basic differentiation rules and rates of change basic...1 basic differentiation rules and rates of...
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Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change
The Constant RuleThe derivative of a constant function is 0. For any real number, c
The slope of a horizontal line is 0.
The derivative of a constant function is 0.
x
y
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PROOF: Let f(x) = c, Then by the limit definition of the derivative,
EX. #1 Using the Constant Rule
Function Derivative
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The Power RuleThe derivative of the term axn , where a and n are real numbers, is
STEPS:
1. Multiply the coefficient by the variable's exponent. If no coefficient is stated – in other words, the coefficient equals 1– the exponent becomes the new coefficient.2. Subtract 1 from the exponent.
EX.#2: Use the power rule to find f '(x) if:
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Finding the Slope of a Graph
EX.#3: Find the slope of the graph of f(x) when:
a. x = 2
b. x = 0
c. x = 2
The slope of a graph at a point is the value of the derivative at that point.
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Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line
EX.#4: Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f(x) when:
a. At x = 2, y ' = 3
b. At x = 0, y ' = 1
c. At x = 2 , y ' = 5
The derivative of f is:
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Derivatives of the Sine and Cosine Functions
Function Derivative
EX #5: Derivatives Involving Sines and Cosines
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RATES OF CHANGEThe derivative can determine slope and can also be used to determine the rate of change of one variable with respect to another.
It is customary to describe the motion of an object moving in a straight line with either a horizontal or vertical line, from some designated origin, to represent the line of motion. • Movement right or upward is considered positive direction.• Movement left or downward is considered negative direction.
Vocabularyrate of changeinstantaneous rate of changedisplacement
derivative}distance traveled
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Rate =DistanceTime
Average Velocity of an Object over time Interval
Change in distanceChange in time
Vavg =
General Position Function
FORMULAS TO RECOGNIZE
g gravitational constantv0 initial velocitys0 initial height
Free Fall Constants
English– 32 ft/sec2
Metric– 9.8 m/sec2
Velocity Function
1. Tells how fast an object is moving2. Tells the direction of motion
object moves forward ⇒positiveobject moves backward ⇒ negative
3. Velocity is derivative of position function with respect to time.
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t1 = 1 t2
PThe average velocity between t1 and t2 is the slope of the secant line, and the instantaneous velocity at t1 is the slope of the tangent line.
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Speed1. absolute value of velocity2. measures the rate of motion, regardless of direction3. nonnegative velocity
Speed =
Acceleration1. rate at which velocity changes2. measures how quickly the body picks up or loses speed.3. derivative of velocity or second derivative of position function.
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EX #6: A coin is dropped from the top of a building that is 1362 feet tall.
A. Write the position function.
B. Write the velocity function.
C. Find the average velocity on [1, 2].
Vavg =
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D. Find instantaneous velocities when
t = 1
t = 2
E. When will coin reach ground?
F. What is the velocity at impact?
G. Convert (f) to miles per hour.
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