Basic and Clinical Applications of Vision Science

Professor Jay M. Enoch, 0.0., Ph.D., D.Sc.(H.C.)

Basic and Clinical Applications of Vision Science The Professor Jay M. Enoch Festschrift Volume

Editedby

v. LAKSHMINARAYANAN School of Optometry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, St. Louis, Miss., U.S.A.

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, BV.

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 978-94-010-6403-3 ISBN 978-94-011-5698-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5698-1

Printed on acid-free papar

AII Rights Reserved © 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1997 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Documenta Ophthalmologica Proceedings Series

VOLUME 60

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

Preface Acknowledgments List of contributors

CONTENTS

PART I

A multifaceted career in basic and applied Vision Science. J.M. Enoch.

Publications of Professor Jay M Enoch.

PART II

PHOTORECEPTOR OPTICS

Photoreceptor waveguides -A simple approach.

xi xiii xv

3 17

S.A. Klein. 37 Imaging Photoreceptors in the living eye with adaptive optics.

J. Liang, D.R. Williams, D.T. Miller. 43 Photopigment absorptance and directional sensitivity in peripheral primate retina.

O.S. Packer, D.R.Williams. 47 Refractive index gradients in sunfish cones

M.P. Rowe, N. Engheta, J.M. Corless, E.N. Pugh Jr. 51 Apodization neutralization: A new technique for investigating the impact of the Stiles-Crawford effect on the visual function.

M.C. Rynders, L.N. Thibos, A. Bradley, N. Lopez-Gil 57 Analysis of human receptor density.

C. W. Tyler. 63 Directional sensitivity of the cone system in normal and anomalous color vIsIon.

P.L. Walraven. 73

OPHTHALMIC AND VISUAL OPTICS

A formalism for analyzing degraded edges using modified Heaviside functions. M.L. Calvo, A. Manzanares, M. Chevalier, V. iAkshminarayanan. 77

Clinical implications of changes in lens and ocular imaging properties. M.C. W. Campbell, A. Glasser, A. Roorda. 83

Color and luminance: A 24 bit analysis of eccentric photorefraction combined with Bruckner red reflex (VVDA).

G. Cibis, M. Crandall, V. Pruzhanovskiy, J. Lynd, T. Hug. 93 Potential acuity on a shoestring: The use of entoptic imagery.

T.E. Cohn, J.M. Enoch. 97

viii

The axiallengthlcorneal radius ratio on emmetropia and ametropia: A review. T. Grosvenor, D.A. Goss. 103

New Progressive addition lenses with aspherical prescription smfaces. G. Guilino. 107

Calculation of aberration coefficients: A matrix method. V. Lakshminarayanan, S. Varadharajan 111

Residual Stress in PRK operated cornea and evaluation of the retinal image. H. Ohzu, M. Khin, M.H. Mori, T. Hatada. 115

The rotating dandelion: A new entoptic phenomenon? L.Spillmann. 119

Sampling theory of visual resolution and its clinical applications. L.N. Thibos. 123

BINOCULAR VISION, DEVELOPMENTAL VISION, EYE MOVEMENTS AND PHYSIOLOGY

A new method for measurement of cyclodeviation in diagnostic positions by the New Cyclo Test.

S. Awaya, M. Sato, T. Kora, M.Arai. 127 Activity of the human primary motor cortex during motor performance and motor imagery: A functional magnetic resonance investigation.

P. Baraldi, V. Cettolo, M.P. Francescato, M.E. Diamond, e.E. Porro. 131 Binocular chromatic rivalry and chromatic grid stimuli.

M.e. Barris. 137 Modeling magno- and parvo-like contributions from contrast-response functions using neuromagnetic measures.

H-W. Chen, C. Aine, E. Flynn, C.C. Wood. 143 Equivalence of temporal frequency and modulation depth for flicker response suppression: Preliminary results.

A. Eisner. 149 Haemostaticeffects oftheCW-Nd:YAG laser.

F. Fankhauser, S. Kwasniewska. 153 Developing magnocellular pathways in children show reduced sensitivity to movement discrimination.

T. Lawton. 159 An anatomical method for monitoring experimentally-induced changes in eye-related columns in kitten visual cortex.

D. Mitchell, e. Beaver. 165 The effects of barium on retinal function in the rabbit.

I. Perlman, B. Lei, E. Zemel, A. ltzhaki. 171 Exploring the characteristics of secret eye movements during fixation: A new approach of chaotic time series.

R.A. Schuchard, 1.M. Lim. 177 Visual imagery and virtual reality: New evidence supporting the scanpath theory explains the illusion of completeness and clarity.

L. Stark, Y. Choi, Y. Yu. 181

Guided Search 3.0: A model of visual search catches up with Jay Enoch 40 years later.

IX

J.M. Wolfe, G. Gancarz. 189

OPHTHAlMIC DYSFUNCTION

Treatment trial for retinitis pigmentosa. E.L. Berson. 193

Evaluation oflymphocyte proliferation assay to purified protein derivative, enzyme linked immunosorbant assay, and tuberculin hypersensitivity in Eales' disease.

J. Biswas, S. Narain, S Roy, H.N. Madhavan. 199 Refractive surgery in flux.

T.J. Campen, R. Bovelle, H.E. Kaufman. 203 Visual function favors age-related macular degeneration? A tentative hypothesis.

E.C. Campos, C. Schiavi, A. Baldi. 209 Comparison of Goldmann tonometry measurements using creamer vs fluorescein in cynomolgus monkeys.

M.A. Croft, J. Kiland, S.J. Gange, A. Aref, C.D. Pelzek, P.L. Kaufman. 213 Wavelength dependent lens transmission properties in diabetics andnon-diabetics.

C.A. Johnson, J.M. Nelson-Quigg, L.S. Morse. 217 Phototoxic consequences of the corneal dome.

L.S. Kwok. 221 Topography of rod and cone sensitivity loss in retinitis pigmentosa.

S. Nusinowitz, D.G. Birch. 227 Residual psychophysical deficits following recovery from the Cuban epidemic of optic neuropathy.

A. Sadun, R. Rubin. 231 In vivo cellular characterization of retinal pathology in a small eye animal.

H. Zwick, R. Elliot, S.T. Schuschereba, D.J. Lund, B.E. Stuck. 235

VISUAL PSYCHOPHYSICS AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Outside-In processing and the global precedence effect. G. Amirkhiabani. 239

Visual fields and functionality. I.L. Bailey. 243

Assessing reading ability in normal and low vision using the MNREAD reading acuity chart: Preliminary results.

J.E. Bailey, V. Lakshminarayanan. 247 Sensory deficits in idiopathic congenital nystagmus.

H.E. Bedell, M.T.Ukwade. 251

x

Optical transfer functions, polyplopia and selective spatial frequency loss in contrast sensitivity functions.

L. Bour, P. Apkarian. 257 A new look at the utrocular discrimination.

A.I. Cogan. 263 The effect of age on the Westheimer function.

J. Comerford, D. Malloy, A. Pruszenski, F. Thorn. 267 Extensions of sustained-like and transient-like effects.

E.A. Essock, J.S. McCarley, M.J. Sinai, B-G. Khang, S. Lehmkuhle, W.K. Krebs, C. Yu. 271 Functional and imaging investigations in patients with well-defined abnormalities of the visual system.

F.W. Fitzke. 275 Evaluation of quantitative measurement of prism induced metamorphopsia

H. Hirose, J.M. Enoch, K.M.Tuan. 279 An analysis of human visual receptive fields using the perimetric method.

K. Kani, M. Takashima, S. Nagata, O. Mimura, K. Takubo. 283 Reaction times for recognition of degraded facial images.

V. lAJcshminarayanan, S.K. Bhatia, A. Samal, G. V. Welland. 287 Functional division of human retina.

L. Liu, C.M. Schor. 295 Grating visual acuity with short exposure duration.

S. Yamade, M. Kono. 299 Double flash resolution altered in aging and early glaucoma.

T. Yasuma, N. Miyakawa, J. Yamazaki, N. Yamamoto, H. Hirose. 305

HISTORY OF VISION SCIENCE

Descartes' contact tube: A contribution to contact lens history. R.F. Heitz.

Mach bands and art M.F. Marmor.

AUTHOR INDEX

309

313

317

PREFACE

I fU'St met Jay Enoch in 1981 at a Christmas party held in Minor Hall at Berkeley. He had recently anived as Dean and I was a junior graduale student. When he fowId out that my training was in Physics, he gave me a copy of his recently published book on photoreceptor optics, which I read through that Christmas break. Little did I mWze that this was the start of a long relationship in which he played the role of dissertation advisor, mentor, boss, colleague and more importantly, friend, and that 15 years later I would be the chief organizer of the Enoch Vision Science Symposium (EnochFest; April 27-30, 1996) and the editor of this volume celebrating his numerous contributions to Vision Science, Optometry and Ophthalmology.

When Dean Tony Adams first asked me to serve as organizer of the EnochFest, it was with trepidation I accepted. However, my task was lightened by the labor of the Scientiftc Program Committee (Profs. G. Westheimer, H. Kaufman, and Dr. D. Birch) and the Local Organizing Committee (Profs. I. Bailey, C. Johnson, W. Eng, Mr. C. Campbell, and Mr. R. Knowles). I use this opportunity to acknowledge their advice and considerable work in making this meeting a success. The topics presented at the Fest were representative of the many facets of Jay's career. Fourteen countries from four continents were represented by the participants. A report on the meeting is to be published in an upcoming issue of the journal Optometty and Vision Science (Vol 73, No. 11, 1996).

This book contains many of the papers delivered at the EnochFest, as well as papers by others who could not be present at the Fest. The range and breadth of Jay's interests are Iruly reflected in the nature of the contributions in this volume. Due to constraints beyond my control, I regret that I could not accommodate the articles d several others who would have gladly contributed to this volume. On behalf of all the contributors, EnochFest participants and all of his colleagues, friends and admirels, this Enoch Festschrift volume is dedicated to Professor Jay M. Enoch.

xi

V. Lakshminarayanan SL Louis, MO

September 3, 1996

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book and the Enoch Vision Science Symposium would not have been possible without the generous support, financial and otherwise, of many people sd organizations. A special thanks goes to the University of California. Belke1ey School of Optometry and Dean A. J. Adams. UCBSO not only bosted the meeting, but WIll also a major symposium and publication sponsor. I also gratefully acknow1edge the other cmporate and individual sponsors whose financial contribution helped undelwrire the Symposium and this Volume (in alphabetical Older):

Alcon LaboIatories, Inc. Allergan, Inc.

Dr. Shinobu Awaya Drs. David and Eileen Birch

TbeFamUyofRaymondEog Heidelberg Engineering, Inc.

HoyaCorp. Dr. Donald Korb

NidekCorp. Dr. Hitoshi Ohzu

Optische Werke G. Rodenstock Pentax • Asahi Optical Co.

Retina Foundation of the Southwest Smith Kettlewell Eye Research Institute

Dr. Shinichi Yamade Dr. Tetsushi Yasuma

Welch Allyn, Inc.

Financial support for the Symposium was also provided by:

Dr. Irvin M. Borish Dr. Edward Revelli

Logistical and clerical support at Berlteley was provided by Lois Quick. who also served as the central co-ordinator. She was assisted by Renisa Andrika, BRnta Marshall and Michael Phipps. At SL Louis, invaluable assistance in preparation eX this book in the prescribed format was JIOvided by Srinivasa VaradharIUan. Thanks also go to Judie Walter and Janice White.

xiii

V. Lakshminarayanan SL Louis, MO

September 3, 1996

The

Eno

ch V

isio

n Sc

ienc

e Sy

mpo

sium

, Apr

il 27

-30,

199

6, B

erke

ley,

CA

. N

ote:

Not

all

parti

cipa

nts

are

in th

e ph

otog

raph

.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Note: Only the address of the primary/senior author is given.

Cheryl AINE

Gholamali AMIRKHIABANI Faculty of Arts, Dept of Psychology Central Queensland University Rockhampton, QLD4702, AUSTRALIA

Patricia APKARIAN

Masashi ARAI

AmirAREF

Shinobu A WA Y A Nagoya University, School of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology 65 Tsurma-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466, JAPAN

Ian L. BAILEY School of Optometry University of California - Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720

James E BAILEY Southern California College of Optometry 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd Fullerton, CA 92631

Alessandra BALDI

Patrizia BARALDI Dip. Scienze Biomediche Universita'di Modena Via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, ITALY

Michael BARRIS College of Optometry Nova Southeastern University North Miami Beach, FL 33162

Christopher BEAVER

Harold E. BEDElL College of Optometry University of Houston 4901 Calhoun Blvd Houston, TX 77204

xv

Eliot L BERSON Berman-Gund Laboratory for the Study of Retinal Degenerations Harvard Medical School Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 243 Charles Street Boston, MA 02114

Sanjiv K. BHATIA

David BIRCH Retina Foundation of the Southwest 9900 North Central Expressway #400 Dallas, TX 75231

Jyothirmay BISWAS Medical and Vision Research Foundation 18 College Road Madras 600 006, INDIA

LoBOUR Clinical Neurophysiology Department of Neurology Academic Medical Center, H2-214 Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam THFNEfHERLANDS

Renee BOVELLE

Arthur BRADLEY

MariaL. CALVO Departamento de Optica Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid, SPAIN

Melanie C.W. CAMPBElL School of Optometry University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3Gl CANADA

Thomas J. CAMPEN

xvi

Emilio C. CAMPOS Clinica Oculistica Ia Universita di Bologna via Massarenti 9 40138 Bologna, ITALY

Valentina CETTOLO

Hai-WenCHEN Biophysics group, MS D454 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545

Margarita CHEV ALlER

YunCHOI

Gerhard CIBIS Children's Mercy Hospital Department of Surgery and Pediatrics 24th and Gillham Kansas City, MO 64112

Alexander I. COGAN The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute 2232 Webster Street San Francisco, CA 94115

Theodore E. COHN School of Optometry Univer'sty of California - Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720

James COMERFORD The New England College of Optometry 424 Beacon Street Boston, MA 02115

Joseph M. CORLESS

Melanie CRANDALL

Mary Ann CROFT

Mathew E. DIAMOND

Alvin EISNER RS. Dow Neurological Sciences Institute Good Samaritan Hospital 1120 NW 20th Avenue Portland, OR 97209

William R ELLIOT

NaderENGHEf A

JayM. ENOCH School of Optometry Univeristy of California - Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720

EdwardA. ESSOCK Departments of Psychology and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Louisville Louisville, KY 40292

Franz FANKHAUSER Lindenhofspital Bern Bremgartenstrasse 117 CH-3012 Bern, SWITZERLAND

Frederick W. ATZKE Department of Visual Science Institute of Ophthalmology University College London 11-43 Bath Street London EC1 V 9EL, UK

EdwardFLYNN

Maria P. FRANCESCA TO

Gregory GANCARZ

Stephen J. GANGE

Adrian GLASSER

David A. GOSS

Theodore GROSVENOR Indiana University School of Optometry SOO E A twater A venue Bloomington, IN 47405

Gunther GUILINO Optische Werke G. Rodenstock Isartalstrasse 43 D-80469 Munich, GERMANY

Toyohiko HAT ADA

Robert F. HEITZ Department of Ophthalmology Central Hospital F-67504 Haguenau, FRANCE

Hiroshi lllROSE Nagoya University, School of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466 JAPAN

Timothy HUG

A viran ITZHAKI

Chris A. JOHNSON Optics and Visual Assesment Laboratory Department of Ophthalmology University of California Davis 1603 Alhambra Blvd Sacramento, CA 95816

Kazutaka KANl Department of Ophthalmology Shiga University of Medical Science Seta-tsukinowacho, Ohtsu 520-21, JAPAN

HerbertE. KAUFMAN LSU Eye Center Louisiana State University 2020 Gravier Street, Ste B New Orleans, LA 70112

Paul L. KAUFMAN Dept of Ophthalmology and Vision Science University of Wisconsin Medical School 600 Highland A venue Madison, WI 53792

Byueng-Geun KHANG

Muang H. KHIN

Julie KILAND

Stanley A. KLEIN School of Optometry University of California - Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720

MomoyoKONO

xvii

Toshitake KORA

William K. KREBS

SylwiaKW ASNlEWSKA

Stephen L. KWOK Department of Optometry and Vision Science The University of Auckland Park Road/Private Bag 92019 Auckland, NEW ZEALAND

VasudevanLAKSHMINARA Y ANAN School of Optometry and Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Missouri - St. Louis 8001 Natural Bridge st. Louis, MO 63121

TeriLAWTON Nano Tech Services 591 Katherine Avenue Oakview, CA 93022

Stephen LEHMKUHLE

BoLEI

Junzhong LIANG Center for Visual Science University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627

Jung M. LIM

LeiLIU The Arlene R Gordon Research Institute The Lighthouse Inc. III East 59th Street New York, NY 10022

Norberto LOPEZ-GIL

DavidJ. LUND

Judith LYND

Hajib N. MADHAVAN

Donna MALLOY

Anna MANZANARES

xviii

Michael F. MARMOR Department of Ophthalmology Stanford University Boswell Building Room A-157 Stanford, CA 94305

Jason A. McCARLEY

Donald T. MILLER

Osamu MIMURA

DonaldMITCHELL Department of Psychology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 411, CANADA

Noriko MIY AKA WA

MineoMORI

Lawrence S. MORSE

SatoruNAGATA

Shishir NARAIN

Jacqueline M. NELSON-QUIGG

Steven NUSINOWITZ Jules Stein Eye Institute 100 Stein Plaza Los Angeles, CA 90024

Hitoshi OHZU Department of Applied Physics Waseda University 3-4-1 Ookubo, Shinjiku-ku Tokyo 169, JAPAN

Orin S. PACKER Center for Visual Science University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627

Christopher D. PELZEK

IdoPERLMAN Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology and Biophysics Technion-Isreal Institute of Technology Box 9649, Haifa 31096, ISRAEL

Carlo A. PORRO

Edward N. PUGH, Jr Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania 3815 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104

AmyPRUSZENSKI

Valeriy PRUZHANOVSKIY

Austin ROORDA

Mickey P. ROWE

Sara ROY

Richard RUBIN

Maurice C. RYNDERS Laser Diagnostics Technologies, Inc. 9550 Waples St., #105 San Diego, CA 92121.

Alfredo SADUN Doheny Eye Institute University of Southern California 1450 San Pablo Street Los Angeles, CA 90033

AshokSAMAL

MihoSATO

Costantino SCHIA VI

Clifton M. SCHOR School of Optometry Univeristy of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720

Ronald A. SCHUCHARD Eye Foundation of Kansas City University of Missouri - Kansas City 2300 Holmes Street Kansas City, MO 64108

Steven T. SCHUSCHEREBA

Michael J. SINAI

Lothar SPILLMANN Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology University of Freiburg Hansastrasse 9 79104 Freiburg, GERMANY

Lawrence STARK School of Optometry University of California - Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720

Bruce E. STUCK

MisuzuT AKA SHIMA

Kazunori T AKUBO

Larry N. THIBOS Visual Science Group Indiana University School of Optometry 800 East Atwater A venue Bloomington, IN 47405

Frank THORN

Kuang M. TUAN

Christopher W. TYLER Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute 2232 Webster Street San Francisco, CA 94115

Srinivasa V ARADHARAJAN

Micheal T. UKWADE

Pieter L. W ALRA VEN Em TNO Human Factors Research Institute P.O. Box 23,3769 ZG Soesterberg THFNETHERLANDS

GrantV. WELLAND

David R WIlliAMS Center for Visual Science University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627

Jeremy M. WOLFE Center for Ophthalmic Research Brigham and Women's Hospital 221 Longwood A venue Boston, MA 02115

Chris C. WOOD

Shinichi Y AMADE Department of Ophthalmology Shiga University of Medical Science Seta, Ohtsu 520-21, JAPAN

Noriaki YAMAMOTO

Jun YAMAZAKI

Tetsushi Y ASUMA Yasuma Eye Hospital 4-10-50 Ohsu, Nakaku Nagoya 460, JAPAN

CongYU

YongYU

Esther ZEMEL

HarryZWJCK Ocular Hazards Research US Army Medical Research Detachment Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 7914 A Drive, Brooks AFB San Antonio, TX 78235

xix