baseline study report on physical waste composition-swiss...
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REPORT ON BASELINE STUDY ON PHYSICAL WASTE COMPOSITION IN BARIDHARA, DHAKA
2014
Submitted to
Swisscontact
Value for Waste Project (HSWMP) House 19, Road 11
Baridhara, Dhaka 1212
Prepared by
Energy & Urban Services Programme Practical Action, Bangladesh
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Executive Summary
Practical Action, Bangladesh signed service contract with Swisscontact on December, 2013 aimed to establish precise baseline data on the physical composition and total waste generation in Baridhara Society area of Dhaka North City Corporation. Just after signing the service contract, Practical Action, Bangladesh recruited 6 external research assistants and engaged a 4 member’s team from Urban Services programme to carry out this assignment. A checklist was developed and finalized in consultation with Swisscontact and their partner Baridhara Society. External research assistants were oriented on checklist and way of data collection and transfer followed by field trials. Both Swisscontact and Baridhara Society extended their cooperation to mobilise local support including assistance of waste collectors to transport waste from targeted buildings (40 multi storied and 10 Independent building) to convenient secondary transfer stations and community consultations. To segregate (4 categorised) and measure wastes, Practical Action provided necessary equipment (weigh scale, plastic bags, rake, sitting tool, bag, pencil, and notebook) and protective measures (hand gloves, mask, shoes, cap, T shirt etc.). The study team collected data for 3 different days including weekly holiday and working days. The collected data were transferred to MS Excel software and analysed as per the ToR of the study.
The study team found most of the generated wastes (48%) are compostable including fruits, vegetables, leaves, food residues, garden wastes etc. 31% was the inorganic recyclables i.e. papers, packaged polythenes, textile fabrics etc. and 18% were mixed wastes i.e. soiled tissue papers, fabrics, kids diapers etc. A very few (3%) were hazardous mainly electric bulbs and equipment and medical wastes. Maximum waste (1832 grams/household/day) is generated in Friday because of weekly holiday whereas waste generation in working days varies from 1794 to 1797 grams/household/day. Households in Baridhara generates mostly compostable wastes whereas embassy buildings generate mostly inorganic recyclable. The study team faced a number of limitations including political instabilities (frequent and prolong blockades and strikes); foggy and cold weather restricted the transport facilities and short duration. Season has great influence in composition of kitchen wastes. This study actually provides waste composition in fall season. Swisscontact should consider at least two more studies in other seasons (Winter and Summer) to get appropriate composition of wastes.
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Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 1
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 3
2. AIMS and OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 3
Expected Outputs ............................................................................................................................. 4
3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 4
3.1 Literature Review: ............................................................................................................... 4
3.2 Design of Study Checklists: ................................................................................................. 4
3.3 Meeting with Swisscontact and BS for finalization of study methodology: ............... 4
3.3.1 Role of Practical Action, Bangladesh ............................................................................. 4
3.3.2 Role of BS ............................................................................................................................ 5
3.3.3 Role of Swisscontact (SC) ................................................................................................. 5
3.3.4 Road-wise Physical Survey Plan Preparation ................................................................ 5
3.4 Recruitment of Research Assistants and Orientation .................................................... 5
List of Research Assistant ........................................................................................................... 6
3.5 Procurement and Supply of Necessary Equipment/Logistic ......................................... 6
3.6 Checklist for the research assistant .................................................................................. 7
3.7 List of Households ................................................................................................................ 9
3.8 Field Trial ............................................................................................................................ 10
3.9 Site and Sample selection ................................................................................................. 10
3.10 Survey Conduction ............................................................................................................. 10
3.11 Data collection ................................................................................................................... 11
4. CONSTRAINTS ................................................................................................................................. 11
5. FINDING AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 12
5.1 Category wise Waste Generation ......................................................................................... 12
5.2 Organic Compostable Waste Generation ............................................................................. 13
5.3 Inorganic Recyclable Waste Generation .............................................................................. 14
5.4 Hazardous Waste Generation: ............................................................................................... 15
5.5 Remaining Mixed Waste Generation .................................................................................... 16
5.6 Day wise Waste Generation ................................................................................................... 17
5.7 Comparing Waste Generation in Households and in Embassies ...................................... 18
6. CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATION ......................................................................................... 18
Annexures ........................................................................................................................................ 19
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1. INTRODUCTION
The provision of reliable solid waste services, particularly to an increasing urban
population, requires an accurate and up to date database, which should be consistently
maintained. Knowledge of the composition of city waste streams has direct implications
for the planning of collection, transportation, recovery and disposal activities and will
enable city authorities and those engaged in solid waste management to effectively
address these issues. Data collected can help policy makers and city planners reduce
landfill waste, set up recycling programs, and conserve money and resources. Waste
characterization plays an important part in any treatment of wastes.
Additionally, increases in our population and changes in consumption patterns have
undoubtedly influenced waste composition and generation rates. To assess the total waste
generation and physical compositions, Practical Action, Bangladesh was engaged by
Swisscontact. Baridhara Society is the local CBO co-implementing the Value for Waste
project (VfW), Swisscontact. This Value for Waste (VfW) project aims to improve the solid
waste management situation at the source, in the logic of 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle).
For this purpose, we focus on keeping the value of recyclables intact by (a) encouraging
source segregation in households and (b) insuring that separate collection takes place in
an efficient and safe way.
VfW needs precise baseline data on the physical composition of mixed waste discarded by
households in Baridhara before the households start segregating waste into the four
categories which are organic compostable, inorganic recyclables, hazardous waste and
remaining mixed waste. This will allow the project to have precise and reliable knowledge
about waste composition and to monitor over time whether households and building staffs
are segregating the different materials.
2. AIMS and OBJECTIVES
The key objective of this assignment is to find out the quantity of generated waste/day
and its physical composition in Baridhara area of Dhaka city. The study report will serve
as base line to measure progress/impact during and beyond project cycle by the following
ways.
to determine the volume required for on-site storage, transportation, transfer
facilities and disposal of solid waste;
to identify recycling/resource recovery potential of solid waste;
to determine appropriate methods of collection and disposal of solid waste
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Expected Outputs
Daily generation rates in kg/person/day for residential waste;
Composition of solid waste generated in percentage by weight.
3. METHODOLOGY
The study has adopted below methodologies
3.1 Literature Review:
The study team reviewed a number of relevant documents (i.e. National 3R strategy,
books and courses on WASH designed and published by ITN BUET, waste situation analysis
reports on different cities/countries available in internets, national and international
conference – WEDC, SACOSAN, IconSWM/India proceedings etc.) to compare study findings
and to assess the methodologies adopted.
3.2 Design of Study Checklists:
The study team finalized a checklist in consultation with Swisscontact and Baridhara
Society which have both qualitative and quantitative information. Qualitative information
includes 4 different types of wastes which are organic compostable, inorganic recyclables,
hazardous waste, remaining mixed and quantitative includes weight and volumes of
different categories of wastes in three different days (two weekly holidays and 1 working
day were selected due to blockades during working days) in a week.
3.3 Meeting with Swisscontact and BS for finalization of study methodology:
Several meetings were held among PRACTICAL ACTION, BANGLADESH, Swisscontact and BS
representatives to discuss the study methodology, household’s selection for weighing
wastes, roles of agencies during data collection. The roles of different agencies is as
follows:
3.3.1 Role of Practical Action, Bangladesh
Hire/recruit and orient 6 surveyors for waste composition survey and provide
orientation to waste collectors (gariwala) to support surveyor.
Provided necessary equipment/ logistics for carryout the survey.
Provided 50 nos. bags every day to collect waste from 50 buildings (1 bag for each
building).
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Surveyor collected waste from Building Bins and transfer to bags and marked with
building/ID no. on the bag.
Segregated waste at dumping station as per checklist and record data for analysis.
Processed data, analyze and generate a report with collected data/information.
3.3.2 Role of BS
BS provided/assigned 06 nos. waste collection van with van driver to collect
waste/bags from households and van driver will transport waste/bags from
household to dumping station.
Supplied list of buildings which was used as sample.
Review and comment on draft report.
3.3.3 Role of Swisscontact (SC)
Swisscontact (SC) coordinated between Practical Action, Bangladesh and Baridhara
Society (BS) to carry out the task.
Supplied list of category of wastes
Monitor the quality of data collection
Review and comment on draft report
3.3.4 Road-wise Physical Survey Plan Preparation
As per the plan, Baridhara Society and Swisscontact selected random 50 houses and
prepared the road wise physical waste composition survey plan. The list and plan was
provided by BS and Practical Action, Bangladesh coded the building which was useful
during surveying. The code was marked on the polythene bag for waste collection.
3.4 Recruitment of Research Assistants and Orientation
Practical Action, Bangladesh recruited six research assistants who are students of different
universities for conducting field survey and data collection. Practical Action, Bangladesh
provided them an orientation to carry out the assignments. They were also briefed the
objectives of this project and role of stakeholders. Practical Action, Bangladesh arranged
a field visit to Baridhara at Swisscontact office where Mr. Rashadul Hasan and Syed
Habibul Haque of Swisscontact and Mr. Atik from BS were present. Mr. Rashed motivated
the research assistants to their assigned works and Mr. Habib again discussed with them
the objectives of the project, individual works and responsibilities. Mr. Atik also described
them the role of BS in Baridhara Residential Area. Engr. Uttam Kumar Saha, Head, Energy
and Urban Wash Services concluded orientation expecting good cooperation from research
assistants.
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List of Research Assistant
S/N Name Education & Institute Mobile
Orientation Status
Remarks
01. Anamul Haque
Accounting (Hons), Dhaka College 01689087869 Received
02. Md. Risad Uddin
Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), ULAB
01684422081 Received
03. Zahidur Rahman Shimul
HSC, Dhaka College 01676832171 Received
04. S.M. Nahid Mahmud
Bachelor of Business Studies (BBS), Govt. Azam Khan Commerce College
01684468011 Received
05. Debotosh Mondal
B.Sc. in Textile Engineering, Daffodil International University
01849612198 Received
06. Kanai Lal Malaker
Bachelor of Business studies (B.B.S Hon’s ), Shaikh Burhanuddin Post Graduate College
01719562454 Received
Fig: Practical orientation for the research assistance
3.5 Procurement and Supply of Necessary Equipment/Logistic
PRACTICAL ACTION, BANGLADESH procured and supplied all necessary equipment. The
equipment includes hand gloves, masks, safety shoes, bucket, rake, PP sheet, digital
balance, cap, T-shirt, pen, note book, bag etc. for the research assistants.
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3.6 Checklist for the research assistant
Composition of the waste in Baridhara Residential Area
Building description : Building Code :
Road Number / Road Name : House Number :
Number of Households : Number of
Residents :
VAN Driver Name : VAN Number :
Prepared By :
Categories Items
Remarks Weigh
t Volume Weight
Volume Weight
Volume
Organic Compostab
les
Fruits and vegetables
Egg shells Coffee ground/tea leaves
Bread
Rice Other food leftovers (except fish and meat) Garden waste (soil, grass, leaves) Ashes
Total Organic Compostables
Inorganic Recyclable
s
Paper/newspapers/ magazines Cardboard Plastic / polythene packaging (clean or slightly soiled) Plastic (PET) bottles Hard plastic items Rubber Aluminium cans Other metals (steel,..) Textile fabrics Ceramics Glass bottles Leather CD/DVDs
Total Inorganic Recyclables
Hazardous waste
Batteries Light bulbs/ fluorescent lights
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Broken glass Medical waste (pills, syringes, bandages) Aerosol sprays (e.g. mosquito spray) Electronic equipment Paint
Total Hazardous Waste
Remaining Mixed Waste
Fish and meat, bones Cheese, dairy products Soiled tissue paper Heavily soiled packaging Diapers, pads Tea bags Dirt, dust
Total Remaining Mixed Waste
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3.7 List of Households
Source: Baridhara Society
ROADWISE Physical waste composition Survey PLAN
Sl No
Waste Collectors/ Van drivers
Van Sl
No.
Road No
Survey plan
Comments Address of
Independent building /
House Number
Address of Multistoried
building / House Number
1 Md. Sattar Mia
3
Dutabash Road
4,12,20,15 (China Embassy)
Road 1 12 16(Iraq
Embassy), 24
Road 2 5
2 Md. Ibrahim 7
Road 3
1,2,14
Road 4 1 18,26
Road 5 24 2,22
3 Md. Shohidul Islam
9
Road 6 1,18
Road 7 7 1,9,20
Road 8 3 2/C,17
4 Md. Khokon Mia
1 S. Avenue 57 21,33,45,49,61
Road 9
15,18
5 Md. Moslem Uddin
2
Road10 4,14,16,19
Road 11
20,15
Road 12 3 28
6 Md. Rustom Ali
10
UN Road
4,8,30
Road 13 9 10,17
Road 14 2 12
7 Md. Russel Mia
4 Park Road
8 Md. Jashim Rana
Total Number of
Independent building=10
Total Number of Multistoried building=40
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3.8 Field Trial
The research team at the end of the training went for field trial for selected solid waste
collection sites and the Dumpsite to gain practical knowledge.
3.9 Site and Sample selection
Swisscontact and Baridhara Society provided a list of 50 targeted buildings. Buildings were
mainly multistory, single private buildings and a few embassies.
Fig: Theoretical orientation for the research assistance
3.10 Survey Conduction
The following provides a detailed description of the procedures adopted in the survey-
The proposed study has interviewed 384 households which are more than 10% of
target clients. A total of 50 buildings (40 multistoried and 10 individual) have been
randomly selected for study.
Practical Action, Bangladesh has trained 6 external research assistants who are
students of different institute. Each research assistant is supplied with a weight
scale, mask, apron, wrecker, safety shoe and hand gloves for the measurement of
wastes and T-shirts, Caps, ID card for identity.
The survey is conducted for three consecutive days. From 17.01.2014 to
19.01.2014 (Friday to Sunday) the survey started at 6 am to completion.
The Research Assistants, with the help of community waste collectors employed by
Baridhara society, have collected the waste generated in the selected 50
households by 6 Vans.
The Research assistants were also provided with polybags for waste collection from
different buildings. Besides they were also provided with some logistic items like
bag, clip board, pen, pencil, eraser, sharpener, marker and others.
Every day while collecting the waste from building, they have noted building code
on the polybags so that later they find it easier to identify the desired polybags.
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After collection of the waste, they have dumped the wastes at a selected place
and there they segregated the wastes in to the desired way.
After segregation, they measured weight and volume of wastes/types with a weigh
scale and container calibrated in volume. They weighted the item wise waste of
each category, measure the volume where possible and note that on the provided
sheet.
Fig: Research assistant taking measurement of daily quantities of solid waste generated
3.11 Data collection
The Research assistants weighted the item wise waste of each category, measure the
volume where possible and note that on the provided sheet. After segregation, they
measured weight and volume of wastes/types with a weigh scale and container calibrated
in volume. They weighted the item wise waste of each category, measure the volume
where possible and note that on the provided sheet. The collected data was recorded in
MS excel sheet for analysis and report generation. (see annexure-1)
4. CONSTRAINTS
The study team faced below constraints, which need to be considered for any similar studies in near future.
a. No designated open place for segregation of wastes.
b. The limited duration to complete the segregation.
.
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5. FINDING AND ANALYSIS
The composition, characteristic and quantity of wastes collected during the survey period
are presented in this section. Wastes are calculated and projected per household basis.
5.1 Category wise Waste Generation
From the survey it is found that maximum waste that generates in Baridhara Residential
Area is of Organic Compostable Waste and the quantity is 876 grams per household per
day. Where there is a significant amount of remaining mixed wastes are also generated.
Hazardous waste generates to low.
It is found that around 48% of the total waste generated is Organic compostable waste and
31% is remaining mixed waste. Hazardous waste generates only 3%.
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
Total OrganicCompostables
Total InorganicRecycleables
Total HazardousWaste
Total RemainingMix Waste
Grams 876.05 320.68 54.28 556.75
Grams
Catagory wise Waste Generation per Household per Day
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5.2 Organic Compostable Waste Generation
Fruit and vegetables are the most generated item of organic waste. It is found that 673
grams of fruit and vegetables waste generates in an average in every household per day.
Other organic waste is very negligible compared to this item. Beside fruit and vegetable
wastes, rice (42 grams), other food leftovers (63 grams) are also found in a little quantity.
Garden waste is also found and it is around 66 grams/household/day.
48%
18%3%
31%
Percentage of Catagory wise Waste Generation per Household per Day
Total Organic Compostables
Total Inorganic Recycleables
Total Hazardous Waste
Total Remaining Mix Waste
Fruits andVegetables
Egg shells CoffeeGround / Tea
Leaves
Bread Rice Other FoodLeftovers
GardenWaste
Ashes
673
14 3 1142 63 66
5
Grams
Item wise Organic Waste Generation per Household per Day
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So the main and maximum generated organic compostable waste is vegetables and fruits
and garden wastes are also found of a significant amount. 77% of the total organic waste is
fruits and vegetables and 8% is garden waste.
5.3 Inorganic Recyclable Waste Generation
Paper, newspaper, magazines are the mostly found inorganic compostable waste of
quantity 95 grams per household per day. Besides plastic/polythene packages (72 grams)
are also found by a significant amount. Textile fabrics (51 grams), glass bottles (31 grams)
are also found of a considerable amount. Some quantity of plastic bottles (11 grams), hard
plastic items (14 grams), aluminum cans (12 grams), sand (13 grams) is also found.
77%
2%0%
1% 5% 7%8%
0%
Percentage of Item wise Organic Waste Generation per Household per Day
Fruits and Vegetables
Egg shells
Coffee Ground / Tea Leaves
Bread
Rice
Other Food Leftovers
Garden Waste
Ashes
95
5
72
11 143
124
51
5
31
3 0.450.21 1 0.410.0113
0.000.01
Grams
Item wise Inorganic Recycleable Waste Generation per Household per Day
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If we consider the volumetric quantity around 30% is paper/newspaper/magazines. 22% is
plastic/ polythene packages and 16% is the textile fabrics.
5.4 Hazardous Waste Generation:
Light bulbs/fluorescent lights are found 20.11 grams that generates one household in a
day. This is the mostly found hazardous item that generates in the area. Medical waste
also generates of a significant amount and the quantity is about 15 grams. Besides a
significant amount of broken glass are also found whose quantity is 7.01 grams. Electronic
equipment (5.21 grams), aerosol sprays (4.03 grams) are also found.
37% of the total hazardous waste is light bulbs/ fluorescent light and 28% is medical waste.
Tablets, capsules, medicine bottles, pills, condoms are others are found as medical waste.
Besides 13% is broken glass.
30%
2%
22%3%4%
1%4%
1%
16%
1% 10%1%
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
4%
0% 0%
Percentage of Itemwise Inorganic Recycleable Waste Generation per Household per Day
Paper / newspapers / magazinesCardboardPlastic / polythene packagingPlastic (PET) bottlesHard plastic itemsRubberAluminium cansOther metals (steel,..)Textile fabricsCeramicsGlass bottlesLeatherCD/DVDsSandleWoodSholaSoapSandconcreteTooth Paste
1.78
20.11
7.01
14.97
4.03 5.21
0.29 0.09 0.01 0.06 0.67 0.06
Grams
Itemwise Hazardous Waste Generation per Household per Day
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5.5 Remaining Mixed Waste Generation
Remaining mixed wastes are not fully compostable or recyclable without any treatment or
process. In this category, maximum waste generates as soiled tissue paper. Diaper and
pads are also found of quite same quantity. In the area, from a household, 125.68 grams
soiled tissue papers generate in a day and 120.74 grams diaper, pads generate in a day.
Besides significant amount of heavily soiled packages and soiled fabrics are also found.
Their quantities are respectively 112.77 grams and 97.77 grams. Some fish and meat,
bones are also found and the amount is 49.17 grams.
3%
37%
13%
28%
7%
10%
1%0%
0% 0% 1% 0%
Percentage of Itemwise Hazardous Waste Generation per Household per Day
Batteries
Light bulbs / fluorescent lights
Broken glass
Medical waste
Aerosol sprays
Electronic equipment
Paint
Rezor
Blade
Mosqueto Coil
Flooe Cleaner
Dish Wash
49.17
16.22
125.68112.77
120.74
6.79 4.41 0.61
22.57
97.77
0.01
Grams
Itemwise Remaining Mixed Waste Generation per Household per Day
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23% and 22% of the total remaining mixed wastes are respectively soiled tissue paper and
diaper, pads. Besides, 20% of the wastes are found as heavily soiled packages and 17% as
soiled fabrics.
5.6 Day wise Waste Generation
The survey is conducted in three consecutive days. It is found that in Friday maximum
amount of wastes are generated rather than the other two days. Maximum total waste
generates on Friday (1,832 grams/household) and total waste generation in other two days
is quite similar. Organic compostable is the maximum waste that generates in every day
compared to category wise waste generation. Though organic compostable and inorganic
recyclable waste generates maximum in Friday but hazardous waste generates maximum
on Saturday and remaining mixed waste on Sunday.
9%3%
23%
20%
22%
1%
1%
0%4%
17%
0%
Percentage of Itemwise Remaining Mixed Waste Generation per Household per Day
Fish and meat, bones
Cheese, dairy products
Soiled tissue paper
Heavily soiled packaging
Diapers, pads
Tea bags
Dirt, dust
Earthern Bawl
Coconut
Soiled fabrics
Cigaratte
OrganicCompostable
InorganicRecyclable Hazardous
Waste RemainingMixed Waste Total Waste
948
366
51
468
1832
846
328
75
549
1797
835
268
37
654
1794
Day wise Waste Generation in grams per Household
Friday Saturday Sunday
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5.7 Comparing Waste Generation in Households and in Embassies
The waste generation at household and embassy varies generally. Where in household
maximum waste generates of organic compostable category, there at embassy the
maximum waste generates of inorganic recyclable category. Total waste generation per
household per day is 1,853 grams but at the same case, in embassy, it generates only 684
grams.
6. CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATION
The study found significant portion of the generated wastes are compostable which is very
useful to promote decentralized composting and associated marketing. VfW should
undertake extensive awareness raising of target clients for source segregation of wastes
which will reduce waste transportation cost and increase the life cycle of landfill. The
data was collected in three different working days both in holiday and working day but the
waste generation is influenced by occasion, seasonal shifting etc. Collected data was
analysed and recorded in windows Excel programme to be used in future to assess the rate
of achievements.
Total Organic WasteTotal Inorganic
Compostable Waste Total HazardousWaste Total Remaining
Mixed Waste Total Waste
174414
2670
684
905
317
55
577
1853
Waste Generation per Dayper Household vs per Embassy
Per Embassy Per Household
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Annexures
Annexure-1- Composition of the waste in Baridhara_DATA
– Please see email attachment