basic compendium of english

8/10/2019 Basic Compendium of English

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-compendium-of-english 1/52

CCOOLLÉÉGGIIOO EESSTTAADDUUAALL PPRROOTTÁÁSSIIOO AALLVVEESS

BBAASSIICC CCOOMMPPEENNDDIIUUMM OOFF EENNGGLLIISSHH LLAANNGGUUAAGGEE

FFOORR TTEECCHHNNIICCAALL

CCOOUURRSSEESS ((IINNFFOORRMMAATTIICCSS AANNDD SSOOFFTTWWAARREE DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTT))



hen I was young and free and my imagination had not limits, I dreamed of changing the

world. As I grew older and wiser, I discovered the world would not change, so I shortened my

sights somewhat and decided to change only my country.

But, it, too, seemed immovable.

As I grew into my twilight years, in one last desperate attempt, I settled for changing only my

family, those closest to me, but alas, they would have none of it.

And now as I lie on my deathbed, I suddenly realize: If I had only changed myself first, thenby example I would have changed my family.

From their inspiration and encouragement, I would then have been able to better my country,

and, who knows, I may have even changed the world.

Words inscribed on the tomb of an Anglican bishop in Westminster Abby (1100 A.D.)



Apostila desenvolvida especialmente por Clarissa Dias1,Professora de Idiomas, Tradutora e Revisora.

Cópias permitidas mediante prévia autorização.© 2010

1Clarissa Dias é professora de idiomas, tradutora e revisora. Possui graduação em Bacharelado em Letras pelaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS, 2004). Atualmente é professora titular da disciplina deInglês Técnico e coordenadora do Núcleo de Ensino de Língua Estrangeira Moderna do Colégio Protásio Alves,Porto Alegre, RS. Tem experiência na área de Letras e Comunicação, com ênfase em Língua Inglesa

.Atua no

ensino de língua inglesa a mais de 15 anos.



Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias – language teacher, translator and reviser. ©2010

11.. TThhee A A llpphhaabbeett

Spelling the Alphabet:

A /êi/B /bí/C /cí/

D /dí/E /í/F /éff/G /djí/H /êitch/I /ái/J /djêi/K /kêi/L /éll/M /émm/

N /énn/O /ôu/P /pí/

Q /kiú/R /ár/S /és/T /tí/U /iú/V /ví/W /dãbliú/X /éks/Y /uái/Z /zí/

Now practice these groups of sounds:

/êi/ A H J K /i/ B C D E G P T V Z /é/ F L M N S X /ái/ I Y /ôu/ O /iú/ Q U W /á/ R




33.. NNuummbbeerrss,, DDaayyss oof f tthhee WWeeeek k ,, MMoonntthhss aanndd SSeeaassoonnss

Cardinal Numbers

1. one2. two3. three4. four5. five6. six

7.

seven8. eight9. nine10. ten11. eleven12. twelve13. thirteen14. fourteen15. fifteen16. sixteen17. seventeen

18. eighteen19. nineteen

20. twenty

21. twenty-one22. twenty-two23. twenty-three30. thirty40. forty50. fifty

60.

sixty70. seventy80. eighty90. ninety100. one hundred200. two hundred300. three hundred400. four hundred500. five hundred600. six hundred700. seven hundred

800.

eight hundred900. nine hundred1000. one thousand

Ordinal Numbers

1st first2nd second3rd third4th fourth5th fifth

6th sixth7th seventh8th eighth9th ninth10th tenth11th eleventh12th twelfth13th thirteenth14th fourteenth15th fifteenth16th sixteenth

17th seventeenth18th eighteenth19th nineteenth

20th twentieth21st twenty-first22nd twenty-second23rd twenty-third30th thirtieth40th fortieth

50th fiftieth60th sixtieth70th seventieth80th eightieth90th ninetieth100th one hundredth101st one hundred and first102nd one hundred and second103rd one hundred and third104th one hundred and fourth200th two hundredth

300th three hundredth400th four hundredth500th five hundredth




600th six hundredth700th seven hundredth800th eight hundredth

900th nine hundredth1000th one thousandth

Days of the Week

Sunday

(Sun)

Monday

(Mon)

Tuesday

(Tue)

Wednesday

(Wed)

Thursday

(Thu)

Friday

(Fri)

Saturday

(Sat)1 2 3 4 5 6 78 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 2829 30 31

Months of the Year

• January (Jan)• February (Feb)• March (Mar)• April (Apr)• May (May)• June (Jun)

• July (Jul)• August (Aug)• September (Sept)• October (Oct)• November (Nov)• December (Dec)

Seasons of the Year

• Autumn / Fall• Winter• Spring• Summer




44.. HHooww ttoo uussee aa bbiilliinngguuaall ddiiccttiioonnaarryy

Using a bilingual dictionary

Parts of speech

• Noun: A noun is a person, place, thing, quality, or act. Examples: pencil, girl, supermarket,

happiness

• Verb: Verbs are action or existence words that tell what nouns do. Examples: to fly, to run,

to be, jump, lived

• Adjective: An adjective describes a noun. Examples: hairy, crazy, wonderful

• Adverb: An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or adverb. It often ends in "ly". Examples:

carefully, easily, barely

• Interjection: An outcry or sudden utterance. Usually starts a sentence. Examples: Wow,

Gosh, Darn (Damn)

• Preposition: A preposition describes the relationship between a noun and another noun (or

verb or adverb). Examples: to, under, for, at, by, from

• Conjunction: A conjunction joins together words, phrases, or clauses. Examples: and, or,

but

• Pronoun: A pronoun replaces a noun or noun phrase that is understood from context.

Examples: he, it, they




55.. TThhee PPlluurraall oof f NNoouunnss

5.1 Regular Plural

Most nouns forms the plural simply by adding - s or -es to the end of the word. For example:

Singular Plural boat boats

hat hatshouse housesminute minutesriver rivers

Nouns that end in - ch, -x, -s, -sh, z or s-like sounds, the plural is formed by adding -es to the end of

the word. For example:

Singular Plural box boxes

bush busheschurch churchesgas gaseskiss kisses

Nouns that end in a single -z, the plural is formed by adding - zes to the end of the word. For

example:

Singular Plural quiz quizzes

Most nouns ending in - o preceded by a consonant also form their plurals by adding -es. For

example:

Singular Plural

Potato potatoes

Tomato tomatoes

Volcano volcanoes

However many newly created words and words with a Spanish or Italian origin that end in -o just

add an 's'. For example:




life livesloaf loavesman menmouse mice

nucleus nucleioasis oasesperson people

phenomenon phenomenapotato potatoes

syllabus syllabi/syllabusesthesis thesestooth teethwife wives

woman women

Some nouns have the identical form in the singular and the plural, although they are still considered

to have a plural form. For example:

Singular Plural aircraft aircraft

fish fishheadquarters headquarters

sheep sheepspecies species

Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb. For example:

news The news is on at 6.30 p.m.athletics Athletics is good for young people.linguistics Linguistics is the study of language.darts Darts is a popular game in England. billiards Billiards is played all over the world.

*others include: advice, information, luggage.

Some nouns have a plural form and take a plural verb. For example:

trousers My trousers are too tight. jeans Her jeans are black.glasses Those glasses are his.

*others include: savings, cattle, scissors, pyjamas, thanks, steps, stair, customs, congratulations,tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits.

Nouns that stem from older forms of English or are of foreign origin often have odd plurals. For

example:

Singular Pluralox oxen




index indices or indexes

In compound nouns the plural ending is usually added to the main noun. For example:

Singular Pluralcourt martial courts martialson-in-law sons-in-lawpasser-by passers-by




66.. V Veerrbb TToo BBee

Verb To Be (present tense)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I amYou are

He isShe isIt isWe areYou areThey are

I am notYou are not

He is notShe is notIt is notWe are notYou are notThey are not

Am I?Are you?

Is he?Is she?Is it?Are we?Are you?Are they?

The Be verb is special because it is the main verb and its own auxiliary at the same time(because it does not admit any other auxiliary verb). Thus, that is why the inversion subject–

verb in the interrogative and negative (not) sentences comes from.

Verb To Be (past tense)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I wasYou wereHe wasShe wasIt wasWe wereYou wereThey were

I was notYou were notHe was notShe was notIt was notWe were notYou were notThey were not

Was I?Were you?Was he?Was she?Was it?Were we?Were you?Were they?




77.. PPrreesseenntt TTeennsseess

7.1 Present Simple

Affirmative

General rule: It is added an s in the 3rd person singular (He, She, It).

To write To work To travel To communicate To doIYouHe, She, ItWeYouThey

Exception # 1: It is added an es at the end of verbs ended in S, SH, CH, O, X e Z. Only for

the 3rd

person singular (He, She, It).To wash To wish To go To kiss To fix

IYouHe, She, ItWeYouThey

Exception # 2: It is added an ies (-y) at the end of verbs ended in Y, preceded by a consonant.

as Only for the 3rd

person singular (He, She, It).

To fly To try To play To enjoy To cryIYouHe, She, ItWeYouThey




Interrogative

To form interrogative sentences in the present continuous in English, it must be used anauxiliary verb be (inflected in the present) before the subject. Look:

Affirmative: I am living in Porto Alegre.Interrogative: Are you living in Porto Alegre?

Negative (not)

To form negative sentences in the present continuous in English, it must be used an auxiliaryverb be (inflected in the present) followed by the adverb of negation (not) before the mainverb. Look:

Affirmative: I am living in Porto Alegre.Negative: I am not living in Porto Alegre.

7.3 Present Perfect

Affirmative

General rule: It is used the auxiliary verb have (inflected in the present) plus the main verb inthe participle (3rd column)*.

I have worked.You have worked.He, She, It has worked.We have worked.You have worked.They have worked.

I have known.You have known.He, She, It has known.We have known.You have known.They have known.

* For regular verbs it is only added an -ed to form the participle.For irregular verbs it is needed to look at the verb inflection in the list at the end of this

compendium.

Interrogative

To form interrogative sentences in the present perfect in English, it must be used an auxiliaryverb have (inflected in the present) before the subject. Look:

Affirmative: I have lived in Porto Alegre.Interrogative: Have you lived in Porto Alegre?

Negative (not)




88.. PPaasstt TTeennsseess 8.1. Past Simple

Affirmative

General rule: + ed (para os verbos regulares)

To live To work To know To run To write

IYouHe, She, ItWeYouThey

Exception # 1: the final consonant is doubled when verbs ended in Consonant/Vowel/Consonant present last syllable stronger (when pronounced).

Exception # 2: it is added ied to verbs ended in Y, preceded by consonant.

Irregular Verbs in the Past

For irregular verbs in the past there is no rule but there is a list of their base form and theircorresponding form in the past tense.Interrogative and negative forms both for regular and irregular verbs follow the same rule.

Interrogative in the Past (Did)

To form interrogative sentences in the past simple in English, it must be used an auxiliaryverb Did before the subject. Look:

Affirmative: I lived in Porto Alegre.Interrogative: Did you live in Porto Alegre?*

Negative (Did not)

To form negative sentences in the past simple in English, it must be used an auxiliary verbDid followed by the adverb of negation (not) before the main verb. Look:

Affirmative: I lived in Porto Alegre.Negative: I did not live in Porto Alegre.*




* Both for regular and irregular verbs.

8.2 Past Continuous

Affirmative

General rule: It is used the auxiliary verb be in the past plus the main verb followed by -ing.

I was working.You were working.He, She, It was working.We were working.You were working.

They were working.Exception # 1: For verbs ended in -e it is cut the -e and added -ing.

Interrogative

To form interrogative sentences in the past continuous in English, it must be used an auxiliaryverb be (inflected in the past) before the subject. Look:

Affirmative: I was living in Porto Alegre.Interrogative: Were you living in Porto Alegre?

Negative (not)

To form negative sentences in the past continuous in English, it must be used an auxiliaryverb be (inflected in the past) followed by the adverb of negation (not) before the main verb.Look:

Affirmative: I was living in Porto Alegre.Negative: I was not living in Porto Alegre.

8.3 Past Perfect

Affirmative

General rule: It is used the auxiliary verb have (inflected in the past) plus the main verb inthe participle (3rd column)*.

I had worked.You had worked.He, She, It had worked.We had worked.You had worked.They had worked.

I had known.You had known.He, She, It had known.We had known.You had known.They had known.




To form negative sentences in the past perfect continuous in English, it must be used anauxiliary verb have (inflected in the past) followed by the adverb of negation (not) beforebeen. Look:

Affirmative: I had been living in Porto Alegre.Negative: I had not been living in Porto Alegre.




99.. FFuuttuurree TTeennsseess

9.1 Future simple

There are two ways of forming sentences in the future simple. However, each one has its owncharacteristics. Look:

WILL (time of speaking; formal)

PredictionI will win the contest.

Voluntary action (offering/asking to do

something)

I will translate the e-mail for you.

Promise (or threat)

I promise I will take care.

Talking about the present and future (orpast) with certainty (deducting)

I am sure you will understand what I’mgoing to tell you.

Making a decisionFor the main course, I will have grilledtuna.

Agreeing or refusingThe car won´t start.I’ll bring your book back this evening.

GOING TO (decision has already beentaken; near future; informal)

PredictionI am going to win the contest.

Plan (idea or intention to do something)

She is going to move to a new place.

ArrangementsI am going to meet Marioara at 11 a.m.

Situational context and thought ofsomething that is going to happenShe is going to have a baby.

Something in the present that shows whatwill happen in the future

When we have already decidedI’m going to tell him the truth.

*Eu vou apresentar.I go present. (wrong) = I will present. (right)




1100..

SSiimmppllee aanndd CCoonnttiinnuuoouuss V Veerrbbss

Some verbs are used only in simple tenses. For example, you cannot say “I am knowing.” You can

only say “I know.” Here is a list of verbs that are not normally used in continuous tenses (but there

are exceptions):

state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit, needExample: We are on holiday.

possession: belong, have (meaning possess)

Example: Sam has a cat.

senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch, seemExample: He feels the cold.

feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wishExample: Jane loves pizza.

brain work: believe, know, think (meaning believe or have an opinion), understand ,remember, forget, suppose, realize

Example: I believe you.




1122..

TThhee PPrroonnoouunnss

Here are the table of pronouns and their respective uses in a sentence.

Personal Pronouns Adjective Possessive Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Reflexive PronounsSubject Object

I Me My Mine MyselfYou You Your Yours YourselfHe Him His His Himself

She Her Her Hers HerselfIt It Its Its ItselfWe Us Our Ours OurselvesYou You Your Yours YourselvesThey Them Their Theirs Themselves

• Os subject pronouns têm a função de sujeito da oração.• O pronome I sempre é escrito em maiúscula, não importando seu lugar na frase.• It é um pronome neutro usado para designar animais, e coisas no singular. É ainda o sujeito

de verbos impessoais que expressam tempo, distância, condições meteorológicas, etc.

It is going to rain. / It is two p.m. / It was cold out there.• Os object pronouns têm a função de objeto direto ou indireto da oração. São precedidos

por um verbo ou preposição.• Os possessive adjective pronouns têm a mesma função de um adjetivo da oração, podendo

ser utilizados antes de substantivos no singular ou plural. São invariáveis, e concordamsempre com seu possuidor.

It is my classroom. / I know her sisters and brothers. / She drives his car.• O possessive pronoun nunca é utilizado antes de um substantive, pois ele substitui a

construção: possessive adjective + substantivo. Sempre concordam com o possuidor e nãocom o que eles possuem.

Is that car still yours (your car)? / A teacher of mine (one of my teachers) is American.•

Os reflexive pronouns são utilizados quando o sujeito faz e sofre, ao mesmo tempo, aação. Por vezes, são utilizados para enfatizar a ação realizada pelo sujeito da oração.

He always cuts himself . / These facts repeated themselves. / You yourself closed the gate.• A construção by + reflexive pronoun é sinônimo de alone (sozinho).Do your homework by yourselves.• Nenhum dos pronomes acima aceita antes de si um artigo (definido ou indefinido).




1133..

TThhee aarrttiicclleess

Há dois tipos de artigos em Inglês: o definido ( the) e o indefinido ( a, an).

• a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) withconsonants

She has a dog.

I work in a factory. •

an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) withvowels (a,e,i,o,u) Can I have an apple?

She is an English teacher.

• the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)

The car over there is fast.

The teacher is very good, isn't he? • The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use

"the".

I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms. I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.

• DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountainsexcept when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States".

He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.

They live in northern British Columbia. • Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas -

My country borders on the Pacific Ocean • DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general

I like Russian tea.

She likes reading books. • DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport

He has breakfast at home.

I go to university.

He comes to work by taxi.




Vejamos, agora, cada um deles separadamente.

The definite article (the)

É o artigo definido ( the) que em português significa o, a, os, as.Usa-se o artigo definido the antes de:• substantivos únicos na espécie;• sobrenomes no plural e substantivos comuns ou próprios no singular quando se referem a

pessoas especificas;• nomes de países que contêm a palavra Union, United, Republic, ou que estejam no plural;• nomes de rios, mares, oceanos, cadeias de montanhas;• nomes de idiomas seguidos pela palavra language e nomes de instrumentos musicais;• nomes de ciências, matérias escolares, elementos químicos e refeições usadas com sentido

específico;•

nome da maioria dos edifícios e monumentos;• períodos da História;• superlativos;• adjetivos substantivados que representem uma classe, e que esteja implícita a idéia de

plural;• nomes de jornais;• substantivos como school, college, church, hospital, bed, prision e supermarket ,

subtendendo-se que a atividade-fim não está representada;• substantivos abstratos usados com sentido restrito; e• substantivos concretos usados com sentido restrito.

Não se usa o artigo definido the antes de:• nomes próprios no singular;• cidades, estados, continentes e a maioria dos países;• nomes de montes, ilhas, lagos, quedas d’água e praias;• nomes de jogos, artes, esportes e idiomas;• nomes de ciências, matérias escolares, elementos químicos e refeições;• nome de edifícios que contenham a palavra palace e hall;• dias da semana, meses, anos estações do ano e feriados;• adjetivos e pronomes possessivos;•

substantivos no plural, representando uma classe ou categoria;

• nomes de revistas;• substantivos como school, college, church, hospital, bed, prision e supermarket , referindo-

se a suas atividades específicas;• substantivos abstratos usados com sentido geral; e• substantivos concretos usados com sentido geral.




The indefinite article (a/an)

É o artigo indefinido ( a/an) que em português significa um, uma.

Usa-se o artigo indefinido a antes de palavras no singular iniciadas por consoante, u/eu/ew(com som de /ju:/), h aspirado e a palavra one.

Usa-se o artigo indefinido an antes de palavras no singular iniciadas por vogal, h mudo e letrasque quando pronunciadas possuam som vocálico (f, h, l, m, n, r, s, x).

Usos específicos de a/an:• antes de nomes de profissões;• em algumas expressões numéricas;• em expressões de preço, velocidade e freqüência; e• em exclamações.




1144.. PPrreeppoossiittiioonnss

The preposition is a part of a sentence linking two terms and established a connection betweenthem, explaining or completing their sense. Below there is a list of the most common prepositions.

AboutAboveAccording To

Because OfBy Way OfIn Addition ToIn Front OfIn Place OfIn Regard ToIn Spite OfInstead OfOn Account OfOut OfAcross

After ≠ BeforeAgainstAroundAtBehindBelowBeneathBeside=BesidesBetween=AmongBeyondAt

Behind ≠ In Front OfBelowBeneath = under = underneathByDespite = In Spite OfDown (≠ Up)DuringExceptForFromIn

Inside ≠ Outside

Instead OfIntoLike

Near = Next ToOfOffOnOutOverOverSinceThroughThroughoutTill

ToTowards = towardUnderUntilUpUponWith ≠ Without




Specific uses for IN / ON / AT:

Tempo LugarIN

(em, dentro de)• Indicações de Tempo

(épocas, meses, anos,estações do ano, décadas,séculos, períodos do dia,prazos)

• Regiões (bairro, cidade,estado, país, continente)

ON

(sobre, em cima, acima de)

• Dias da semana•

Antes de datas e feriadosseguidos pela palavra day

• Nomes de ruas, praças e

avenidas• Antes de palavras como

fazenda ( farm), praia (beach),costa (coast ), rio (river ), lago(lake).

• Expressões como:On the bus/plane/ship.On the radio/the phone/tv.On board/vacation/foot/page 25.

AT

(para, a , em, junto a/de)

• Tempo/Hora definida•

Data específica sem apalavra day

• Endereço precedido por

número• Local específico

Location Time Action and Movement

above at at

below on by

over by from

under before into

among from on

between since onto

beside for off

in front of during out of

behind to

next to untilwith after

in the middle of

on

in

at




• At night• Idade, celebração

• Expressões como:At school/home.At the airport/cinema/restaurant.At the library/bookstore/shoppingmall.

Specific uses for TO / FOR:

TO(para, a)

FOR(para, durante, por)

• Indicar movimento ouposição;

• Endereçamento,oferecimento,congratulação oudedicatória;

•

Como sinônimo de till (até)

• Indicar finalidade, tempo,favor ou benefício;

• Usado também antes depronome pessoal, seguido ounão de infinitivo.

Review:

• in the – no, na, nos, nas• of the – do, da, dos, das• the – o, a, os, as•

a/an – um, uma

• in a/an – num, numa• of – de (posse)• from – de (algum lugar)• in – em• on – em (para dias da semana)




DeleteDesignDevelopDialDistributeEdit

ExcludeExecuteExtractFileFormIncludeInitializeInstallInventLicense

MoveOpenPlayProcessProduceProgramPublishRemoveReviseSearchTransferUpdateUseVisualize

LY (it gives the word the idea of a adverb)Adjective Translation Adjective+LY Translation

ActiveAutomaticCompleteOriginal

ProperQuickRealSecretSeparateSlowSpecial

ABLE/IBLE (it has the idea of something that can be accomplished)Radical Translation Radical+ABLE or IBLE Translation

AccessAffordAvail




ExcludeExtractFileInitializeInstallMove

OpenPlayProcessRemoveSearchTransferUpdateVisualize

16.2 PrefixesUN/IN (it denies the word)

Synonym AntonymComfortable UncomfortableComplete IncompleteConsistent InconsistentOrdered UnorderedRanked UnrankedReliable Unreliable

RE (it indicates repetition)Verb RE+Verb

Accept ReacceptAct ReactAdapt ReadaptAppear ReappearArrange RearrangeLoad ReloadOrder Reorder

PRE (it gives the idea of something previous)Word PRE+WordAdapt ReadaptAmplifier PreamplifierAuthorize Pre-authorizeCheck PrecheckCompile PrecompileCompress PrecompressDefine PredefineOrder Preordered




1177..

MMooddaall V Veerrbbss

What are "modal auxiliary verbs"?

They are verbs which 'help' other verbs to express a meaning: it is important to realise that "modalverbs" have no meaning by themselves. A modal verb such as would has several varying functions;it can be used, for example, to help verbs express ideas about the past, the present and the future. Itis therefore wrong to simply believe that "would is the past of will": it is many other things.

A few basic grammatical rules applying to modal verbs

• Modal verbs are NEVER used with other auxiliary verbs such as do, does, did etc. Thenegative is formed simply by adding "not" after the verb; questions are formed by inversionof the verb and subject.

• Modal verbs NEVER change form: you can never add an "-s" or "-ed", for example.• Modal verbs are NEVER followed by to, with the exception of ought to.

Can"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express abilityor opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.

• I can ride a horse. ABILITY • We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. OPPORTUNITY • She cannot stay out after 10 PM. PERMISSION • Can you hand me the stapler? REQUEST • Any child can grow up to be president. POSSIBILITY

Could"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests."Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of "can."

• Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. POSSIBILITY • Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. PAST ABILITY • You could see a movie or go out to dinner. SUGGESTION • Could I use your computer to email my boss? REQUEST • We could go on the trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. CONDITIONAL

May"May" is most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be used to give or requestpermission, although this usage is becoming less common.

• Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at work. POSSIBILITY • Johnny, you may leave the table when you have finished your dinner. GIVE PERMISSION • May I use your bathroom? REQUEST PERMISSION




Might"Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used in conditionalsentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests, although this isless common in American English.

• Your purse might be in the living room. POSSIBILITY • If I didn't have to work, I might go with you. CONDITIONAL

• You might visit the botanical gardens during your visit. SUGGESTION • Might I borrow your pen? REQUEST

Must"Must" is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity orstrong recommendation, although native speakers prefer the more flexible form "have to." "Mustnot" can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very severe; speakers prefer to use softer modalverbs such as "should not" or "ought not" to dissuade rather than prohibit.

• This must be the right address! CERTAINTY • Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. NECESSITY • You must take some medicine for that cough. STRONG RECOMMENDATION • Jenny, you must not play in the street! PROHIBITION

Should"Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used toexpress obligation as well as expectation.

• When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. RECOMMENDATION • You should focus more on your family and less on work. ADVICE • I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. OBLIGATION • By now, they should already be in Dubai. EXPECTATION

Will"Will" is used with promises or voluntary actions that take place in the future. "Will" can also beused to make predictions about the future. For more information on using "will" and associatedexercises, visit the Simple Future section of our Verb Tense Tutorial.

• I promise that I will write you every single day. PROMISE • I will make dinner tonight. VOLUNTARY ACTION • He thinks it will rain tomorrow. PREDICTION

Would"Would" is most commonly used to create conditional verb forms. It also serves as the past form ofthe modal verb "will." Additionally, "would" can indicate repetition in the past. For more

information on the grammar behind the modal verb "would," visit the following tutorials:Conditional Tutorial, Future in the Past, and Would Always.• If he were an actor, he would be in adventure movies. CONDITIONAL • I knew that she would be very successful in her career. PAST OF " WILL" • When they first met, they would always have picnics on the beach. REPETITION

Have To"Have to" is used to express certainty, necessity, and obligation.

• This answer has to be correct. CERTAINTY • The soup has to be stirred continuously to prevent burning. NECESSITY • They have to leave early. OBLIGATION




1188..

LLiisstt oof f IIrrrreegguullaarr V Veerrbbss

BASE FORM PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE PORTUGUESE TRANSLATION

be was, were been ser, estar

beat beat beaten bater

become became become tornar-se

begin began begun começar

bite bit bitten morder

bleed bled bled sangrar, ter hemorragia

blow blew blown assoprar, explodir

break broke broken quebrar

bring brought brought trazer

build built built construir

buy bought bought comprar

catch caught caught pegar, capturar




choose chose chosen escolher

come came come vir

cost cost cost custar

cut cut cut cortar

deal dealt dealt negociar, tratar

dig dug dug cavar, cavocar

do did done fazer

draw drew drawn desenhar

drink drank drunk beber

drive drove driven dirigir, ir de carro

eat ate eaten comer

fall fell fallen cair

feed fed fed alimentar

feel felt felt sentir, sentir-se

fight fought fought lutar




keep kept kept guardar, manter

know knew known saber, conhecer

lay laid laid colocar em posição horizontal, assentar

leave left left deixar, partir

lend lent lent dar emprestado

lie lay lain deitar

lose lost lost perder, extraviar

make made made fazer, fabricar

mean meant meant significar, querer dizer

meet met met encontrar, conhecer

pay paid paid pagar

put put put colocar

quit quit quit abandonar

read read read ler

ride rode ridden andar




sink sank sunk afundar, submergir

sit sat sat sentar

sleep slept slept dormir

speak spoke spoken falar

spend spent spent gastar

spread spread spread espalhar

stand stood stood parar de pé, agüentar

steal stole stolen roubar

strike struck struck golpear, desferir, atacar

swear swore sworn jurar, prometer, assegurar

sweep swept swept varrer

swim swam swum nadar

swing swung swung balançar, alternar

take took taken pegar, levar, tomar

teach taught taught ensinar, dar aula




tell told told contar

think thought thought pensar

throw threw thrown atirar, arremessar

understand understood understood entender

Wake woke Woken acordar

wear wore Worn vestir, usar, gastar

win won won vencer, ganhar

write wrote written escrever




1199..

FFaallssee FFrriieennddss

Here is a list of the most common false cognates in English language.

ENGLISH PORTUGUÊS TRADUZIDO

ERRONEAMENTE POR... QUE É...

Actually (adv) na verdade (really) Atualmente Currently, nowadays

Adept (n) profundo conhecedor Adepto Follower, adherent

advise (v) aconselhar avisar Notice, tellAgenda (n) pauta (schedule) Agenda Diary

anthem (n) hino antena Antenna, aereal

Anticipate (v) prever, aguardar Antecipar advance, preview

Application (n) inscrição Aplicação (financeira) Finantialinvestments, stocks,assets

Appointment (n) compromisso Apontamento Note

Appreciation (n) gratidão Apreciação

Appraisal,

evaluationArgument (n) discussão Argumento Reason, good point

arm (n) braço arma Gun, weapon

army (n) exército arma Gun, weapon

Assess (v) avaliar acessar Access

Assist (v) ajudar Assistir Watch, see, view

Assume (v) presumir Assumir Take

Attend (v) participar Atender Serve

Audience (n) público Audiência Hearing, trialbatter (n) massa (doces) bater Hit, beat, crash

Balcony (n) sacada Balcão counter

Beef (n) carne de vaca Bife Steak

brave (adj) corajoso bravo Angry, furious

café (n) café (bar) café coffee

Cafeteria (n) refeitório Cafeteira Coffee pot, maker

cargo (n) carga cargo Post, job, position

Carton (n) pacote de cigarros Cartão Card

casualty (n) acidente casualidade Chance, occasion




chef (n) cozinheiro chefe Boss

Cigar (n) charuto Cigarro Cigarette

collar (n) gola colar Necklace

College (n) faculdade Colégio School

commodity (n) produto Cômodo (n., adj.) Room, comfortableCompetition (n) concorrência Competição

Championship,contest

Comprehensive (adj) abrangente Compreensivo Understanding

Compromise (v) entrar em acordo Compromisso Commitment

concourse (n) salão concurso (open) competition,contest

Contest (n) concurso Contexto Context

Convenient (adj) prático Conveniente Adequate, suitable

Costume (n) fantasia (roupa), roupatípica Costume Habit

courier (n) mensageiro, guiaturístico correio

Mail, post

data (n) – datum dados, fatos data Date

decorate (v) pintar, decorar decorar Learn, know byheart

delight (n) prazer delito Crime, offence(se)

Design (v, n) projetar Designar Assign, nominate

Design (v, n) projetar Desenhar Draw

disgust (n) nojo Desgosto Sorrow

door (n) porta dor Pain, ache, grief

Editor (n) redator Editor Publisher

Educated (adj) instruído Educado Polite

enjoy (v) desfrutar enjoar Get sick

Enroll (v) inscrever-se Enrolar Rollenvy (v) invejar enviar Send

Eventually (adv) algum dia, finalmente Eventualmente Accidentally,casually,occasionally

Exciting (adj) empolgante Excitante Hot, horny, turnedon

Exit (n, v) saída, sair Êxito Succeed

Expert (n) especialista Esperto Smart

experiment (v) fazer experiências experimentar Try, taste




Fabric (n) tecido Fábrica Factory

fat (adj) gordo fato Fact

form (n) formulário forma Shape

gentle (adj) delicado gentil Kind

gracious (adj) clemente gracioso GracefulGraduate program (n)

Curso de pós-graduação Curso de graduação

Undergraduatecourse

grand (adj) importante grande Big, large

Grip (v) agarrar Gripe Flu,

gymnasium (n) ginásio ginásio (escola) High school

Idiom (n) expressão idiomática Idioma Language

Ingenious (adj) engenhoso IngÊnuo Innocent, naïve

Intend (v) pretender Entender Understand

Journal (n) revista especializada Jornal Newspaper

just (adv) apenas justo Fair

Large (adj) grande Largo Wide

laser (n) LASER lazer Leisure

Lecture (n) palestra Leitura Reading

Legend (n) lenda Legenda Subtitle

Library (n) biblioteca Livraria Bookstore, bookshop

long (adj) comprido longe Far

Lunch (n) almoço Lanche Snack

magazine (n) revista magazine Shop, store

mascara (n) rÍmel (olho) máscara Mask

Mayor (n) prefeito Maior Bigger, greater

media (n) meio de comunicação média Mean, average,medium

Notice (v, n) notar, aviso Notícia News

Novel (n) romance Novela Soap opera

ordinary (adj) normal, comum ordinário Bastard, stupid

pace (n) ritmo passo Step, stage

Parents (n) pais Parentes Relatives

Particular (adj) específico Particular Private

Pasta (n) massa (macarrão) Pasta Paste (de dente),briefcase

patio (n) átrio pátio Yard, garden

pavement (n) calçada pavimento Floor

Policy (n) diretrizes Polícia Policepork (n) carne de porco porco Pig

basic compendium of english

Documents