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Chapter 1

Properties of Fluids

1.1 Introduction

- What is the definition of a fluid?

- Specify the forms of matter that are embraced by the term

fluid.

1.2 Engineering units

- What is the version of the international system of units that is

used in this text?

- What are the three primary dimentions/units that serve to

describe the physical quantities in this text?

- How is the unit of force called? And at what rate does it

accelerate a mass of 1kg?

- How is the unit of work called? And how much of it is needed

to move a force of 1N over a distance of 1m?

- State the definition of power , its unit, and the equivalent

formula to prior unit concepts.

1.3 Mass density and specific weight

- State the definition of mass density (or just density) and its

formula.

- State the definition of specific weight and its formula.

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1.4 Relative density

- State the definition of relative density and its formula (for

water).

1.5 Viscosity of fluids

- State the definition of viscosity.

- Specify the formula of Newtons law of viscosity.

- State the definition of Kinematic viscosity.

- What are the approximate Dynamic and Kinematic viscosity of

water? (include the formula).

1.6 Compressibility and elasticity of fluids

- What is it required for all fluids to be compressible?

- According to the formula above, what does the negative sign

indicate?

1.7 Vapour pressure of liquids

- When does a liquid in a closed container reach a stage of

equilibrium?

- What does the vapour pressure of a liquid depend of?

1.8 Surface tension and capability

- What are the properties that liquids possess? And due to

what/ or why?

- State the definition of Surface tension.

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Chapter 8

Steady Flow in Open Channels

8.1 Introduction

- What are the characteristics of an open channel?

- Does a sewer flow in the same way than a river?

8.2 Uniform flow resistance

- Which equations apply for non-circular sections?

8.3 Channels of composite roughness

- What was the assumption from Horton and Einstein about sub-

area?

8.4 Channels of compound section

- What would be an example for a compound section?

- According to the research data from the flood channel facility at

Wallingford, what has it been shown?

8.5 Channel desing

- What is it involved in the design of open channels?

8.5.2.1 Critical tractive force theory

- State the definition of tractive force.

8.5.2.2 Maximun permissible mean velocity concept

- What was published by Fortier and Scobey in 1929?

8.6 Uniform flow in part-full circular pipes

- How are the storm sewers designed?

- State the use of circular pipes.

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8.7 Steady, rapidly varied channel flow energy prnciples

- What does the computation of non-uniform Surface profiles

require?

8.8 The momentum equation and the hydraulic jump

- State the definition of hydraulic jump.

- What is the name of the depth at which the hydraulic jump starts?

8.9 Steady, gradually varied open channel flow

- What is the result when motivating and drag forces are not

balanced?

8.10 Computations of gradually varied flow

- What method can be used to solve the gradually varied flow

equation?

8.11 The direct step method

- State the meaning of the direct step method.

8.12 The standard step method

- When can the standard step method be applied?

8.13 Canal delivery problems

- What are the characteristics of the reservoir-canal-reservoir?

8.14 Culvert flow

- Where can culverts be located?

- What are the characteristics of the hydraulic design of the

culvert?

8.15 Spatially varied flow in open channels

- How is the SVF represented?

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Chapter 13

Unsteady Flow in Channels

13.1 Introduction

- State several examples of unsteady channel flows.

- Explain what surges are.

- From a stationary observers perspective, what is the velocity of a

water wave? (formula).

13.2 Gradually varied unsteady flow

- State examples of a gradually varied unsteady flow.

- Illustrate the governing continuity and dynamic partial diferential

equations (formulas).

- What are the methods used to evaluate the equations first

published by Saint-Vernant?

13.3 Surges in open channels

- Explain how a surge is produced.

- Explain hoy negative waves are produced.

13.4 The upstream positive surge - Explain how does the front of the surge wave appear to both a

stationary and a travelling observer at speed c.

- Illustrate the continuity and the momentum equations.

13.5 The downstream positive surge - How can a downstream positive surge occur?

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- Illustrate both the continuity and momentum equations (formulas).

13.6 Negative surge waves - Explain how does the negative surge appear to a stationary

observer. - How is the front wave considered to be composed?

13.7 The dam break

- Illustrate the equation to the surface profile.

Chapter 14

Uniform Flow in Loose-Boundary Channels

Uniform flow in loose-boundary channels

14.1 Introduction

- How is it called the resulting movement of the bed material in

direction of flow?

14.2 Flow regimes

- -How can be identified the distinct regimes of flow?

14.3 Incipient (threshold) motion

- What was introduced in 1936?

14.4 Resistance to flow in alluvial (loose-bed) channels

- What is the reason for an alluvial cannel varies?

14.4.1.1 Regime channel equation

- Which is the example proposed by lacey in 1930?

14.4.1.2 Japanese equation

- Acording to the date from japan river, what is the equation

proposed by sugio?

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14.4.1.3 Garde-Ranga rajus formula

- On what was garde and ranga raju analysis based?

14.5 Velocity distributions in loose-boundary channels

- What is the use of the meanning-strickler?

14.6 Sediment Transport

- What are the characteristics for the transport of material?

14.7 Bed load transport

- What it has been proposed by empirical equations about

sediments?

14.8 Suspended load transport

- Make a real example of the vertical mass balance expressed by

Obrien in 1993

14.9 Total load transport

- What kind of material includes the total load?

- Why is usually caused the wash load?

14.10 Regine channel desing

- How were regime equations developed?

2. Laceys approach

- Write the equations proposed by lacy

3. Blenchs approach

- What was the develop of blench?

4. Simon-Albertsons method

- Who analyzed the regime channel data from united states?

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5. Non-scouring erodible boundary channel desing

- State a brief summary about non-scouring erodible boundary channel design.

6. Desing of stable erodible boundary channel

- What are the six channel/sediment parameters?

14.11 Regid-bed channels with sediment transport

- Explain the design of the channel.

Chapter 15

Hydraulic Structures

15.1 Introduction

- State characteristics of hydraulic structures.

- What is one of the uses that can have a hydraulic structure?

15.2 Spillways

- What is the main purpose of a spillway?

15.2.1.1 Negative pressures and cavitation

- What is the suggest to avoid cavitation problems?

15.2.1.2 Gated Spillways

- Why is used gates on spillways?

15.2.1.3 Offset spillways

- State your own opinion about it.

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15.2.1.4 Effective spillway length

- When the crest has pierce its length must be reduced to..?

(Formula).

15.2.1.5 Self-aeration

- What does imply steep slope?

15.3 Energy dissipators and downstream scour protection

- What is the most effective way of dissipating the high energy of

the incoming water?

- What is the common type to dissipate energy?

Chapter 16

Environmental Hydraulics and Engineering Hydrology

16.1 Introduction

- In your own words, explain the natural hydrological cycle.

- How is water impounded in the environment? 16.2 Analysis of gauge driver flow data

- When/where river dischages are required, what is the preferable way to work that out?

- For design purposes concerning gauged catchments, what

type of values may be analysed?

16.3 River Thames discharge data - According to the text, what are hydrological day and water

year?

- Are the mean daily value and instantaneous maximum value different from each other?

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16.4 Flood alleviation, sustainability and environmental channels

- Which are the main components of constructed works to alleviate the effects of flooding?

- Which is one of the main components of sustainable urban

drainage systems?

- In your own words, explain the concept of sustainability.

16.5 Project appraisal - What method is it used to express the present values of costs

and benefits?

- How are all costs expressed? Explain how positive benefits and undesirable costs are reflected respectively.

- How is it derived the formula for the cumulative present value factor?

References Books

- Hamill, Les. Understanding hydraulics. New York. reimpresin 2011. 630 p.

- Chadwick, Andrew. Hydraulics in civil and environmental engineering. Taylor & Francis. 2013. 623 p.

- Chow, Ven Te. Open-channel hydraulics. Blackburn Press. 2009. 680 p.

- Featherstone, R. Civil engineering hydraulics. 1995. 3 edit.