UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING JNTUK NARASARAOPET

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, KAKINADA

JNTUK, NARASARAOPET-522 601, GUNTUR DIST., A.P., INDIA

BASIC IDEOLOGY OF POLAVARAM PROJECT

One week visit to Polavaram from 13-11-2017 to 18-11-2017

POLAVARAM

“THE LIFELINE OF ANDHRA PRADESH”

Dr. KVSG MURALI KRISHNA

TRAINING AND PLACEMEMNT CELL

Dr. G MADHAVI

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Ms. SK UMMI SALMA Ms. B HARIKA

Mr. CH HEMADRI Mr. P MANIKANTA

Mr. L VISHNU VARDHAN REDDY

Mr. P MANIKANTA

-He found it brick and left it Marble

Dr. KVSG Murali Krishna Dr. G Madhavi

Prof. of CE & Principal Training and Placement Office

Faculty Coordinators: Sk. Ummi Salma & B. Harika

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At Diaphragm wall construction

At RMC Regulator

On 48th Radial Gate

At Tunnel At Conference Hall

Overview of Polavaram – A Multi Purpose Irrigation Project

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Mrs Shaik Ummi Salma Ms B Harika

Ms G Pushpa Latha Mr Ch Hemadri

Mr P Manikanta Mr L Vishnu Vardhan Reddy

VISITED STUDENTS LIST

S.NO NAME ROLL No. BRANCH

1 B. Sirikanth Ravi Teja 16031A0107 CE

2 B. M S D Ravi Teja 16031A0108 CE

3 P. Naveen Kumar 17035A0168 CE

4 G. Rakesh 16031A0115 CE

5 P. Gouthami 16031A0117 CE

6 V. Harshita 16031A0118 CE

7 J. Sai Prasanna Kumar 16031A0119 CE

8 K. Pavan 16031A0122 CE

9 K. Harika 16031A0123 CE

10 K. Aveen 16031A0124 CE

11 M. Dharani 16031A0132 CE

12 Md. Naveed Ahmed 16031A0135 CE

13 N. Lahari 16031A0137 CE

14 P. Vamsi 16031A0141 CE

15 P. Sujatha 16031A0142 CE

16 P. Hema Sree 16031A0147 CE

17 V. Preethi 16031A0156 CE

18 Sk. Fawaz 16031A0149 CE

19 Sk. Shahanaz 16031A0150 CE

20 V. Rafhi 16031A0154 CE

21 R. Nagarjuna Nayak 16031A0347 ME

22 Sk. Tanvir Rahman 16031A0353 ME

23 P.Rekhambika 16031A0359 ME

24 P. Tarak Sai Kumar Reddy 16031A0544 CSE

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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF DOCUMENTATION

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Nomenclature

1.2 Major Dams in India and AP

1.3 What is a River?

1.4 Major Rivers in Andhra Pradesh

1.5 River Godavari

1.6 Comparison between 3 major dams

POLAVARAM

2.1 First proposal

2.2 Overview of Polavaram Project

2.3 Major Components of project

2.4 Spillway

2.5 Gates

2.6 Diaphragm Wall

2.7 Coffer Dam

2.8 Jet Grouting and Desandination

2.9 Navigation Channel

2.10 Hydroelectric Power Station

2.11 Canal Head Regulator

2.12 Tunnels

2.13 Pattisema Lift Irrigation

PHOTO GALLERY

“OBSERVE ABSORB APPLY”

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 NOMENCLATURE

1 Meter = 3.28 Feet

1 Foot = 0.30 Meter

1 Acre = 4046.85 Square meter

1TMC = Thousand Million Cubic Feet

= 1000000000 Cubic Feet

= 28300000 Cubic Meter

1 Cusec = 1 Cubic Feet/Sec

1 Cumec = 1 Cubic Meter/Sec

1 Cumec = 35.31 Cusec

1 Cusec = 0.0283 Cumec

1.2 MAJOR DAMS AND RESERVOIRS LOCATED IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Dowleswaram Barrage Nagarjuna Sagar Dam

Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Prakasham Barrage

Srisailam tail pond Galeru Nagari

Owk Gorakallu

Telugu Ganga Brahmamsagar

Polavaram Project Somasila Dam

Sangam anicut Nellore anicut

Kandaleru Dam Gandipalem Reservoir

Tatipudi Reservoir Sunkesula

Veligodu Alaganoor

Handri-Neeva Mylavaram Dam

Gandikota Reservoir PABR Dam

MPR Dam Veligallu Dam Reservoir

Chitravathi Reservoir Cheyyeru Reservoir

Rajolibanda Balimela

Jalaput Veligonda

Gundlakamma Jeedipalli

Thandava dam Upper Sileru Dam

Donkarayi Dam Yeleru

Kanithi, Visakhapatnam Gotta barrage

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Dowleswaram Barrage near Rajahmundry on River Godavari Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Gates view

Prakasham Barrage on the Krishna River Gandikota reservoir in Kadapa Dist.

Tatipudi Dam Vizianagaram District Andhra Pradesh Figure 1Sri Sailam Dam- Kurnool Dist., AP

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1.3 WHAT IS A RIVER?

Q (design discharge) is more than 10 cubic m /sec at least once in 60years.

Example: Q (design) of Godavari is 75000 cubic m/sec.

But in 1986 it recorded 85000 cubic m/sec.

Basin Area: A drainage basin or 'catchment area' is any area of land where

precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay,

or other body of water.

Basin area of Godavari is 312,812 km²

Major Rivers in Andhra Pradesh

Arani Godavari Manila Pedda Gedda Tungabhadra

Bendi Gedda Gundlakamma Maldevi Peddvagu Vamasdhara

Borramma Gedda Jhanjavathi Manneru Penna/Pennar Varaha

Budameru Kandaleru Murredu Ponnaiyar Vedavati

Bahuda Kandivalasa Nadari Sabari Yeleru

Champtavati Kalangi Nagari Sileru Yerrakavula

Cheyyeru Kinerasani Nagavali Sarada

Chitravathu Koringa Narava Gedda Swarnamukhi

Galeru Krishna Palar Timmileru

Garibula Kundu Paleru Tandava

River Godavari

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The Godavari is India's second longest river after the Ganga.

It starts in Maharashtra and flows east for 1,465 kilometres emptying into Bay of

Bengal draining the states of Maharashtra (48.6%), Telangana (18.8%), Andhra

Pradesh (4.5%), Chattisgarh , MadyaPradesh (10.0%), Odisha (5.7%), Karnataka (1.4%)

and Puducherry (Yanam) through its extensive network of tributaries.

Measuring up to 312,812 km2(120,777 sq mi), it forms one of the largest river

basins in the Indian subcontinent, with only the Ganges and Indus rivers having a drainage

basin larger than it.

In terms of length, catchment area and discharge, the Godavari river is the largest in

peninsular India, and had been dubbed as the Dakshina Ganga – the South Ganges river.

The river delta, supporting 729 persons/km2 – nearly twice the density average for

the nation.

Tributaries of River Godhavari

Tributary Bank Elevation Length Sub-basin area

Pravara Right 463 m 208 km 6,537 km2

Purna Left 358 m 373 km 15,579 km2

Manjira Right 332 m 724 km 30,844 km2

Manair Right 115 m 225 km 13,106 km2

Pranhita Left 99 m 113 km 109,078 km2

Indravati Left 82 m ---- 41,655 km2

Sabari Left 25 m 418 km 20,427 km2

“TELL ME AND I FORGET

TEACH ME AND I REMEMBER

INVOLVE ME AND I LEARN”

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1.6 COMPARISON BETWEEN 3 MAJOR DAMS

SL. NO SRISAILAM DAM NAGARJUNA

SAGAR DAM

POLAVARAM

DAM

LOCATION Kurnool Guntur and Nalgonda Westgodavari

TYPE OF DAM Earth-fill &Gravity Earth –fill & gravity Gravity &earth

fill

IMPOUNDS Krishna river Krishna river Godavari river

HEIGHT 145.10m

124 m

39.28m

PURPOSE OF DAM Hydroelectric,

irrigation Hydroeletric , irrigation

Irrigation

,power

LENGTH 512m 1550m 2914m

SPILLWAY CAPACITY 38369cumec 53450cumec 5000000cusec

TOTAL CAPACITY 216Tmcft 408Tmc 194Tmc

CATCHMENT AREA 206040Sq km 215000 sq km 307800sqkm

SURFACE AREA

616 Sq km 285 sq km 600sqkm

NO OF TURBINES (6*150)MW+(7*110)

MW

(1*110)MW+(7*100.8)

MW 12*80MW

INSTALLED CAPACITY 1670MW 816MW 960MW

TYPE OF TURBINE Francis type Francis turbine Francis turbine

TYPE OF GATES Radial Radial Radial

NO OF GATES 12 26 48

SIZE OF SPILLWAY

GATES 18.288m*16.746m 13.746m*13.410m 16m*20.85m

LENGTH OF SPILLWAY 270.6m 471 m 1128.40 m

CREST LEVEL OF

SPILLWAY 253m 166.42m 25.72m

FULL RESERVOIR

LEVEL 270 m 179.83 m 45.72 m

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2 POLAVARAM

LIFE LINE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

2.1 FIRST PROPOSAL

Initially efforts were made to built RAMPADASAGAR DAM with these capacities

• FRL : 59.4m

• Storage : 690 TMC

• Spill way length : 1260m

• PMF : 21lakh cusec

• Cost : 129cr

• Power : 150MW

• Gates : 16

First proposal of Polavaram

2.2 OVERVIEW OF POLAVARAM PROJECT

Polavaram Project is a multi-purpose irrigation project which has been accorded

National Project status by the Union Government .This dam is under construction located in

West Godavari district &East Godavari district in Andhra Pradesh state and its reservoir

spread in states of Odisha & Chattisgarh .

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Overview of Polavaram

Purpose: National River-Linking Project, which works under the aegis of the Indian

Ministry of Water Resources, was designed to overcome the deficit in water in the country.

History:

1. In 1980, then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh T.Anjaiah laid the foundation stone

for the project. However the project stayed idle until 2004 when the Y.S Rajasekhar

Reddy -led government came to Power.

2. In 2004, the Government of Andhra Pradesh sanctioned 1320 crore for the project.

Soon after, tenders were issued for the commensurate worth of the project. For the

left canal, another 1353 crore were sanctioned by the state government.

2.3 MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT

HEAD WORKS:

Spill Way with Radial Gates

ECRF dam

Hydro Electric Power House

Connectivity Works

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MAIN CANALS:

Right Main Canal

Left Main Canal

Distributory Systems

1. SPILLWAY WITH RADIAL GATES:

Spill way is a passage for surplus water from a dam.

Length of spill way of Polavaram Project is 1.28 Km.

Spill way is of Ogee section &it's capacity is 50,00,000 cusec at 140 ft MSL.

Radial Gates control the flow of water over spill ways or into canals by having the

upstream face curved in the form of an arc which is at the centre of gate hinge .

Long radial arms, trunnion bearings and rounded face allow to close with less effort

than for a flat gate.

Width and Height of Radial gate are 16 m & 20 m respectively.

2. EARTH CUM ROCK FILL DAM:

The dam construction involves building of a 1.5 m thick concrete Diaphragm wall

upto depths from 40 to 120 m below the river bed under the earth dam .The purpose

of diaphragm wall is to secure the river bed stability for withstanding the water

pressure across the dam.

Length of ECRF dam is 2310 m.

Two Cofferdams were planned. The Upstream Cofferdam and Downstream

Cofferdam are constructed to prevent the entrance of water during construction of

ECRF &divert water towards Spill way.

3. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER HOUSE:

It consists of 12 Vertical Francis turbines, each having 80 MW capacity

Power House generates 960 MW energy

4. RIGHT MAIN CANAL:

The RMC is 173 km long, discharges 17,500 cusec.

It is designed to supply 80 TMC of water from Polavaram to Budameru in

Vijayawada, connecting Godavari and Krishna Rivers.

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The objective of RMC is to irritate an area of 3.19 Lakh acres in the upland area of

West Godavari and Krishna districts.

5. LEFT MAIN CANAL:

The LMC is 182 Km long, discharges 17,500 cusec of water.

It is designed to provide water to 12 Lakh acres in North coastal districts of Andhra

Pradesh besides meeting the drinking water needs of urban and rural areas .It will

connect with Yeleru LMC to supply water for industrial (Vizag steel plant ) and

drinking water purposes .

It will also supply coastal AP with irrigation water in

Vishakhapatnam,Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONSTRUCTION OF POLAVARAM

INDIRA SAGAR PROJECT

AP has most fertile districts in the country like East and West Godavari. At the same

time severely drought affected districts like Anantapur in Rayalaseema region.

Godavari is one of the most flooded rivers in South India, and nearly 2400TMC

water flows into ocean as wastage whereas water levels in other major rivers

Krishna and Penna reducing year by year, which has become a serious concern to

lakhs of farmers. Utilising this water can serve the Agricultural and drinking needs

of the state.

Directly or Indirectly Polavaram will benefit all the 13 districts of A.P. it is termed

as Lifeline of Andhra Pradesh. If executed well this project can make the state

drought free forever.

Based on the estimated water requirements in 2025 the study recommended that

sizable surplus water was to be transferred from Godavari to Krishna basin.

The supply and demand equation can be balanced elegantly with the integration of

Rivers.

Advantages:

Irrigation of 7.20 Lakh acres in East Godavari,West Godavari , Vishakhapatnam and

Krishna districts.

Checks, Reduces and eliminates Flooding

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Stores water for future use - Irrigation, Navigation, Human & Industrial

consumption

Lake fisheries

Both RMC & LMC discharges 17,500 cusecs of water.

Improves Transportation, Recreation and Habitat.

Multipurpose dams provide multiple benefits from a single investment and also their

maintenance is very less.

Diversion of 80 TMC of Godavari water to Krishna Delta.

Water supply of 23.44 TMC for industrial and drinking water purposes in

Vishakhapatnam district.

Generation of 960 MW of Hydro Electric Power.

Navigation facilities , development of Pisciculture and Tourism.

Drinking water for 25Lakh people.

Disadvantages:

Submergence of 276 villages in AP alone.

Displacement of 1.93Lakh people.

The project would displace 293villages (AP -276, Odisha -10, Chattisgarh -7).

The project not only will displace several thousands of families,it will also submerge

several Archeological sites, coal deposits, a Wild life sanctuary and several hectares

of Farm land and Forests.

Excessive sedimentation of the reservoir.

Due to Anaerobic Respiration by the submerged plants, Methane (CH4) is released

causing the water to become poisonous.

It can also cause stoppage of Aquatic fauna migration.

Loss of Livelihood and Biodiversity.

Inundation of thousands of acres of forests and agricultural land, there'll be a loss of

arable land and salination of Irrigated land.

“WATER IS THE DRIVING FORCE OF ALL NATURE”

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2.4 SPILLWAY

Spillway is a man-made structure used to provide controlled release of flow from upstream

side to downstream side when required. The figure shows a typical spillway.

Location of the Spillway

Details of Spillway

Type of spillway Ogee profile

Location Polavaram, west Godavari district

Impounds Godavari river

Length 1128.4m

Height 48.38m

Capacity 50,00,000 cusec

Rock strata -18.5msl

Full Reservoir Level (FRL) 45.72m

Crest level 25.72m

Trunion level 35.5m

Road top level 54m

Length of stilling basin 110.5m

Stilling basin top level 7.25m

Spill channel bed level 8.8m

Type of gates Radial gates

No. of gates 48

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Spillways release water so that the water does not overtop and damage or even destroy dam.

Floodgates and fuse plugs may be designed into spillways to regulate water flow and

reservoir level. Such a spillway can be used to regulate downstream flows – by releasing

water in small amounts before the reservoir is full. The main purpose of providing spillway

to a dam is to supply water to downstream irrigation field

Spillway: Representative image constructing the Spillway is the first step in the process.

After constructing the Spillway, 48 huge radial Spillway gates will be fitted to it.After the

gates are fitted, then the Approach and Spill channels will be constructed to channelize river

water through Spillway

Each gate is fitted with 2 hydraulic cylinders to enable faster movement of the heavy

gates, to secure dam from heavily flooded Godavari River. The 96hydraulic cylinders

for 48 gates are being manufactured in Germany. Approach and spill way channels

completed The excess flood water is released through the remote controlled spillway gates.

Spillway Dimensions

Height : 45 ft;

Width : 1000m

Concrete required : 17lakh cubic meters

Spillway Radial Gate dimensions:

Each spillway radial gate : Height 21m;

Width : 16m

Weight : 350 tonnes

Spillway - Current status:

1. Fabrication of Spillway radial gates has been completed.

2. Spillway concrete works are in progress.

Target to complete the Spillway and erect the 48 Spillway radial gates: 30-06-2018

Size of gates 16*20.85m

Founding level -9.25m

Ground level 24.0m

Gross capacity of spillway 194.603TMC

Live storage 75.2TMC

Dead storage 119.403TMC

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Profile of spillway

As mentioned above it is an ogee type of spillway.

1. The ogee spillway has a control weir that is ogee shaped.

2. It is also an overflow type spillway.

3. Reduce the impact of water at downstream.

4. To drop off the water at downstream from the foundation of dam.

5. Reduce scouring etc.

6. Used for small concrete dams.

7. Provide recreational impact at downstream side.

2.5 RADIAL GATES

Width of the gate = 16 m

Height of the gate = 20 m

Tallest gates in India

Radial Gate

Generally gates are used to control the flow of water and storage purposes. Gates are

divided based on different purposes.

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CREST GATE: A gate on the crest of a spillway that controls overflow or reservoir water

level.

RADIAL GATE: A gate with a curved upstream plate and radial arms hinged to piers or

other supporting structures .the operation of this gate is very simple compared with other

gates. It was lifted bg using either hydraulic cylinders or ropes. Radial shape provides

efficient transfer of flow. Gate bottom lip gives good hydraulic discharge profile. It was

moved upwards and downwards by using the help of trunnion.

SLIDE GATE (SLUICE GATE): A gate that can be opened or closed by sliding in

supporting guides. These are commonly controls water level and flow rates in rivers and

canals. They are also used in waste water treatment plant and to recover minerals in mining

operations and in water mills.

OPERATION OF GATES: Based on lifting technique various types of equipment used to

lift gate. Hydraulic cylinders, ropes, pressure lifters etc.

2.6 DIAPHRAGM WALL (SLURRY WALL)

It is a plastic concrete wall built in underground

It can be executed in any type of soil or sand

The main advantage of diaphragm wall is the great retention capacity and water

tightness

TYPES OF DIAPHRAGM WALL

Based on use of construction materials

1. Rigid type

RCC

2. Flexible type

Plastic concrete

Cement bentonite slurry trench

Earth backfilled slurry trench

Materials used for construction of diaphragm wall

1 Plastic concrete

Portland cement + course aggregate of 20mm +fine aggregate +bentonite

2 Admixtures as per IS 456: 1978

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CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE (PLASTIC CONCRETE)

Stage -1 : fixing of alignment

Stage -2 : creating a platform

Stage -3 : guide wall construction

Stage -4 : trenching

Stage -5 : trench cleaning

Stage -6 : placing of plastic concrete

DIAPHRAGM WALL CONSTRUCTION IN POLAVARAM

It is constructed in way of river Godavari

It is substructure in the earth

The length of diaphragm wall is 1485m

The width of diaphragm wall is 1.5m

The depth of diaphragm wall varies from 40m to 100m

Fix the alignment by surveying

In stage -1 (2016) 1485 m to 800m the work completed

In stage -2 (2017) remaining work is on process

Diaphragm Wall

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DIAPHRAGM WALL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

After the alignment create a temporary platform for vehicle movement

RCC guide wall is to be constructed to guide the machinery in our alingment

For constructing the wall has been divided in subparts each subpart is of length 7m

In that subpart (7m) the wall has been divided into panels

Primary panel (2.8m)

Secondary panel (2.2m)

Place the plastic concrete in that trench

Follow the same procedure from every primary panel

In between two primary panels the secondary panel is construct for that we cut

pimary panels 0.4m in length for bonding between the panels

Then the secondary panel length 2.2 m

For every 7m part the process is repeated

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:

Perfect embedment both the ends to avoid or minimize the possibilities of cracking both

within and surroundings

Flexibility to avoid cracking

Heavy Machinery at the Polavaram

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Bentonite is used in drilling fluids to lubricate and cool the cutting tools, to remove cuttings,

and to help prevent blowouts. So, it is a common component of drilling mud used to

curtail drilling fluid invasion by its propensity for aiding in the formation of mud cake

Slurry Collection Unit

2.7 COFFER DAM

DEFINITION:

It is a temporary structure built to keep water away from execution site, so that the

structure can be built on the dry surface.

PURPOSE:

Nowadays even structures on water are being constructed which is a tedious job because

concrete doesn't set in water. Many methods are being used to overcome this problem one

of the methods used for this purpose are COFFER DAMS.

To retain soil and water.

Can be used as either temporary or permanent.

Main purpose is to provide dry working area for workers.

It is constructed to facilitate pile driving operations.

It is used to place grillage as well as raft foundation.

It is used, when foundations for piers, abutments for bridges, dams, locks are to be

constructed.

Sometimes it is also provided to store water temporarily.

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CONSTRUCTION:

In Polavaram, Sheet pile coffer dams are constructed.

Types of Coffer dams: 1. upstream coffer dam

2. Downstream coffer dam

Upstream coffer dam is 2.3km long and 27m above river bed. Its purpose is to allow

the water to flow in the artificial diversion created for River Godavari and has a capacity to

hold 120TMC.

Downstream coffer dam is 1.4km long and 20m above river bed. Its purpose is to

prevent the back flow of water from the spill channel.

It can substitute for the ECRF dam till it's completion in 2019.

The 2.3km structure will have a core of clay and shell of rock and it's purpose to

facilitate the construction of Earth cum rock filled dam.

The actual work of construction on the coffer dam will begin after rainy season. As

rains usually result in massive flood in river on average discharge of 3000TMC in Bay of

Bengal.

CAPACITY:

It can withstand flood up to 28.6 lakh cusecs the upstream side.

Possibility of erosion

Presence of ice

Floating logs etc.

2.8 JET GROUTING AND DESANDINATION

What is Jet Grouting?

Jet grouting is a method of soil stabilization which involves the injection of a

stabilizing fluid into the subsoil (or the soil under treatment) under high pressure under high

velocity. The injection process involves a certain amount of site preparation as well as

injection equipment.

The soil stabilization by jet grouting is occurs due to the hardening of grouted fluid

within the soil. These hardened bodies forms like cemented columns which are grouted in

numerous numbers as per requirement, thus stabilizing the soil. These columns are called as

jet columns or jet grouted columns.

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Applications of Jet Grouting:

Jet grouting finds is a method of ground improvement and finds applications in the

following:

1. For construction of horizontal barriers

2. Control of groundwater

3. Control of groundwater

ECRF Dam (Earth cum Rock fill Dam) & Diaphragm wall

This is the image of ECRF Dam of polavaram project:

ECRF dam is the most crucial component of the entire project constructed across the

river Godavari and plays a major role in holding river water. The ECRF dam will be built

between the two Cofferdams. It can withstand up to 50 lakh Cusecs water flow, whereas

peak flow of Godavari River recorded till now is 30 Lakh Cusecs. ECRF is being built by

Mega Engineering Company.

ECRF dam dimensions:

Length : 1750 m

Height : 41m

Width : 300 m at the bottom and 30 m in the top

Diaphragm Wall:

Diaphragm wall is the foundation of ECRF dam. It is constructed below the ECRF

dam and prevents leakage of water across the dam from the bottom of ECRF through sand

pores. Without Diaphragm wall the ECRF will not sustain and will succumb to water leakage

from the bottom of it.

Diaphragm wall dimensions:

Depth (below the ECRF dam) : 40–100 metres

Length : 1450 metres

Width : 1.5 metres.

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Desandination Plant

2.9 NAVIGATION CHANNEL

It is a deep channel cut into the sea or river bed to enable large ships to pass through

a port. They are human made channels for water conveyance or to service water transport

vehicles.

Inland water navigation for seagoing vessels: The entire length of Godavari river

will have to be converted into a series of continuous stepped reservoirs, one below the other

by constructing a number of barrages, all along the river. This is termed as “Step Ladder

Technology” about a decade back. Sufficient draft (depth of water) will be maintained all

along the river, even in summer, to facilitate sea going vessels (ships up to 3000Tonnes

capacity) to ply in the river.

2.10 HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER STATION

INTRODUCTION

HYDROELECTRIC POWER

It is a form of energy which provides major percent of the renewable energy in any

developed or developing countries.

It doesn’t use up the resources to create electricity nor do they pollute air, land and

water as the other electric power stations may.

It plays a major role in the development of Nation’s Electric Power Industry.

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COMPONENTS OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER STATION

Dam: Dam creates a head which helps the water to flow towards downstream

Reservoir: A reservoir is an enlarged natural or artificial lake ,storage pond or

impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water.

Sluice Gates: A sliding gate for the flow of water

The Penstock : It is an enclosed pipe that deliver ware to hydro turbines and sewage

systems

Water turbines

Turbines are generally of two types

Impulse and Reaction Turbines

Impulse turbine is again classified into 3 types

1. Pelton turbine

2. Turgo turbine

3. Cross flow turbine

Reaction turbine is classified into 2 types

1. Propeller Turbine

2. Francis Turbine

Generators

SALIENT FEATURES OF POLAVARAM POWER HOUSE

The installed capacity of this power house is 960MW/ Year.

The total number of turbines will be installed are 12.

The turbines are of Francis type.

Each turbine can produce 80 MW of power.

2.11 CANAL HEAD REGULATOR

A canal head regulator is required to serve the following function:

(i)To regulate the discharge into the off taking canal, functions:

(ii)To control the entry of sediment into the canal, and

“WITHOUT THE DAMS WE WOULD BE IN A LOT WORSE SHAPE”

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Right main canal

RMC regulator

2.12TUNNELS

TUNNEL:

A Tunnel is an underground passage way, dug through the surrounding

soil/Earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipe

line is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction

techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods.

Discharge through each tunnel : 10,000 cusec

Length of each tunnel : -750m

Height of each tunnel : -15m

Generally high explosives are used : Dynamite, gun powder.

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PURPOSE OF TUNNEL:

As there is natural arrangement of three hills side by side. As an Engineer of the

society to reduce the cost, time period and make it economical tunnels are preferred.

Saddle dams- E, F are arranged for the continuous flow of water from one tunnel to another

tunnel.

Twin tunnels –polavaram project

2.13 PATTISEEMA LIFT IRRIGATION PROJECT

Pattiseema lift Irrigation Project is a river interlinking project which connects

Godavari River to Krishna River.

It is South India’s first and fastest River Integration mega project.

Foundation stone for the project was laid on March 29th 2015 and the Inauguration of

Phase -I is on August 15th. Project will be complete in 6 months.

It also holds a record in Limca Book of Records.

The project cost is estimated at 1300 Crores.

15 Meters and above is considered flooding water at Pattiseema, which would be

lifted through powerful motor

The project has one of the largest pump houses in Asia with 24 pumping units

spread across an area of 7,476 sq m.

The project has a combined capacity to discharge 240 cumecs of water.

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These pumps deliver water drawn from the river Godavari in Pattiseema into the

Polavaram Project Right Main Canal for the benefit of farmers in the Krishna

river delta.

Under the Bachawat tribunal and inter-state agreement between Maharashtra,

Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh, 80 TMC of water can be diverted from

River Godavari to River Krishna.

Pattiseema project will bring the 80 TMC water to River Krishna.

It had no storage component.

The decision taken by chief Minister to construct Pattiseema irrigation project

has helped thousands of farmer's cultivating 1.3 million acres in krishna delta

which faces water shortage in the period june to august.

The water pumped into canal from River Godavari would take 7 – 8 days to reach

Prakasam Barrage after travelling by Gravity for about 160 km.

In 2015 as part of trial run it has lifted 8.8 tmc of godavari water to krishna delta

which saved standing crops worth Rs2,500crore during dry spell.

During 2016-2017 kharif season 56 tmc of godavari water released along with 20

tmc from Nagarjuna sagar project to meet needs of 11,35,900 acres of agriculture

in Krishna delta.

It provides Irrigation water to 7Lakh Acres which provides crore of additional

agricultural produce to farmers from Krishna- Godavari regions and the Rayalaseema

region.

Saved water in River Krishna is distributed to the Rayalaseema through

Pothireddypadu head regulator for its Irrigational and Domestic needs making it a

drought free region.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT ARE:

Reason behind pattiseema lift irrigation project:

Project started with mission to make Rayalaseema drought free. Rayalaseema has

scarcity of water and rainfall and is one of the most heavily drought hit places of South

India. On the other hand, Godavari rive is the most flooded river in the South India. There is

Surplus and Deficit. This project from AP state government is a solution for making

Rayalaseema Drought free. Every year, an estimated amount of 3000 TMC of water is

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flooded into Bay of Bengal from river Godavari. Utilizing a minute amount of this wastage

will make Rayalaseema drought free.

“THE WARS OF 21st CENTURY WILL BE FOUGHT OVER WATER”

“PURE WATER IS WORLD’S FIRST AND FOREMOST MEDICINE”

“WATER IS THE ELIXIR OF LIFE, IT IS THE STUFF OF LIFE”

“WATER IS THE MOST FASCINATING SUBSTANCE”

Minimum water level to pump +14m

Delivery level +42m

No.of pumps/motors 24

Type of pump Vertical turbine

Type of motor 11KV synchronous motor

Head 33m

M.S.Pressure main 12 rows of 3.2 dia pipe

Length of pressure main 3.9km

Capacity of each pump 5300H.P

Capacity of each motor 6300H.P

Total power required 113MW

Discharge of each pump 354cusecs

Total discharge 8500cusecs

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POLAVARAM AT GLANCE

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“WATER=LIFE, CONSERVATION=FUTURE”

“EMPTY YOUR MIND, BE FORMLESS AND SHAPELESS LIKE WATER”

“RUNNING WATER NEVER GROWS STALE,

SO YOU JUST HAVE TO KEEP ON FLOWING

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2.15 PHOTO GALLERY

On 48th Radial Gate

Heavy Machinery Used

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Spill Way Construction Area

Gates Manufacturing Unit

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Gallery in spillway

Tunnel

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Large tipper

Offtake regulator of RMC

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At Spill way At Tunnel

At Saddle Dam Pattisema Outlet

Pattisema Lift House Mixing Plant

B. Sirikanth, B. Ravi Teja, P. Naveen, G. Rakesh, P. Gouthami, V. Harshita, J. Sai, K. Pavan, K. Harika, K. Aveen,

M. Dharani, Md. Naveed, N. Lahari, P. Vamsi, P. Sujatha, P. Hemasree, V. Preethi, Sk. Fawaz, Sk. Shahanaz, V. Rafhi,

R. Nagarjuna, Sk. Tanvir, P. Rekha, P. Tarak.

- II B. Tech Students, UCEN JNTUK-Narasaropet