basic centos setup before building a working server
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practices of initial server setup. This is aimed to tweak and apply
some basic security protection on your server and make it real
private. For instance, to change default root login, change default
SSH port and so on.
Following all steps in this initial CentOS server setup is not a must
but strongly recommended. However the decision is up to you. I
assumed you have either VPS or Dedicated server already so you
can follow this guide.
In this example, I use a VPS with 512Mb of RAM running CentOS
6.3 x32 located in Amsterdam hosted by DigitalOcean.
Step 1 Login to your remote server via SSH connection. You can
use either use Terminal (Mac / Linux) or Putty in Windows. You
should login as root. Read my previous articles:
Where To Download Putty and How To Use It
Top most used Unix commands to SSH to a Linux server
During your first login, Putty (or Terminal) will ask you to cache
servers host key in the registry and remember servers ras2 key
fingerprint. Dont panic and simply hit Yes.
Step 2 Change default password for root. Sometimes a VPS or
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server is created using random password generated by the
providers management software. It is good practice to change it to
something easier to remember by you but hard to crack or guess
by others. Use this command syntax:
Youll then be asked to enter your new password twice.
Make sure you use strong words and numbers combination but
also make sure you can easily remember it.
Step 3 Create new user. This new user will be used for you to
login to your server in the next time because you have to also
disable root login (Ill tell you in the next steps) because root isreally a standard username hackers can easily guess. Its just like
admin or administrator in Windows. Use command below to
create new username:
*change newuser above with your own new username. In this
example I use my name sawiyati.
Then issue this command to setup password for that user:
Upon hitting Enter on your keyboard your server will ask you to
type the password for that user.
1 passwd
1 /usr/sbin/addusernewuser
1 passwdnewuser
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Step 4 Setup root privileges to that userso once you logged in
to your server using that new user you will still be able to perform
any root only tasks. To do that simply issue this command:
then look for the line / section called:
or in different CentOS release it may also like this:
Then add this line right after the root line:
## Allow root to run any commands anywhere
root ALL=(ALL) ALL
newuser ALL=(ALL) ALL
it should look like this:
How to edit? If you dont have Nano editor installed yet, simply hit
a (without quotes). Once done adding new line, simply hit Esc key
to exit editing mode. Now press Shift key + ZZ to save and exit vi
editor.
Step 5 Change SSH default port and disable root login. This is
what I mean in step 3 above. In this case youll need to edit
1 /usr/sbin/visudo
12
# User privilege specificationroot ALL=(ALL) ALL
12
## Allow root to run any commands anywhereroot ALL=(ALL) ALL
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sshd_config filewhich is the main configuration file of SSH service
in your server. You can either use vi or Nano to edit it. In this
example I use Nano editor:
Then fine following lines:
Remove the #symbol and change the 22 (it is default port) to to
any number between 1025 and 65536, For example is port 22000.
Example:
Next, also find:
Remove the # symbol and change yes to no
PermitRootLogin no
So it will look like this:
Next, find this line as well:
Remove the # symbol and change yes to no
1 nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
1 #port 22
1 port 22000
1 #PermitRootLogin yes
1 #UseDNS yes
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UseDNS no
It may look like this:
Dont close Nano editor just yet, now proceed to the next step:
Step 6 Allow new user to login via SSH to your server. Simply
add this line in the very bottom of that file:
Of course you have to replace newuser with your own username
created in the step 3 above. Example:
Once done, hit Control+O to save then Control+X to exit Nano
editor.
Step 7 Reload SSH service. To make sure the new configuration
is used by the service, simply reload SSH by using this command:
It should return with the OK message.
Step 8 Give it a try! I assumed currently you are still logging in as
root. Dont close that SSH session yet before you test it and make
sure all the settings you defined in SSH config file really works.
Now launch another Terminal window or launch another Putty
1 AllowUsers newuser
1 /etc/init.d/sshdreload
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Sawiyati
Hi! I'm Sawiyati, a mom with passion
about blogging, programming and
everything techy. Having no offline job,
so I decided to start blogging while
learning what I love for. You can find me at Google+ here.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
instance then login using new SSH port, new username, and of
course new password.
After the changes, youll see your new username instead of root:
Enjoy..
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72 COMMENTS
hi/
Really helpful
Thanks
Replysaeed June 21, 2013
Thanks be blessed,,,,,,i am a newbie in Centos,
thanks for the well detailed tutorial
ReplyTendai Afrika March 13, 2015
A very well detailed tutorial. Thank you. I am trying out my
hands on linux for the first time and your tutorial was both
very well illustrated and helpful.
ReplySiddeswara July 3, 2013
Glad to know it is helpful
ReplySawiyati July 6, 2013
it seems that the most basic thing is missing; how to actually
install the OS itself, that I cannot find?? I am interested in
learning how to install a centos LAMP from the netinstall to
run headless.
A tutorial on that would be great! I love the other stuff that you
have in your blog. it is the most comprehensive and well
written, easy to understand blog I have ever come across. A lot
of sites assume the user already knows the commands to edit
ReplyNeville Scollop July 13, 2013
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and save configs, you dont make that assumption and I love it
for that!
Hi Neville, usually, most VPS providers are already
installed the OS of your choice during setup. So it is
ready-to-use. Well, some providers also provide
their users with VPS control panel where users can
re-install OS from there
ReplySawiyati July 16, 2013
hello in the begining id like to thank you
for your efforts making such beautiful
tutorial, can you please explain how do
we install the os because some of the
viewers are setting there own home web
servers at home for personal websites
and dont know how to install it or set and
config there ip addressesthx alot
ReplyAli Douglah May 20, 2014
very nice, i have learn something new today
bookmarked
Replyabu July 20, 2013
Thanks for your Tut madame. but i have problems
Why I get error after doing this, when I open putty and access
my server to the new port I configured.
ReplyCyrus August 2, 2013
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Network Error: Connection timed out.,,
Thanks for this great and clear tutorial for a VPS beginner like
me!
ReplyDaniel August 16, 2013
This is a great tutorial, thank-you heaps.
ReplyNathan September 1, 2013
You forgot to mention that they need to allow the new ssh port
through iptables.
ReplyVirtual October 2, 2013
thanks
ReplySawiyati October 5, 2013
Yes, it worked great AFTER setting up iptables!
These are really great tutorials. I wish you had
social media links so I could share them easier.
ReplyJim October 26, 2014
Great tutorial. You should also add how to forward the new
SSH port in iptables though, many people might get locked out
if they forget not to close their active section or if their
ReplyForo Ovnis October 11, 2013
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computer crashes while theyre working on it. Thanks!
Very understandable , i am just a begginer user of vps and I
could do it thanks a lot.
Replyalex November 10, 2013
Glad you liked it
ReplySawiyati November 12, 2013
Hi!
I follow the tutorial, but when I try to test the configuration
openning another SSH connection, shows me a error message:
Network error: Connection timed out.
On Putty, I put the IP address of the CentOS server with 22000
port.
I already close the first SSH connection where I was logged
with root, thinking thats was the problem.
If you can help me with this.
Thanks.
Replylpdourado November 19, 2013
Open your ports in iptables. See my original
comment.
ReplyCory November 28, 2013
Replyeugene March 10, 2014
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Yes, but if you closed the default root ssh
connection, you cant run commands
anymore. What have I done!? Please help
me.
You should follow all procedure
correctly. Also do not close
current ssh session while trying to
establish new ssh session to test
new username
Reply
Sawiyati March 11, 2014
About itables its true, dont forget! Anyway, I am confused. If
you disable root account and use just other one with su
priveleges to connect withh ssl, you leave the port open. If you
close ssh port as root, you cant enable ssh with su or I am not
right?
ReplyRimaS November 20, 2013
Just use another port. If it is closed then open that
port first while you can leaving default port (22)
open or closed thats up to you but you better
close any unnecessary ports. Anyway, this is just a
very basic security setup to avoid kiddies
bruteforcing your server, not total protection but at
least slow em down. For advanced protection then
youll need advanced security setup.
ReplySawiyati November 28, 2013
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I was getting connection time outs until I manually opened the
port in iptables using the following command:
Hope this helps someone.
ReplyCory November 21, 2013
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp dport YOUR-PORT-
NUMBER -j ACCEPT
Theres two dashes before dport. Correction:
ReplyCory November 21, 2013
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -dport
YOUR-PORT-NUMBER -j ACCEPT
this should be added to the very end of
the tutorial in red big capital letters, so
people who are learning understand
better the all configuration process,
regards and thanks.
Replyanonimo October 17, 2014
Sweet. Thanks dude!
ReplyHilman January 5, 2014
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Makasi banyak Tante.. Thats really helps..
ReplyLeoui February 11, 2014
btw, i got this error note, Tan..
mkdir: cannot create directory /var/www': Permission denied
ReplyLeoui February 11, 2014
you should login as root or user with root privilege
ReplySawiyati February 12, 2014
I cant $ su from the newly created user.
I fixed the issue with $ chmod 4755 /bin/su , is this ok
security wise ?
Replyeugene March 10, 2014
It is very bad mate.
ReplyRImas March 11, 2014
Thank you for the tutorial,
Logging in from ssh works good with the new user, theres only
one problem i have right now: as soon as i try to acces the
Replywisse April 4, 2014
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/usr/sbin/visudo along with some other folders with root acces
i cannot acces it. When trying to acces the file i get this error:
visudo /etc/sudoers permission denied
I followed every step in your tutorial and i cannot figure out
why it does not work . Does anyone have this same problem or
does anyone know a good solution?
Thanks,
Wisse
Thanks for this guide.It has been very helpful to me and I learned something very
important today.
ReplyFernando Aguilar April 7, 2014
Great tutorial. this is my first time install Linux and all working
excellent.
btw what is the difference between using UseDNS yes and
UseDNS no
in /etc/ssh/sshd_config
ReplyHendra April 16, 2014
Luckily I followed the advice not to close the current
connection until testing is ok. Changing the port takes more
steps than editing the sshd_config, so one should be very
carefull with this in order not to lock him self out of the
system.
ReplyMelsi May 16, 2014
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I just fckdup my new entos install with this guideAs a new
user I cant install nothing not a sudoer not a sh!t. How am Igoing to reverse these changes since I screw up denying root
to ssh????
Replypredrag June 1, 2014
ok, got it! ssh as new user and when in just type su
- and then roots pass and youre in, destroy thedamn thing whatevertwo stupid posts from me
but it will help some newbie like me :/
Replypredrag June 1, 2014
thanks for the tutorial. I was greatly helped. I am also looking
for the same tutorial for debian OS. hopefully I also find ithere.
Replyarline's mom June 10, 2014
I followed the directions on a server I setup on a digital
hosting website. After creating the user, and after altering the
necessary files, when I try to log-in via ssh with the new user, I
get a connection refused message.
What did I do wrong? I just edited iptables and included port
22 and 22000, but still the connection is refused. I made sure
ssh and iptables both reloaded, and were running, and still no
connection allowed.
(Fortunately, Im still connection via root.)
Replyeljefe June 12, 2014
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What am I doing wrong?
make sure you edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and add to
allow the new user (step 6)
ReplySawiyati June 12, 2014
Thanks a ton! Im very new to setting up my own server and
this is really useful information
ReplyHrishi June 29, 2014
Just one quick question. It seems I can login with the new user
perfectly fine but the new user does not seem to have root
privileges. I tried adding a new user from this new user login
and for certain things it kept saying you do not have enough
priviledges. How do I enable root login again?
ReplyHrishi June 29, 2014
you can always add sudo in every command you
want. Or, you can simply type su to switch login
as root user.
ReplySawiyati June 30, 2014
Thank you so much, I get it done easily..
ReplyBryan July 22, 2014
ReplyBob July 29, 2014
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Thanks for all the time you have put into your work here.. As a
total newbie using your tutorials I am setting up my vps with
nginx and wordpress. Has been smooth and Im learning so
much along the wayAgain thanks
mbaknya indonesia ya? lg bingung nih setup vps unmanaged
saya
Replydonjon August 8, 2014
Same problem than a lot of usDont have root privileges on
my user account, but it tells I have root privileges when doing
sudo -l.
if someone can help
ReplySam.P August 12, 2014
Tks for the nice tutorial.
I have one questions. when I upload the files by SFTP, it always
says : Permission denied
Please help.
Tks
ReplyKen September 3, 2014
THANKS for this!!!
Really Helpfull
ReplyBrain_Out September 6, 2014
ReplyHank September 19, 2014
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Excellent tutorials! Unfortunately,I set up my Digital Ocean VPS
without changing my ssh port. I also installed fail2ban.
Everything works.
When I now change the port number in the sshd config file
and in Putty to a non-standard port, I can no longer connect
with Putty.
I suspect I must do something with iptables and fail 2 ban as
well to make this work.
Could you suggest how I could make this change?
Hi, i follow exactly you basic centos setup, i even check a new
user to make sure i can logon to it, but when i want to proceed
to install httpd, it said i dont have root permission. I already
disable root logon therefore i could not login using root
anymore, i cant even edit sshd_config to reenable root login.
Appreciate your help.
ReplyHanif September 26, 2014
Truc sudo yum install httpd or su root yum install
httpd.it Williams as si you for the root password
and let you install httpd.
Hope this helps
Replymaxime September 26, 2014
there are two options:
First, you can switch from current user to root by
typing suhit Enter then type password for root.
Another option is to use sudoprefix in each / every
command that needs root privilege (eg: sudo yum
install httpd). I hope that helps.
ReplySawiyati September 26, 2014
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Damn autocorrection on french mobile.please remove
previous comment
Replymaxime September 26, 2014
Why you didnt mentioned that we need to change ports in
iptables!!! Now i cant access to my vps!
ReplyVladan October 19, 2014
Thanks!
I follow your steps, but i got a big problem!
Now when i want login in putty, appear this:
Putty Fatal Error
Network Error: Connection refused
How can i resolve? Please help me!
Replyjavier October 20, 2014
That most likely because Putty uses different port
as what you defined on your vps
ReplySawiyati October 23, 2014
I followed this tutorial. You forgot to mention about the
iptables. So now I exited it without adding it to the iptables. I
only have the ipaddress and password of the server. There is
no online control panel for it.
Now I cant login to it via PuTTy. Could someone help me?
ReplyAnirudh Kanabar November 12, 2014
http://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=81606#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=48440#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=43094#respondhttp://digitalmachine.in/http://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=36729#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=43877#respond -
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i have one doubt.cent os install normal home pc .its possible
or not.please tell me
Replyharikrishna November 21, 2014
In CENTOS 7, the command to reload SSH service is:
service sshd restart
at least, it is on the VPS, I was using.
ReplyKamal S. Prasad January 17, 2015
Hi,
I noticed I didnt have to open the new ports via iptables and
was still able to connect. Why is that?
Kamal
ReplyKamal S. Prasad January 24, 2015
Some vendors leave higher ports than 1024 open
by default, you can know more about your open
ports using netstat -an
ReplyDavid February 16, 2015
Hello, im newbie in Linux, and im stuck at Step 1: Login to
your remote server via SSH connection.
I dont have a remote server, i want to set the server on my pc,
so what should i do?
ReplyJonathan February 2, 2015
http://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=143792#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=142717#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=93094#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=145352#respondhttp://kamalprasad.com/http://kamalprasad.com/http://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=141709#respondhttp://hitekcom.mx/http://www.hericxhub.com/ -
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you can skip that step if you just want to do this on
local pc
ReplySawiyati February 3, 2015
I did everything except keeping the ssh port unchanged, but
putty shows Connection refused error. I now cant login. Any
help?
Replyeric March 5, 2015
Hi,
i cant run the command:
iptables -l INPUT -m state -state NEW -m tcp -p tcp -dport
22000 -j ACCEPT
i get the error:
[root@h2191522 ~]# iptables -l INPUT -m state -state NEW -m
tcp -p tcp dport 22000 -j ACCEPT
iptables v1.4.7: option -l requires an argument
ReplyPhilip March 17, 2015
Ive tried to replicate exactly the same steps on a fresh CENTOS
VPS server and the connection via the new user fails every time
I tried to login from my Mac terminal. After some debugging, I
found this is happening due to change of default port to
22000. Besides the steps mentioned above, is there anything
else I need to do to make sure my connections recognise port
22000? When I revert the post to 22, I can login with my new
Replykaushal March 24, 2015
http://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=143819#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=148157#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=147873#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=147061#respond -
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ADD A COMMENT
username and password. Unfortunately not when I change the
port form 22 to 22000.
It would be best to use certificate instead of obfuscating
access. Just enable login only by certificate and you are set
ReplyAlex March 27, 2015
when Im trying to ssh client, its always asking for root
password. can you help me to solve this?
ReplyCaesar Louis April 3, 2015
Hi Sawiyati,
I have setup my server and able to view my site on my unit.
But, if I try to access the website thru internet, I cannot access
it though.
Thank You.
Replyme2 April 27, 2015
For some reason I cant install the nano
Reconfigure the baseurl/etc. for the repository, to point to aworking upstream.
ReplyAlibaba May 13, 2015
http://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=149519#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=148607#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=148322#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=150134#respond -
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