basic electronics. contents resistor capacitor diode transistor
TRANSCRIPT
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BASIC ELECTRONICS
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CONTENTSResistor
CapacitorDiode
Transistor
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Resistor
• A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component. It is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor.
• Symbol:
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• S.I unit is ohm
• Symbol of ohm (Ω)• Notation for resistance
O- for ohm
K- for kilo ohm
M- for mega ohm
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Types of resistor
1. Fixed type resistor
2. Variable type resistor
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Combination of resistor
• series combination
• parallel combination
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Conti……
• Series combination
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• Parallel combination
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CONTI….
• In series the current remains same • In parallel the voltage remains same
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Ohms law
• Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them.
• The mathematical equation that describes this relationship is:
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Color coding table
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Why we use resistor?
• Limiting of current• Limiting of voltage• Power dissipation
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Capacitor
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• A capacitor is a device for storing electric charge
• A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator).
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CAPACITANCE
• This is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge.
• A large capacitance means that more charge can be stored.
• Capacitance can be measured using formula:
q = C V
where
C = capacitance,
q= charge,
V = potential difference.
• Unit of Capacitance is Farads(F).
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Combination of capacitors
• Series combination• Parallel combination
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Series combination
• When capacitors are connected in series, the capacitance decreases.
• In Series, total capacitance is given by the formula:
1/Ct= 1/C1+1/C2+………
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Parallel combination
• When capacitors are connected in parallel, the capacitance increases.
• In Parallel, total capacitance is given by the formula:
Ct= C1+ C2+………Cn
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Types of capacitor
• Polarized capacitor• Non polarized capacitor
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Non Polarized capacitor
• The capacitor which do not have a polarity
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Polarised capacitor
• The capacitor which have a polarity
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How to Read Ceramic Capacitor
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Features
• Capacitor offers low impedance to AC.
• It offers high impedance to DC.
• Reactance of capacitor is given by:
Xc =1/2π fc
where π =22/7
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Applications
• Blocking DC Voltage
• Adjusting Frequency
• Use to generate a time delay application
Smoothing of dc voltage.
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Diodes
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Diode
• Diode is an electronic component which permits the flow of current in one direction only.
• Today diodes are made up of semiconductor material, therefore they are often called semiconductor diodes or crystal diodes.
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Why we use it?
• Diodes are used for rectification.
• Diodes are used in electrical meters for there protection.
• Diodes are used in wave shaping circuits.
• Diodes (LED) are used in display.
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Material
• Diodes are semiconductor devices.
• Silicon(Si) or germanium(Ge) are used.
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Types
• PN junction diode
• Zener Diode
• Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
• Photo Diodes
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PN Junction Diode
• This diode is made by p-type & n-type material.
• This PN junction diode works in forward bias i.e. anode is connected to positive terminal & cathode is connected to negative terminal.
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Symbol
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How can we recognize?
• There is a silver band on the one side of diode which is cathode (negative) terminal of the diode & the other side is anode (positive) terminal.
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Zener Diode
• Zener Diode works in reverse bias.
• Symbol of zener diode:
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How can we recognize zener a diode?
• There is black band which is negative terminal & other one is positive terminal.
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Light Emitting Diode (LED)
• Light Emitting Diode (LED) operates in forward bias.
• It emits light when connected in circuit.
• Symbol of LED:
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How can we recognize LED?
• The shorter lead of the LED is negative terminal & longer one is positive, also on the negative terminal there is a flat spot when we see from the top.
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Photo Diode
• Often known as Photo detector.
• Photo Diode operates in reverse bias.
• Light falls on the PN junction of the photo diode which creates electron-hole pair in the depletion layer which causes flow of current.
• Current depends upon the light intensity
• When light incident on the photodiode then current flows in the circuit.
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Physical view of Photo diode:
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Working of Photodiode
Photodiode
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LDR(Light Dependent Resistor)
• A light dependent resistor is a semiconductor electrical device that has a very high resistance to the flow of electrical current in t absence of light.
• When light strikes the device, it lowers its resistance, allowing electrical current to flow through it and on to other devices or electrical circuits.
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TRANSISTOR
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TRANSISTOR
• A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.
• Device with three terminals where one terminal can be use to control the flow of current through the other two terminals.
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Conti….
• The three terminals are Emitter, Base and Collector
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Types of transistor
• Junction transistor• Field effect transistor
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Junction transistor
• Transistor are of two types:
1-> n-p-n
A straight switch
2-> p-n-p
A inverted switch
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n-p-n as a switch
• When base of n-p-n is connected with logic high voltage then it short circuit emitter and collector (SWITCH ON).
• When base of n-p-n is connected with logic low voltage then it open circuit both emitter and collector (SWITCH OFF).
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Circuit diagram to show a switching
RB
M
VCC
Logic 0
Logic 1 or
GND
Logic transistor Motor
0 off stop
1 on run
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p-n-p as an inverted switch
• When base of p-n-p is connected with logic high voltage then it open circuit emitter and collector (SWITCH OFF).
• When base of p-n-p is connected with logic low voltage then it short circuit both emitter and collector (SWITCH ON).
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Practically used
• As a switch• As an amplifier• For realizing logic gates
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IC’S
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• L293D • 555• LM358• IC 7805(voltage controlled)
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L293D IC
VccEN1
EN212V
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Truth table
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Conti….
• L293D is a dual H-Bridge motor driver.• So with one IC we can interface two DC motors which can
be controlled in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction
• If you have motor with fix direction of motion then you can make use of all the four I/Os to connect up to four DC motors.
• L293D has output current of 600mA.• Moreover for protection of circuit from back EMF output
diodes are included within the IC.
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Interface motor with IC L293D
EN1
EN212V
VCC
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555 IC
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• The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a timer application, pulse generation and oscillator applications.
• It works only on falling edge of the incoming signal
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Operating modes:
• It has three operating modes: 1) monostable 2) Bistable 3) Astable
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Monostable mode
• In this mode, the IC has only one stable statevo
ltage
triggering pulse
output
time
volta
ge
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Bistable mode
• In this mode, the IC has two stable state
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Astable mode
• In this mode, the IC not having a single stable state
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LM358
• The LM358 IC consists of two independent operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages.
• It have two op-amp• Single power supply
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LM358 IC
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Internal circuit
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Features
• It have two op-amp• Single power supply• Supply range 3v-32v• Eliminate need of dual supply
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IC 7805
• It is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. • It designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level• It works on a negative feedback
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IC 7805
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Features
• Output current range up to 1A• Output voltage 5V• Input voltage range up to 12V • Short circuit protection
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Thank you…