Basic Laboratory Techniques in Chemistry

PURIFICATION OF WATER

The usual laboratory method of obtaining pure water is distillation.

This method of purification will remove any substance that has a boiling point heigher than that of water.

When water contains bicarbonates of Ca, Mg or Fe it is said to have carbonate hardness.

When water contains calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride it is said to have noncarbonate hardness.

Another effective method of obtaining pure water is the use of organic deionizers.

These are organic resins that exchange H ions for the cations and OH ions for the anions.

water

Pure waterHeavy waterNatural water

Distillation Deionizers

Evaporation Condensation DowexAmberlite

Zeolite

PREPARATION OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN

Among the gases that occur in the atmosphere, oxygen is the most important to use.

OXYGEN

Method of preparation

- Heating potassium chlorate

- Fractional distillation of liquid air

- Electrolysis of water

HYDROGEN

Method of preparation

- Using metal

- Electrolysis of water

- Passing steam

CARBON AND HYDROCARBONS

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon.

The forms of carbon

Fuel Lubrificant Electrical

conductor

Metallurgy Catting

tools

Special

metal

Alloys

Charcoal

Coke

Anthracite

Amorphous

graphiteDiamond

CARBON

Carbons Hydrogen Halogen Oxygen

Carbon compounds

Dyes Plastics Textile fibers Medicines Drugs

HYDROCARBONS

SeriesAlkene

Alkane

Alkynes

They have single covalent bonds

They have double covalent bonds

They have triple covalent bonds

HYDROCARBONS PROCESSING

- Cracking

- Alkylation

- Polymerization

- Hydrogenation

- Dehydrogenation

- Aromatization

BIBLIOGRAPHY

P. Briano – A Matter of life - English for Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology – Edisco

P. Vaudo – On the Lab – Ed. Yuvenilia

Author: Gabriele