basanta kumar rai (assoc. prof., food technology central campus of technology, dharan, nepal...
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Basanta Kumar Rai(Assoc. Prof., Food TechnologyCentral Campus of Technology, Dharan, NEPAL
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All the ideas and arguments that we use in writing reports, thesis, essay, etc., need to be supported by reference(s) to other published work.
Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your document.
Referencing is therefore an integral part of any publication, research work, or report.
The primary reasons for referencing are to:
Avoid plagiarism
Verify quotations
Enable readers to follow up what you have written and locate the cited author’s work.
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REFERENCE LIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bibliography (or ‘Further Reading’) does not require ‘in-text citation’.
In thesis/dissertation, we use reference, and NOT bibliography.
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CITATION AND REFERENCE
A reference without the corresponding in-text citation does not make much sense
Such a reference simply becomes a bibliography
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REFERENCE TYPE AND REFERENCE STYLE
In general, the format for each ‘reference type’ is unique in some way.
A few ‘reference types’ have a common generic format, though.
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There are around 5,000 documented ‘reference styles’ in use today. These styles have their own area of use.
Some of the very popular ‘reference styles’ are:
It can be adjusted to the demands of your college or university.It doesn’t have a set of specific rules and is known as the most popular and universal reference styleIts main goal is to show the readers the scope of research conducted by the writer
Social and behavioral sciences are the fields of study that use this specific writing style
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It is used in medical and biological field
It is the beloved style of the publishing industry, and is also called an ‘editorial writing style’
The most common sphere of its usage is historical and social studies
It is a numbered referencing style commonly used in medicine and science
References are numbered consecutively in order of appearance in the text
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This writing style is widely accepted in most magazines and journals
It is the style of political sciences and history courses, and is used in formatting bibliographies, term papers and dissertation writing
Liberal arts, literature, and humanity studies are the fields where MLA is highly preferable
This writing style was designed not for the goal of publishing, but for the formatting of papers written for class
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‘Reference styles’ are very important in publication
All well-known publications have their own ‘reference styles’
Failure to meet these requirements results in rejection of the article
The lesser-known publications tend to use customized forms of these styles
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The sources of information vary a great deal, both with respect to number and types. This leads to great variation in the ‘reference type’ to be used in a given style
An almost complete set of ‘reference types’ in use these days include:Aggregate database1
Ancient text2
Audiovisual material3
Artwork4
Bill5
Blog6
Book7
Book section8
Case9
Catalog10
Chart or Table11
Classical work12
Computer program13
Conference paper14
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Conference proceedings15
Dataset16
Dictionary17
Edited book18
Electronic book19
Electronic book section20
Electronic article21
Film or broadcast25
Generic26
Government document27
Grant28
Hearing29
Journal article30
Legal rule or regulation31
Encyclopedia22
Equation23
Figure24
Magazine article32
Manuscript33
Map34
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Manual referencing is very tedious, in particular, if many reference types are used
To overcome this problem, many referencing softwares have now been developed
Examples
Free referencing softwares
Aigaion
Bebop
Bibdesk
Connotea
RefDB
JabRef
They all work in Windows, Mac, Linux, Unix and BSD operating systems
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Paid referencing softwares
Biblioscape
Citavi
EndNote
Reference Manager
Sente
Their functionality is limited to selected operating system(s)
EndNote is probably the most popular referencing software
Works in Windows and Mac OSCosts ~ US$ 300Developed by Thomson Reuters
Latest version: 2012, EndNote X6
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EndNote X6 contains templates for about 4500 reference styles
Custom styles can be madeHas facility for import and export of references
Tutorials are available
Excellent help filesTrial version available (45 days)
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Some antiviruses, Kaspersky in particular, send false security alarm during installation
Better to disable all antiviruses before installationCan be installed by clicking the setup file (requires administrative privilege)
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If you are using the ‘Trial version’, choose ‘evaluate’Choose to use EndNote as the default citation manager in MS Word
Launch the software by clicking the icon You can also launch the program from MS WordWorks best in MS Word 2007 and MS Word 2010To prevent security warning appearing again and again, submit EndNote to the ‘trusted list’ or ‘exclusion list’
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Launch the program
You will see a Flash-screen as shown
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You will see a Window something like below:
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If nothing is seen, do the following:
Locate the Sample_Llibrary_X6 in “My documents” and click it
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Integrated library & online search mode
Local library mode
Online search mode (Temporary library)
You will see a window shown here
Default examples
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From the pull down list, choose one of the reference types (e.g., APA 6th)
Observe how the reference style changes
Annotated APA 6th
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Next, click ‘Create Group’ to create a new group to store your personal data
Rename the New Group (e.g., Roshan’s thesis)
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With “Roshan’s thesis” selected, click on the menu ‘New Reference’
OR,
Simply use Ctrl + N
Now, begin adding references
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You will see a new Window for filling up the information
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Decide on reference type from the pull-down menu.In this case, it is the ‘Journal Article’
Fill up all the information available
You may not require all the information to be filled, depending on format of your institute.
In that case, leave the field blank
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For multiple authors, the authors must be written in separate line (by hitting the ‘Enter’ key)
ExampleExample
Title must be typed as prescribed in your format (Title Case or Sentence case)
Journal name may be directly typed in the prescribed format
Contiguous pages are separated by a dash/hyphen. Non-contiguous pages are separated by a comma
Leave the unwanted field blank
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Having filled up the fields, click saveYou may now close the window (reference window)If you want it to remain active, you may minimize the window. Instead, you may also choose ‘Window 1’ (or something like that) as shown below
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See the instant result (shown below)
Reference paneReference pane
Your groupYour group
Preview panePreview pane
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If you want to, change the style from APA 6th to other styles (e.g., Vancouver style) and compare.
APA 6th Style APA 6th Style
Vancouver StyleVancouver Style
Compare the formats
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If you do not find the style you want, click ‘Select Another Style’ from the pull-down menu
Select the style you want and click ‘Choose’ tab to get the result you want
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Sometimes you will need to edit references. Do as follows:
Select the reference -> Right-click -> Click ‘Edit References’
You will get the original reference window where you can do editing. Do not forget to save
Alternatively, you can quickly double-click the selected reference in the main window. You will get the same thing
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Sometimes you will need to copy references. Do as follows:
Select the reference(s) -> Right-click -> Click ‘Copy Formatted’
Paste the copied references in any office program (e.g., MS Word)
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For anonymous author, leave the author field blankFor corporate authors, use a comma at the end to tell the program to use full text in the author field. Otherwise, by default, it will take the first word as the surname and abbreviate the following words for initial
Example Example
Comma not usedNot correct Comma usedCorrect
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Launch MS Word application. A screenshot of a blank page (MS Word 2010) is shown below.
This feature enables you to cite references while you write in the MS WordTo use this feature, you will need to prepare the references (as discussed earlier) beforehand
The process is as follows:
You see here the EndNote add-in
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Begin writing something.Decide where you want to place the in-text citation. Also, decide the variant of citation (direct or indirect)In the example below, we will use the same reference (which we created in the exercise earlier for ‘Food value of edible molluscs ….’)
According to ----------------, edible molluscs are important source dietary protein.
Ethnic groups of the Terai region of Eastern Nepal relish edible molluscs -----------------
In-text citation to be added
Direct
Indirect
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Follow the process shown below:
(1) Place the cursor here (2) Click this EndNote add-in
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Follow the process shown below:Click ‘EndNote’ add-in -> ‘Insert Citation’ pull-down menu -> Click ‘Find Citation’
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Follow the process shown below:Click ‘Find Citation’ -> Select the second reference (‘Limbu..’ as the author) -> Click ‘Insert & Display as: Author (Year)’
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Here is the result:
Automatically inserted in-text citation in APA 6th style
Automatically generated reference (at the end of the document) in APA 6th style
In the above example, the widely used term et al. applies only for more than three authors. However, this can be customized based on your requirement.
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For second line, an indirect citation is used. For this, click ‘Insert’ (not Insert & Display as: Author (Year)’
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See the result:
Note the usage of et al. Also note that it is not written in italics as is commonly practiced
Also note that there is no repetition of the reference in the reference list
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If the reference does not appear as you wanted, you may choose other styles from the template.
Very often, we tend to use customized format. For this, you will need to edit the style
Please be very very careful during editing: It may produce unwanted results. The best way is to note down everything you do while making changes so that you can revert to what you were doing earlier
Here is a partial list of what you can editNext slide: Example of how you edit Author list
Steps: Open EndoNote -> Edit tab -> Output Style -> Edit “APA 6th“ -> Author list -> make necessary changes to the default in the rightmost pane -> save
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Result:
You can make changes here
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Based on the supplied template, you can also make your own style (e.g. ‘Roshan’s Thesis’)
Note that the customized style will work only in your local computer.
Discussion on creation of customized style is out of scope of this workshop
For distribution of the new style (and make it your default), you will need to do some manipulations. Manipulation differs slightly depending on whether you are using Windows XP or Windows 7In Windows 7, you will find your customized style in Application data folder of system drive. To see it, you must unhide the folders.Copy your style folder and paste it in Application data folder of another computer. Restart, open EndNote, and revoke the new style as discussed in the beginning.In very obstinate case, copy your style file (.ens) and paste it in the style folder of your installation directory . Restart
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Example of customization (screenshot for Template editing)
NOTE: Please do not unnecessarily tamper with this portion. This may ruin everything!!
TemplateTemplate
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EndNote is a tremendously easy-to-use softwareAbout 4500 inbuilt reference stylesIntegrates to word application (Cite While You Write)
Customization facility
Reference export/import feature
Very expensiveThe term Anon. cannot be used in in-text citation without a work-around
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