basic aeronautical knowledge and introduction to 737-800

http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770VATSIM Hong Kong

Flying 737-800 with VATSIM Session 2

Basic Aeronautical Knowledge and Introduction to 737-800

Yuuji Izumo , Gary LawVATSIM Hong KongStanding Committee on Aviation Resource and Education Development

12/25/2009MTR Corporation

Objectives:

At the end of training, trainees should to:

- Have some understanding on basic aeronautical knowledge

- Have some basic knowledge on the structure of 737-800

VATSIM Hong Kong VATSIM Hong Kong

12/25/2009MTR CorporationVATSIM Hong Kong http://hk.vatsea.net (+852) 35947770

Website : http://hk.vatsea.net

E-mail: [email protected]

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Objects:At the end of training, trainees should to:

- Understand and identify foundation of an aircraft

- Understand how control surfaces working

Today’s Topics

1. Principle of Flight - Aircraft’s Forces and Moments- Aircraft’s 3 Axis of Flight- Angle of Attack and Lift

2. Airspeed – IAS, TAS and GS

3. Altimeter Settings – QNH and QNE

4. Time – UTC and local time

5. Aviation Weather Report (METAR)

6. Introduction to Boeing 737-800- Control Surfaces- Airframe Structure- Engine



Objects:At the end of training, trainees should to:

- Understand and identify foundation of an aircraft

- Understand how control surfaces working

Ablatives

AOA – Angle of attack

Cap – Captain

F/O – First officer

GMT – Greenwich Mean Time

GS – Ground speed

IAS – Indicated air speed

METAR - METeorological Aerodrome Report

TAS – True air speed

UTC - Universal Time, Coordinated



Principle of Flight- 4 different forces acting on the

aircraft:- Lift, Weight, Thrust and Drag.- In Boeing 737, thrust

component (from Engine) is slightly lower than Drag line (Wing and Fuselage)

Increase Power? NOSE UP!



3 Axis and Moments- Three axis of flight: Pitch, Roll and Yaw - They are controlled by Elevator, Aileron and

Rudder respectively.

- Pitching moments is twisting force caused by lift and thrust and drag.

- Rolling moments is twisting force caused by uneven lift from the wings.

- Yawing moment is twisting forcecaused by airflow over the horizontal stabilizer.



Lift on Turning• Why do we increase lift on

turning?

• Lift is generated perpendicular to the flight path

• Weight is always pointingto the ground

• So we have to increase lift to compensate the Load factor.



Load Factor on TurningBank Angle 30° 45° 60° 90°

Weight 65t 65t 65t 65t

Lift 75.1t 91.9t 130t 0t

Load Factor 1.15 1.41 2 Indefinite



Aerofoil Section- Air is separated in the leading edge - Air travelling above and below merges at the same time

- Pressure above the wing reduced due to increased speed of air molecule.

- Pressure below the wing also reduced but not as much as that above the wing.

- So Lift is generated!



What is Lift?- Acts perpendicular to relative air flow (R.A.F.)(Usually opposite to flight direction)

- What affects Lift?

- Velocity of aircraft (Airspeed) - Air density (Temperature and Pressure at current altitude) - Surface area of the wing (Flaps and Slats)

- Angle of attack (Increase Pitch) (Pitch Angle =/= AOA)



Angle of Attack (AOA)- Angle between the chord lineand the relative airflow

- Chord line : straight line from the leading edge to the trailing edge

- As AOA increase, lift increaseuntil Critical AOA(16°) isreached

- When AOA exceed C. AOA,

- Airflow detached from thewing and become turbulent

STALL!



Accelerated Stall- When aircraft is turning/ pulling up from a dive,the load factor will be higher than 1G (as in what we have calculated.) - The stall speed will be higher than normal stall speed (which refers to 1G) - If we are turning 60° bank, the stall speed will be: 135 X sqrt(2) = 191 kts!



UnitAviation Unit

Distance 1 nautical (nm) 1852 m

Speed 1 Knot (kts) 1.852 km/h

Altitude 1 foot (ft) 0.3048 m

Weight 1 tones (t) / 1000KG 2200(lb)



IAS, TAS and GSIAS = Indicated Air Speed- Is the "speed" which the instrument told

you- Is important to flight performances (Lift,

Stall, etc.)- May not be equal to the speed of the

aircraft relative to the air TAS = True Air Speed - Is the speed of the aircraft

relative to the air GS = Ground Speed- Is the speed of the aircraft

relative to the ground at sea level



IAS and TASIAS- Is measured by Pitot tube, which is obtained by

- Measuring the differences between dynamic (air ramming from the front) and static pressure (pressure in still air)

Dynamic pressure: - So, for the same IAS, higher the altitude, less the air density

and thus higher the TAS

=air density =speed of the air molecules, i.e.(TAS)



IAS and TAS

High Altitude, Low Air DensityIAS = 100ktsP= 0.5 , TAS =141kts

Low Altitude, High Air Density IAS = 100kts P = 1, TAS=100kts



IAS and TAS

Rules of Thumb: Increase your IAS at from MSL by 2% (or 1.8%) per 1000ft increase to obtain the Gross TAS:



TAS and GSTAS=200kts

TAS=200kts

TAS=200kts

Wind=0 Ground Speed

=200kts

Tailwind=20 Ground Speed =220kts

Headwind=20 Ground Speed =180kts



Altimeter

Altimeter will display Altitude when set to appropriate pressure setting:

- QNH

- Altimeter ( FAA )

- QFE

- QNE



Altimeter

- Aerodrome air pressure keep changes

- Altimeter shows your and use sea level air pressure as reference and indicates altitude from sea level (QNH / Inches)

- Altimeter can use aerodrome elevation as reference (QFE)



Altimeter - After Transition Altitude,

altimeter will use QNE pressure as reference

- QNE = 1013mb / 29.92 in

- When aircraft passed Transition Level, local QNH will be used again



GMT

-Full name: Greenwich Mean Time

- Mean solar time at The Royal Observatory Greenwich

- It is commonly used in practice to refer to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) when this is viewed as a time zone

- Now, GMT was replaced as the international time reference by Coordinated Universal Time



UTC

- Full name: Universal Time, Coordinated

- Based on Time Standard (International Atomic Time) with leap second added at irregular intervals to compensate for the Earth ‘s slowing rotation

- Denoted by letter “Z”

- Does not change with a change of seasons

- UT1 at The Royal Observatory Greenwich

- 1 UTC day = 86,400 SI seco



Time zone

- Time zone is a region of the earth that has uniform standard time.

- Time Zone is usually differ from UTC by an integral number time of hours.

- Some Time Zones are differ by an integer number of half hours or quarter-hours.

Example :Hong Kong : UTC+8Iran : UTC+3:30



Time zone



Zulu Time

Zulu Time • Universal standard same as UTC • Denoted by letter “Z”

Why do we use Zulu time ?• Ensure all pilot are using same Clock frame• Avoid confusion when flying between time zones



CloudSky were divided to 8 parts to mention how many clouds on it

0/8 – Clear 1/8 - Few2/8 - Few3/8 - Scattered4/8 - Scattered5/8 - Broken6/8 - Broken7/9 - Broken8/8 - Overcast



Weather Report (METAR)

- METAR - METeorological Aerodrome Report

- A Format of weather information - Initially introduced at 1, January 1968 - Provided by weather observatory or automatic generated

Main information provided:



METAR meaning

METAR VHHH 231830Z 06008KT 7000 FEW010 SCT022 20/17 Q1017 NOSIG

METAR Meaning Decoding

VHHH ICAO airport code Hong Kong Airport

231830Z Date / Hour / Minute (UTC) Day of 23 18:30 Zulu time

06008KT Wind Direction / Speed (Knots)

Wind heading 060 at 8 knots

7000 Visibility The visibility was 7000 meters

FEW010 Few cloud Few cloud layer at 1000 ft

SCT022 Scattered cloud Scatter cloud layer at 2200ft

20/17 Temperature / Dew Point 20oC / 17oC

Q1017 Atmospheric pressure 1017 HPa

NOSIG TREND Forecast No significant changes



Air Frame Structure

- Vertical Stabilizer

- Horizontal Stabilizer

- Wing

- Body



Boeing 737-800 Control Surfaces• - Aileron and Elevator

o Roll and Pitch

• Ruddero Yaw

• Flaps and Slatso Enhance lift forceo Increase drag

• Speed Brakeo Increase Drago Decrease Lift force



Stabilizer- Horizontal Stabilizer was located at

the back of the aircraft

- Helping pilot to performance yaw motion

- Elevators controls pitch motion

- However pilots can hold the elevator degree by moving pitch trim, but they were separated



Pitot Tubes

- Pitot Tubes are located under or near cockpit windows

- Pitot Tubes are divided to Probes and Static

- Both of them are measuring essential performance reading

- Two separated sets of tube are for Cap + F/O reading



Pitot Tubes and Static Ports - Pitot TubesMeasure Dynamic Pressure (Air ramming from the front)Airspeed reading increase while air being inserted into probes.

- Static Ports Measures Static Pressure (Pressure of still air)

- Alt. reading increase while pressure decrease

- Airspeed is calculated by measuring the differential pressure from Pitot and Static.



Pitot Tubes

- Essential performance readingSpeed and Altitudelocated under or near cockpit windows

- Probes include Pitot Probes, Angle of attack probes, Total air temperature probes

-Must be heated to prevent icing and Instrument failure



Wingspan

- Wingspan means the area from left wingtip to right wingtip

- all lift are generated by wings

- adding winglet can increase wingspan

- Distance of Wright Brothers first flight are equals to Boeing 747-400 wingspan



Winglets

- Winglets were introduced to reduce wake turbulence generated by wings

- Winglets guided and “collected” wake turbulence to the edge of winglet rather than letting them flowing around

- Thay can reduce drag to save fuel and minimize takeoff separation



Winglets- Winglets were first introduced on

Learjet 28 in 1977

- More stream line winglet were introduced on Boeing 737NG

- However Boeing 777-300 cannot equip any winglet because of wingspan size

- It inspirited technician create raked wingtip to replace winglet 20 year after coming with Boeing 787



Hydraulics- Hydraulics are power to control

those control surfaces

- Wires are directly connected between control yoke to control surfaces on small planes, however pilots are not able to control them because of great air pressure and weight on control surfaces.

- Only Pitch Trim is powered by electrical



Engine- Nowadays aircraft are powered by Turbojet / Turbofan / Turboprops

- Jet engines on Boeing 737NG called CFM56- 7 series, which also appear on other aircrafts

- Like other “big” jets, high bypass engine are used on Boeing 737-800. Which means these engines works more efficient



Engines- CFM56-7 series engines on

Boeing737NG can provide 18500-26300LB of trust each. Engines on B738 can totally provide 48400LB of trust.

- Unlike other aircraft, engine nacelles of Boeing 737NG are oval shape because of ground clearance.



How does jet engine works- Jet engine are formed by

different essential parts

- Air will be compressed by the engine. Fuel burning inside the jet engine will heat and enlarge air inside the engine.

- Finally these air will push forward the plane, thrust created.


basic aeronautical knowledge and introduction to 737-800

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