BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future

Dr. Patricia M. DehmerDr. Patricia M. DehmerDirector, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES)Director, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Office of ScienceOffice of ScienceU.S. Department of EnergyU.S. Department of Energy

18 November 200418 November 2004

Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen EconomyBasic Research Needs for the Hydrogen EconomyNew Research Activities in DOE’s Office of Basic Energy SciencesNew Research Activities in DOE’s Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Presentation to:Presentation to:U.S. Senator Byron L. DorganU.S. Senator Byron L. Dorgan

Office of Science

Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of ScienceOffice of ScienceU.S. Department of EnergyU.S. Department of Energy

http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/

The $3.5 billion Office of Science (SC) is the primary source of U.S. support for the physical sciences.

Provides over 40% of federal support to the physical sciences (e.g. 90% of high energy and nuclear physics, >1/2 of catalysis, 1/4 of nanoscience)

Provides sole support to select sub-fields (e.g. heavy element chemistry) Directly supports the research of 15,000 PhDs, postdocs, and graduate students,

providing more than $625M to universities in FY 2004

SC constructs and operates large scientific facilities for the broad U.S. scientific community.

Light sources & neutron sources, nanotechnology research centers, particle accelerators and colliders, and other specialized facilities are used by more than 19,000 researchers every year based on peer reviewed proposals. About half of the users come from the university community.

SC has a national responsibility for basic research related to energy resources, production, conversion, storage, efficiency, and waste mitigation.

Energy Flow Diagram for the U.S., 1999Energy Flow Diagram for the U.S., 1999

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35

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45

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0.5%

Source: International Energy Agency

2003

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50 2050

The Terawatt ChallengeThe Terawatt Challenge

14 Terawatts (world)

30 – 60 Terawatts (world)

TODAY 2050

Revisiting Basic Research Needs for Energy Revisiting Basic Research Needs for Energy

Fossil fuels provide about 85% of the world’s energy. Although reserves are adequate for the next 50 to 100 years, there are two reasons to seek alternative energy sources now: The largest reserves of one of the most important fossil

fuels, petroleum, reside outside the U.S. in politically unstable regions of the world.

The production and release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere pose the risk of global warming.

All of the alternatives to fossil fuels, even when summed together, today make at best marginal contributions to energy production.

The report highlighted 37 proposed research directions, most of which already were represented in the BES portfolio of activities

Workshop: October 21-25, 2002Report: March 2003

Dr. John Stringer, EPRI, ChairDr. Linda Horton, ORNL, Co-Chair

Fossil Carbon Energy Sources

Non-Carbon Energy Sources Carbon Recycle CO2 Sequestration

Energy Consumption

Coal

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,…

Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Fusion

Hydroelectric

Solar

Geothermal

Hydrogen*

Wind

Natural

Synthetic

Transportation

Buildings

Industrial

Geologic

Terrestrial

Ocean

Conservation and Efficiency

Global Climate Change Science Policy

Basic Research for a Secure Energy FutureSupply, End Use, and Carbon Management

*an energy “carrier”

“Tonight I'm proposing $1.2 billion in research

funding so that America can lead the world in

developing clean, hydrogen-powered

automobiles… With a new national commitment,

our scientists and engineers will overcome

obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to

showroom, so that the first car driven by a child

born today could be powered by hydrogen, and

pollution-free.”

President BushState-of the-Union AddressJanuary 28, 2003

Hydrogen: A National InitiativeHydrogen: A National Initiative

The Hydrogen Economy – The Technology GapsThe Hydrogen Economy – The Technology Gaps

use (in fuel cells)

gas orhydridestorage

H2 H2

production storage

solarwindhydro

fossil fuelreforming

nuclear/solar thermochemical

cycles

automotivefuel cells

stationaryelectricity/heat

generation

consumerelectronics

H2O

Bio- and bioinspired

9M tons/yr

150M tons/yr(Light Cars and Trucks in 2040)

9.7 MJ/L(2015 FreedomCAR Target)

4.4 MJ/L (Gas, 10,000 psi) 8.4 MJ/L (LH2) $200-3000/kW

$30/kW(Internal Combustion Engine)

GapGap GapGap GapGap

Workshop Chair: Millie Dresselhaus (MIT)Associate Chairs: George Crabtree (ANL)

Michelle Buchanan (ORNL)

BES Assessment of the Needs of Basic ResearchBES Assessment of the Needs of Basic ResearchBasic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Use (May 13-15, 2003)Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Use (May 13-15, 2003)

Charge: To identify fundamental research needs and opportunities in hydrogen production, storage, and use, with a focus on new, emerging and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential to have significant impact in science and technologies. Highlighted areas will include improved and new materials and processes for hydrogen generation and storage and for future generations of fuel cells for effective energy conversion.

Workshop Plenary Session Speakers:

Steve Chalk (DOE-EERE) -- overviewGeorge Thomas (SNL-CA) -- storageScott Jorgensen (GM) -- storageJae Edmonds (PNNL) -- environmentalJay Keller (SNL-CA) – hydrogen safety

Breakout Sessions:Hydrogen Production

Tom Mallouk, PSU & Laurie Mets, U. ChicagoHydrogen Storage and Distribution

Kathy Taylor, GM (retired) & Puru Jena, VCUFuel Cells and Novel Fuel Cell Materials

Frank DiSalvo, Cornell & Tom Zawodzinski, CWRU

Pre-Workshop Briefings by EERE:

Hydrogen Storage JoAnn Milliken Fuel Cells Nancy GarlandHydrogen Production Mark Paster

Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage and Use WorkshopBasic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage and Use Workshop

“Bridging the gaps that separate the hydrogen- and fossil-fuel based economies in cost, performance, and reliability goes far beyond incremental advances in the present state of the art. Rather, fundamental breakthroughs are needed in the understanding and control of chemical and physical processes involved in the production, storage, and use of hydrogen. Of particular importance is the need to understand the atomic and molecular processes that occur at the interface of hydrogen with materials in order to develop new materials suitable for use in a hydrogen economy. New materials are needed for membranes, catalysts, and fuel cell assemblies that perform at much higher levels, at much lower cost, and with much longer lifetimes. Such breakthroughs will require revolutionary, not evolutionary, advances. Discovery of new materials, new chemical processes, and new synthesis techniques that leapfrog technical barriers is required. This kind of progress can be achieved only with highly innovative, basic research.”

Fossil Fuel ReformingCatalysis; membranes; theory and modeling; nanoscience

Solar Photoelectrochemistry/PhotocatalysisUnderstanding physical mechanisms; novel materials; theory and modeling; stability of materials

Bio- and Bio-inspired H2 ProductionBiological enzyme catalysis; nanoassemblies; bio-inspired materials and processes

Nuclear and Solar Thermal HydrogenThermodynamic data and modeling; novel materials; membranes and catalysts

Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen ProductionPriority Research Areas in Hydrogen Production

Dye-Sensitized solar cells

Ni surface-alloyed with Au to reduce carbon poisoning

Synthetic catalysts for water oxidation and hydrogen activation

High T operation places severe demands on reactor design and on materials

Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report

Theory and ModelingTo Understand Mechanisms, Predict Property Trends, Guide Discovery of New Materials

Novel and Nanoscale Materials

Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen StoragePriority Research Areas in Hydrogen Storage

NaAlH4 X-ray view NaAlD4 neutron viewNaAlH4 X-ray view NaAlD4 neutron view

H D C O Al Si Fe

X ray cross section

Neutron cross section

H D C O Al Si Fe

X ray cross section

Neutron cross section

Fuel PEFC

Fuel (NaBH4)

Spent fuel

Fuel CellVehicle

Fuel

Spent fuelrecovery

(NaBO2)

Service Station

Borohydride Production

(Mg)

H2

(MgO)

Fuel PEFC

Fuel (NaBH4)

Spent fuel

Fuel CellVehicle

Fuel

Spent fuelrecovery

(NaBO2)

Service Station

Borohydride Production

(Mg)

H2

(MgO)

H Adsorption in nanotube array

Neutron imaging of hydrogen

Cup-stacked carbon Nanofiber

Complex metal hydrides can be recharged on board the vehicles

Chemical hydrides will need off-board regeneration

Nanoporous inorganic-organic compounds

Li, Nature 1999

Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report

Electrocatalysts and MembranesNon-noble metal catalysts; designed triple-percolation electrodes

Low temperature fuel cells ‘Higher’ temperature membranes; degradation mechanisms; tailored nanostructures

Solid Oxide Fuel CellsTheory, modeling, and simulation; new materials; novel synthesis; in-situ diagnostics

Priority Research Areas in Fuel CellsPriority Research Areas in Fuel Cells

Source: H. Gasteiger (General Motors)

Mass of Pt Used in the PEMFCs a Critical Cost Issue

1.4

1.2

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

g Pt/k

W

Ecell (V)0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80

2-5 nm

20-50 -m

Controlled design of triple percolation nanoscale networks: ions, electrons, and porosity for gases

Internal view of a PEM fuel cell

H2Intake Anode Catalysts Cathode O2

Intake

Electrons Water

Membranes

Source: T. Zawadzinski (CWRU)

YSZ Electrolyte for SOFCs

Tailored Porosity

Source: R. Gorte (U. Penn)

Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report

TOTAL: $ 227 M

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

$173 M (76%)Fossil Energy (Coal)

$16 M (7%)

Nuclear Energy$9 M (4%)Office of Science

Basic Energy Sciences$29 M (13%)

DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2005 Budget RequestDOE Hydrogen Program FY 2005 Budget Request

New addition to the HFI in FY 2005

BES Solicitation for Basic Research for Hydrogen Fuel InitiativeBES Solicitation for Basic Research for Hydrogen Fuel Initiative

http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/hydrogen.html

Storage (199)

Membranes (175)Catalysis (152)

Solar (88)

Bio-Inspired

(54)

Approximately $21.5 million in new funding will be awarded in FY 2005, pending appropriations.

Two solicitations (one for universities and one for FFRDCs) were issued in April 2004. FFRDCs were limited to six submissions as leading institution. There was no limit on the number of submissions for universities.

668 qualified preproposals were received by July 15, 2004 in the following five categories.

– Novel Materials for Hydrogen Storage– Membranes for Separation, Purification, and Ion Transport– Design of Catalysts at the Nanoscale– Solar Hydrogen Production – Bio-Inspired Materials and Processes

BES Solicitation for Basic Research for Hydrogen Fuel InitiativeBES Solicitation for Basic Research for Hydrogen Fuel Initiative

Preproposals Submitted

Storage (56)

Membranes (63)

Catalysis (68)

Solar Hydrogen (51)

Bio-Inspired (23)

Preproposal Review and SelectionPreproposal Review and Selection

Each preproposal was reviewed by at least one of five panels corresponding to the five submission categories.

Each panel consisted of DOE federal officials knowledgeable in the research areas and with responsibilities for managing projects within the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative.

The review panels judged the suitability of the preproposals in accordance with DOE's scientific, technical, and strategic goals related to the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative.

261 preproposals were selected.

Principal investigators were notified by September 1, 2004 to submit full proposals by January 4, 2005.

Preproposals Selected

Preproposal Selection Results SummaryPreproposal Selection Results Summary

215 University preapplications were selected (101 Universities in 36 States and Puerto Rico).

Storage (19%)

Membranes(24%) Catalysis (29%)

Solar Hydrogen(19%)

Bio-Inspired

(9%)Storage (19%)

Membranes(24%) Catalysis (29%)

Solar Hydrogen(19%)

Bio-Inspired

(9%)

46 FFRDC preproposals were selected (13 DOE National Labs in 10 States).

Universities DOE FFRDCs

Storage (33%)

Membranes (24%)

Catalysis (15%)

Solar Hydrogen(22%)

Bio-

Inspired(6%) Storage (33%)

Membranes (24%)

Catalysis (15%)

Solar Hydrogen(22%)

Bio-

Inspired(6%)

6.52.9

$834,500

DOE LabUniversities

6.52.9Average Number of PIs per

Preproposal

$834,500$294,700Average Funding Requested per Preproposal

DOE Labs

Profile of Selected Preproposals

Full Proposal ProceduresFull Proposal Procedures

TimelineJanuary 4, 2005 Full proposals due

February – April, 2005 Proposal Peer Review

April – May, 2005 DOE assessment of review and selection of awards

June – July 2005 Awards made, pending appropriations

Full proposals will be subjected to formal merit review against the following criteria: - Scientific and/or technical merit of the project- Appropriateness of the proposed method or approach- Competency of the personnel and adequacy of the proposal resources- Reasonableness and appropriateness of the proposed budget- Basic research that is relevant to the Administration's HFI

It is anticipated that up to $12 million annually will be available for multiple awards in each of the two main research sectors – universities and FFRDCs.

Initial awards will be in Fiscal Year 2005, pending appropriations.

BES is coordinating with all appropriate groups, particularly EERE.

Summary: Research for Short-term Showstoppers and Long-term Grand ChallengesSummary: Research for Short-term Showstoppers and Long-term Grand Challenges

Evolution of a Hydrogen Economy

Ener

gy P

ayof

f

fossil fuelreforming

gas/liquidstorage

fuel celloperation

solid statestorage

splitting water

combustion in heat engines

Short-term: Incremental advances via basic research and technology development

Longer-term: Breakthrough technologies via new materials

and catalysts, bio-mimetics, nanoscale architectures, and

more.

Peter EdwardsScientific Coordinator, UK Sustainable Hydrogen Energy ConsortiumUK-US Energy Dialogue, October 2004, London

From J. W. Gosselink, Shell Global Solutions, Amsterdam

Realizing a hydrogen economy will not be easy, …Realizing a hydrogen economy will not be easy, …

… … but electricity was not discovered via incremental improvements to the candlebut electricity was not discovered via incremental improvements to the candle

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