basic concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · basic concepts. an in-depth social science many people...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AP Human Geography
BasicConcepts
![Page 2: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
An in-depth Social Science
Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise in memorizing place names.
![Page 3: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Where we find Geography? Geography exist in the
global issues receiving attention at this time; things such as – Population growth– Terrorism– Cultural diffusion.
Diffusion is defined as the spread of linguistic or cultural practices or innovations within a community or from one community to another.
![Page 4: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Location, Location, Location
Geography's importance can also be established by looking at community issues, such as:– Water supply– Pollution– Growth management– Housing– Retail
Openings and Closures
![Page 5: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Thinking Geographically In addition to political rule, boundaries can be drawn
based on various components of culture including language, religion, values.
![Page 6: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Questions to Ponder Where would the most
desirable places to live be located?
What impacts would this population increase cause?
![Page 7: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Every Story Can be approached from a Geographers Perspective
Consider natural events and natural disasters. Do humans choose to live in harm’s way?
![Page 8: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Spatial analysis Geography by its nature is a spatial science.
Geographers therefore study space in order to locate the distribution of people and objects. Geographers ask two main questions, “where” and “why.”
Spatial analysis is concerned with analyzing regularities achieved through interaction.
Regularities result in a distinctive distribution of a feature.
Distribution has three properties:– Density– Concentration– Pattern
![Page 9: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
World Political Boundaries (2004)
Fig. 1-1: National political boundaries are among the most significant elements of the cultural landscape
![Page 10: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How Geographers Address Location
Maps– Early mapmaking– Map scale– Projection– Land Ordinance of 1785
Contemporary Tools– GIS– Remote sensing– GPS
![Page 11: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ptolemy’s view of the world c150AD
![Page 12: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Old Islamic MapsFulfilling the duties of formal prayers and the pilgrimage, Muslims need to find the direction and routes leading to al Ka'ba from virtually any spot on the globe. The Ka'ba is the house of Abraham in Mecca. And it is the point at which Muslims must face when they perform prayers.
Left - map of the world in 1154 by Idrissi
Right - map of the world made by the Muslim geographer Jihani in the 10th century of the Christian era.
![Page 13: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Maps of the Marshall Islands
Fig. 1-2: A Polynesian “stick chart” depicts patterns of waves on the sea route between two South Pacific islands. Modern maps show the locations of these Marshall Islands.
![Page 14: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Scale Differences: Maps of Florida
Fig. 1-3: The effects of scale in maps of Florida.
(Scales from 1:10 million to 1:10,000)
![Page 15: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Examples of Map Projections
Robinson Projection
http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html
![Page 16: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Township and Range System in the U.S.
Fig. 1-4: Principal meridians and east-west baselines of the township system. Townships in northwest Mississippi and topographic map of the area.
![Page 17: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Layers of a GIS
Fig. 1-5: A geographic information system (GIS) stores information about a location in several layers. Each layer represents a different category of information.
![Page 18: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
GPS
![Page 19: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Uniqueness of Places and Regions
Place: Unique location of a feature– Place names– Site– Situation– Mathematical location
Regions: Areas of unique characteristics– Cultural landscape– Types of regions– Regional integration of culture– Cultural ecology
![Page 20: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Site: Lower Manhattan Island
Fig. 1-6: Site of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. There have been many changes to the area over the last 200 years.
![Page 21: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Situation: Singapore
Fig. 1-7: Singapore is situated at a key location for international trade.
![Page 22: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
World Geographic Grid
Fig. 1-8: The world geographic grid consists of meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude. The prime meridian (0º) passes through Greenwich, England.
![Page 23: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
World Time Zones
Fig. 1-9: The world’s 24 standard time zones are often depicted using the Mercator projection.
![Page 24: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Election 2000: Regional Differences
Fig. 1-10: Presidential election results by county and state illustrate differences in regional voting patterns.
![Page 25: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Formal and Functional Regions
Fig. 1-11: The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of various television stations are examples of functional regions.
![Page 26: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Vernacular Regions
Fig. 1-12: A number of factors are often used to define the South as a vernacular region, each of which identifies somewhat different boundaries.
![Page 27: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Vernacular Region - Kurdistan
![Page 28: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Spatial Association at Various Scales
Fig. 1-13: Death rates from cancer in the U.S., Maryland, and Baltimore show different patterns that can identify associations with different factors.
![Page 29: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
What is Culture?
Culture is a body of customary believes, material trades, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people.
The Latin root of culture is cultus, which means to care for. – Example Agriculture (term
for growing things)
![Page 30: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cultural Ecology Geographers also consider environmental factors as well
as cultural factors, when looking at regions. Cultural Ecology - the geographic study of human-environmental
relations. In the 19th Century – some geographers said that human
actions were caused by environmental conditions. (environmental determinism)
This is rejected by modern geographers that say some environmental conditions limit human actions. (possibilism)
Of course now we are realizing that humans can actually adjust their environment. (For good or bad)
![Page 31: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
World Climate Regions
Fig. 1-14: The modified Köppen system divides the world into five main climate regions.
![Page 32: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Geomorphology This is the branch of
geology that studies the characteristics and configuration and evolution of rocks and land forms.
![Page 33: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Environmental Modification in the Netherlands
Fig. 1-15: Polders and dikes have been used for extensive environmental modification in the Netherlands.
![Page 34: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Environmental Modification in Florida
Fig. 1-16: Straightening the Kissimmee River has had many unintended side effects.
View of Miami Beach
The barrier Island
![Page 35: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Similarity of Different Places Scale: From local to global
– Globalization of economy– Globalization of culture
Space: Distribution of features– Distribution– Gender and ethnic diversity in space
Connections between places– Spatial interaction– Diffusion
![Page 36: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Globalization of the Economy
Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.
![Page 37: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Globalization of Culture What are the major Elements of culture?
– Customary beliefs– Social customs– Material traits
Affects of globalization of culture– Fewer local differences– Enhanced communications– Unequal access– Difficulty in maintaining of local traditions
There is also globalization of environment– Sensitive and insensitive environmental modification
![Page 38: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Density, Concentration, and Pattern
Fig. 1-18: The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may each vary in an area or landscape.
Housing density in Hong Kong
![Page 39: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952–2000
Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration.
![Page 40: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Space-Time Compression 1492–1962
Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the Earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.
![Page 41: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Spatial Interaction Interdependence exists among places based upon the
degree of spatial interaction. – Spatial interaction is established through the movement of people,
ideas, and objects between regions. – For example, Travel has changed considerably over the last 500
years. In the past, most forms of interaction among cultural
groups required the physical movement of settlers, explores, and plunders from one place to another. – Today travel by car or plane is much faster and communication is
instantaneous. – When places are connected to each other through a network,
geographers say there is a spatial interaction between them.
![Page 42: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Airline Route Networks
Fig. 1-21: Delta Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a “hub and spoke” system.
![Page 43: Basic Concepts - albertovazquez.com€¦ · Basic Concepts. An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0b2a5e7e708231d42f2bc2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Diffusion Diffusion is the process by which a characteristic
spreads across space from one place to another over time. – The place of origin of the characteristic is called the
hearth. For example – US, Canadian, and many Latin cultures can be
traced back to the European Hearth. There are two basic types of diffusion:
– Relocation diffusion– Expansion diffusion
Expansion Diffusion includes: – Hierarchical diffusion– Contagious diffusion– Stimulus diffusion