz, 1983
![Page 42: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Thalamic Nuclei Receiving Basal Ganglia Projections Thalamic Nuclei Receiving Basal Ganglia Projections (ventral anterior n., ventral lateral n., dorsal medial n.)(ventral anterior n., ventral lateral n., dorsal medial n.)
ANTERIORANTERIOR
POSTERIORPOSTERIOR
DORSALDORSAL
VENTRALVENTRALAdapted from Matzke & Foltz, 1983
![Page 43: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
OtherIntralaminarNuclei
Thalamic Nuclei Projecting to the Striatum Thalamic Nuclei Projecting to the Striatum (intralaminar nuclei)(intralaminar nuclei)
ANTERIORANTERIOR
POSTERIORPOSTERIOR
DORSALDORSAL
VENTRALVENTRALAdapted from Matzke & Foltz, 1983
![Page 44: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Nucleus ReticularisNucleus ReticularisThalami (nr)Thalami (nr)
Mai, Assheuer, &Mai, Assheuer, &Paxinos (1997) Paxinos (1997) AtlasAtlasof the Human Brainof the Human Brain..San Diego: Academic San Diego: Academic Press, #37.Press, #37.
nr
![Page 45: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
from Sherman & Guillery, 2001
Cortex-Nucleus Reticularis-Thalamus ConnectionsCortex-Nucleus Reticularis-Thalamus Connections
![Page 46: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Tail Hooves Mane Large Rider Seats Wheels Engine
Chicken Pig Horse
Farm Birds Fish Animals
Vehicles Tools Buildings
Car Sled Boat
Living Non-living
Inferior TemporalInferior TemporalCortexCortex
AnteriorAnterior
PosteriorPosterior
Spread of Activation Model with CategoriesSpread of Activation Model with Categories
Crosson © 2003
Selectively EngagedNodes
![Page 48: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
ReferencesReferences
Alexander, G. E., DeLong, M. R., & Strick, P. L. (1986). Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 9, 357‑381.
Chow, T. W. & Cummings, J. L. (1999). Frontal-Subcortical Circuits. In B. L. Miller & J. L. Cummings (eds.), The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders. (pp. 3-26). New York: Guilford Press.
Crosson, B. (1992). Subcortical Functions in Language and Memory. Chapter 1: Subcortical neuroanatomy and language (pp. 9‑41). New York: Guilford Publications, Inc.
Gerfen, C. R. (1985). The Neostriatal mosaic. 1. Compartmental organization of projections from the striatum to the substantia nigra in the rat. Journal of ComparativeNeruology, 236, 454-476.
Graybiel, A. M. (1984). Neurochemically specified subsystems in the basal ganglia. In D. Evered & M. O’Conner (eds.), Functions of the Basal Ganglia. Proceedings of Ciba Foundation Symposium, 107. (pp. 114-149). Summit, NJ: Ciba.
![Page 49: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
References, References, cont’d
Groves, P.M. (1983). A theory of the functional organization of the neostriatum and the neostriatal control of voluntary movement. Brain Research Reviews, 5, 109-132.
Inase, M., Tokuno, H., Nambu, A., Akazawa, T., & Takada, M. (1999). Corticostriatal and corticosubthalamic input zones from the presupplementary motor area in the macaque monkey: Comparison with the input zones from the supplementary motor area. Brain Research, 833, 191-201.
Mai, J. K., Assheuer, J., & Paxinos, G. (1997). Atlas of the Human Brain. San Diego: Academic Press.
Matzke, H. A. & Foltz, F. M. (1983). Synopsis of Neuroanatomy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Middleton, F.A. & Strick, P.L. (2000). Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Research Review, 31, 236-250.
Mink, J. W. (1996). The basal ganglia: Focused Selection and Inhibition of Competing Motor Programs. Progress in Neurobiology, 50, 381-425.
Nadeau, S. E. & Crosson, B. (1997). Subcortical Aphasia. Brain and Language, 58, 355-402.
![Page 50: Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Connections Bruce Crosson, Ph.D](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
References, References, cont’d
Nauta, W. J. H. & Feirtag, M. (1986). Fundamental Neuroanatomy. Chapter 14: Frontal Sections (pp. 239‑279). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Sherman, S. M. & Guillery, R. W. (2001). Exploring the Thalamus. San Diego: Academic Press.
Strick, P. L., Dum, R. P., & Picard, N. (1995). Macro-organization of the circuuits connecting the basal ganglia with the cortical motor areas. In J. C. Houk, J. L. Davis, & D. G. Beiser (eds.), Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia. (pp. 117-130). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Ullman, M. T. (2001). The declarative/procedural model of lexicon and grammar. Journal of Psycholinguist Research, 30, 37-69.
Wiesendanger, R. & Wiesendanger, M. (1985). Thalamic connections with medial area 6 (supplementary motor cortex) in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Experimental Brain Research, 59, 91-104.
Yelnik, J., Percheron, B., & Francois, C. (1984). A golgi analysis of the primate globus pallidus. 2. Quantitative morphology and spatial orientation of dendritic arborizations. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 227, 200-213.