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Basic neuroscience “crash course”
BMM summer school 8/15/15
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Disclaimers
• Very basic • CBMM/vision-centric
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Outline • Neurons
• Resting potential (ion concentrations/channels) • Action potential & PSPs
• Basic brain anatomy • Inferior, superior, ventral, dorsal • Occipital, temporal, parietal, frontral lobes • Grey/white matter
• Neural recordings - EPhys, EEG/MEG, fMRI • Visual system
• Hierarchy: V1—> IT • Receptive fields • Computational models
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Neurons
• Soma (cell body), dendrites, axons • Synapses
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse
This image is in the public domain.Courtesy of Blausen Medical. License CC BY.
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Neuron
• Ion channels and resting membrane potential • Post-synaptic potential • Action potentials
• “Spiking”/firing
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/actpot.html
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1224_Post_Synaptic_Potential_Summation.jpg
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Courtesy of OpenStax. License CC BY.
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Basic brain anatomy
Superior
Anterior
Posterior
Inferior
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Invasive neural recordings
• Electrophysiology • Single unit (intra or extracellularly) • Multi-unit/local field potentials
• Electrocorticography (ECoG)
http://newton.umsl.edu/tsytsarev_files/Lecture02.htm
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Neuroimaging
• Magnetoencephalography (MEG)/ Electroencephalography (EEG)
• functional MRI
Courtesy of McGovern Institute for Brain Science, MIT.
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Courtesy of Image Editor via Flickr.com. License CC BY.
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Comparing neural recordings
• Electrophysiology recordings - high spatiotemporal resolution, limited brain coverage
• fMRI - high spatial resolution data, broad coverage, low temporal resolution
• EEG/MEG - high temporal resolution, broad coverage, low spatial information
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Visual processing in the human brain
• Ventral Stream - “What” Pathway • Dorsal Stream - “Where” Pathway
Dorsal stream
V1
Ventral stream
Dorsal Ventral stream stream
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excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more
information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
Courtesy of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Used with permission.
Source: Serre, Thomas, Aude Oliva, and Tomaso Poggio. "A feedforward architecture
accounts for rapid categorization." Proceedings of the national academy of sciences
104, no. 15 (2007): 6424-6429.10
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Ventral visual processing stream
• Many layers organized in a hierarchy • First layer: primary visual cortex (V1) - cells respond to
oriented lines and edges • Top layer: inferior temporal cortex (IT) - cells respond to
entire objects and are both selective and invariant
Dorsal stream
Ventral stream
V1
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Inferior temporal cortex
• Hubel and Wiesel • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cw5PKV9Rj3o
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Inferior temporal cortex
Single neuron studies of inferior temporal cortexGross
Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.
Source: Gross, Charles G. "Single neuron studies of inferior temporal cortex."
Neuropsychologia 46, no. 3 (2008): 841-852.
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see the video.
Source: Figure 2 from Hung, Chou P., Gabriel Kreiman, Tomaso
Poggio, and James J. DiCarlo. "Fast readout of object identity
from macaque inferior temporal cortex." Science 310, no. 5749
(2005): 863-866.
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Visual hierarchy
Courtesy of Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences. Used with permission.
Source: Serre, Thomas, Aude Oliva, and Tomaso
Poggio. "A feedforward architecture accounts for
rapid categorization." Proceedings of the national
academy of sciences 104, no. 15 (2007): 6424-6429.
Courtesy of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Used with permission.
Source: Serre, Thomas, Aude Oliva, and Tomaso Poggio. "A feedforward architecture
accounts for rapid categorization." Proceedings of the national academy of sciences
104, no. 15 (2007): 6424-6429.14
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Hierarchical feedforward models
• Inspired by Hubel and Wiesel’s findings in visual cortex • HMAX (Serre 2007, Riesenhuber 1999), CNNs (Krizhevsky 2012)
• Simple cells - template matching, build selectivity • Complex cells - pooling, build invariance
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MIT OpenCourseWarehttps://ocw.mit.edu
Resource: Brains, Minds and Machines Summer CourseTomaso Poggio and Gabriel Kreiman
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