basic philosophy of accident class sps

Dr.S.P.SIVAPIRAKASAMAssociate Professor

Department of Mechanical EngineeringNational Institute of Technology

Trichy

LOOK AT THE MAN CROSSING THE ROAD!

ACCIDENT

IT IS AN UNINTENDED, UNEXPECTED AND

UNPLANNED EVENT WHICH MAY OR

MAY NOT CAUSE AN INJURY OR PROPERTY

DAMAGE.

AS PER IS 3786/1966

FACTS ABOUT ACCIDENT

Humans are responsible for most Accidents

5000 accidental deaths annually

4 million disabling injuries annually

Staggering costs to organizations

Health of workers is harmed by toxic chemicals

and Workplace conditions

Accidents are the primary cause of death on the job and

murder is only second

ACCIDENT DATA

UNSAFE CONDITION-10%

UNSAFE ACT -88%

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT-2%

Unsafe condition

Unsafe condition is one in which the tools,

work environment and machine is in full of

hazards leading to accidents .

Example

•Oily floor

•work platform without hand rail

•Unguarded machinery

UNSAFE ACT

Unsafe act is the violation to commonly

accepted safe work practices i.e breaking

of safety rules.

Example

•Smoking in flammable area,

•Over speed - rash driving?

•Tampering with safety device

•Not using PPE

•Unauthorized working

It is comparatively easy to eliminate unsafe conditions. But it

is difficult to control unsafe acts, for, this involves people. A

large number of unsafe acts are due to:

1. Ignorance of a hazard

2. A physical deficiency for the job

3. Lack of sufficient skill to work in the safe way

4. Wrong attitudes

Safety Education

- the only answer to wrong attitudes

But wrong attitude are the most difficult to be cured.

These include:

• Negligence to use Safety appliances, absent mindedness,

overconfidence, haste, impatience, urge to take chances, lack of interest in

job, disregard for safety of others and fatalistic attitudes.

• Safeguards and Safety appliances do not give protection against wrong

attitudes

• Unsafe acts springing from these could only be checked by instituting

suitable programmes of Safety Education.

Safety Education (Contd…)

Then there are hazards which cannot be guarded by providing

any Safety device

Case study

A man walking under a suspended load. No Safety

device can stop him from doing it. He must stop

himself. This is true also about reaching into a

running machine. No written Rule or Safety Switch

can prevent a person from putting his hand into the

machine before it has come to a standstill.

Foundation of a major injury:

In the year 1939, Heinrich analysis proves that, in the average case,

for every mishap resulting in an injury, there are many other similar

accidents that cause no injuries whatsoever.

As per Heinrich analysis, in a Unit-group of 330 accidents of the same

kind and involving the same person, 300 results in no injury, 29 result

in minor injury and 1 result in major injury.

This ratio of 1:29:300 applies to the average case.

- H. W. Heinrich (1928)


Then, Frank Bird, in the year 1966, and James Tye & Peterson, in

the Year 1974, analysed the accidents. Their findings are given

below:

- Frank Bird (1966)


- James Tye & Petersan (1974)

MINOR ACCIDENT

MINOR ACCIDENTS:

SUCH AS PAPER CUTS TO FINGERS OR

DROPPING A BOX OF MATERIALS

MAJOR ACCIDENT

MAJOR ACCIDENT

SUCH AS A FORKLIFT DROPPING A LOAD OR

SOMEONE FALLING OFF FROM ROOFTOP

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

ACCIDENTS THAT OCCUR OVER AN

EXTENDED TIME FRAME:

SUCH AS HEARING LOSS OR AN ILLNESS

RESULTING FROM EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS

Fallacies about safety

1. I am too busy to give attention to safety matters

2. I have given everything to my worker. It is for him to do the work

safely and with more care.

3. Production is affected by adhering to the safety rules. The work will be

slowed down and the worker may take his own time to complete the

work safely.

4. We may say that so many safety regulations are to be followed, but, in

practice, it will not be possible to adhere to them

5. It is the responsibility of safety engineering department to ensure that

safe practices are followed in the shop by the workmen as I have to

concentrate on production

Fallacies about safety (Contd…)

6. If an accident has to happen, it will definitely happen. It is not in our

hands.

7. The workers never listen to us on safety matters. So, the Safety

Engineering department must go round and insist.

8. Devoting time to safety is not liked by my superiors as it takes away

most of the time form production work

Philosophy of Accident Prevention

“Accident prevention is both science and an art. It

represents, above all other things, control – control

of man performance, machine performance and

physical environment.

The word CONTROL is used advisedly because it

represents prevention as well as correction of

unsafe conditions and circumstances”

- H. W. Heinrich

The elimination of accidents is vital in the nation’s

progress.

Accidents produce economics and social loss,

impair individual and group. Productivity, cause

inefficiency and retard the advancement of

standards of living.

Philosophy of Accident Prevention (Contd…)

REPORTABLE ACCIDENTNON-REPORTABLE ACCIDENT

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT

WITH INJURY WITHOUT INJURY

LOST TIME INJURY

REPORTABLE ACCIDENT

More than 48Hrs Disablement

NON-REPORTABLE ACCIDENT

Less than 48 Hrs Disablement

FIRST AID INJURY

MINOR ACCIDENT

Less than 21 Days

Disablement

MAJOR ACCIDENT

Morethan21Days

Disablement

FATAL ACCIDENT

6000 Man days Lost

DISTRIBUTION OF FATAL ACCIDENTS IN CONSTRUCTION SITE

• Fall of person 74%

• Lifting equipment 7.4%

• Fall of material 5.4%

• Electrical 3.3%

• Transport 3.1%

• Machinery 1.5%

• Excavation 1.3%

• Fire and explosion 0.8%

• Poisoning and gassing 0.8%

• Others 2.4%

CHANGING NATURE OF HAZARDS

Accidents increase as excavations go deeper or walls grow higher, so what was safe yesterday may no longer be safe today.

COST OF AN ACCIDENT

To the victim pain

worry

no recreation

loss of wages

loss of limb or life

medical expenses

inability to perform normal work

TO THE MANAGEMENT

Direct cost

medical expenses

compensation to the worker

time lost by employees

reduction in productivity

TO THE MANAGEMENT

Indirect cost

production delay

loss of morale

cost of training another employee

repair cost

loss of prestige

Accident Causation Models

1. Domino Theory

2. Revised Domino Theory

3. Energy Release Model

4. Accident Proneness

5. Epidemiological Model

6. Multilinear Sequencing

7. Ergonomic Models

8. Swiss Cheese Model

9. Universal Model

DominoTheory

Revised Domino Theory

Energy Release Model

1. Informally devised and used by theEngineering Profession

2. Identified the Loss Incident as thepoint where energy was released ortransformed.

3. Failed to address health hazardexposures

4. Valid but incomplete

5. Limited applicability

for management

Accident Proneness Model1.Devised and kept alive by Psychologists

2. Guiding principal held that because ofindividual limitations, certain people aremost likely to have accidents

3. Managers used this theory to justify thefiring of accident repeaters

4.Does not address the occurrence ofoccupational disease

5. Statistically invalid and not useful

Epidemiological Model

• Used by the Medical Profession

• Consists of three elements (Agent, Host andEnvironment)

• Utilizes the sophisticated collection ofstatistics to show who and where people areexperiencing adverse final effects.

• Usually does not reveal how Loss Incidentsare occurring and this limits its usefulness.

Multilinear Sequencing Model

* Devised by Ludwig Benner in the US DOT.

* Up to this time theorists had portrayedincident causation as a “unilinear” processlike the Domino process.

* Benner found that airline crashes werecaused by an independent parallel series ofcausal factors

* Does not identify individual causal factorsnor does it address health hazards.

Ergonomic Models• Address human limitations as a causal

factor for certain types of workplace injuries.

• Tries to predict the limits of human exertion that should be tolerated in workplace tasks.

• Only addresses a narrow spectrum of loss incidents

• Not applicable to fires, explosions, car crashes, etc.

Universal Model

1. So named because it can be applied to alltypes of Loss Incidents

2. Distinguishes between Proximal and Distalcausal factors

3. Uses a Point of Irreversibility to separatecauses and effects.

4. Considers Aggravating and MitigatingFactors which affect the severity of FinalEffects.

Universal Model Definitions

• Proximal Causal Factors – those states and events which arenecessary for the occurrence of a Loss Incident and which occuror exist at the time and place of the Loss Incident. Three (3)types:

> Chemical, Physical or Biological Conditions

> Human Actions or Inactions

> Exceeded Functional Limitations

• Distal Causal Factors – those management policies andpractices that do not occur just at the time and place of theLoss Incident but instead allow the Proximal Causal Factors tooccur or exist.

ANALYSISGROUP

1.NATURE OF INJURYCUT, FRACTURE,BURN,CONTUSION,SPRAIN ETC

2.PART OF BODYHEAD,EYES,BODY,HANDS,LEGS,ETC

3.TYPE OF ACCIDENTSTRUCKBY, STRUCK WITH, FALL OF PERSON, FALL OF OBJECT, CONTACT

WITH ,ETC

4.AGENCY OF ACCIDENTCHEMICALS,MACHINES, TOOLS,EQMTS, FLOOR,AREA ETC

ACCIDENT REPORTINGSNO

TYPE OF ACCIDENT

FORM USED PERIOD SEND TO

1 ALL TYPE ACCIDENT REPORT

24 HRS SAFETY DEPT

2 REPORTABLE ACCIDENT

FORM 18 60 HRS SD-IF

3 DANGEROUSOCCURANCE

FORM 18-A 12 HRS SD-IF-CIF

4 FATAL FORM 18 12 HRS SD-IF-CIF

POLICE

ACCIDENT PREVENTION METHODS- 4 ES

•ENGINEERING REVISIONS

• 1.APPLICATION OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY

• 2.NEW TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT

• 3.MODIFICATION OF SYSTEMS

• 4.MECHANISATION

•EDUCATION &TRAINING

• 1.BASIC TRAINING

• 2.SPECIAL TRAINING

• 3.REFRESHER TRAINING

ACCIDENT PREVENTION METHODS- 4 ES

•ENTHUSIASM&ENCOURAGEMENT

• 1.SAFETY AWARD SCHEME

• 2.SAFETY INCENTIVE

• 3.SAFETY COMPETITION

• 4.RISK ALLOWANCES

•ENFORCEMENT & DISCIPLINE• 1.PUNISHMENT

• 2.MEMO & CHARGE SHEET

• 3.WARNING LETTERS

FACTORS INFLUENCING SAFETY AT WORK-PLACES

–Material Factors

–Policies & Practices

–Safety Related Conditions

–Behavioural & Attitudinal

– Level of Concern for Safety & Welfare

–Others

• Material Factors:

•Plant Design

•Production Equipment

•PPE

• Policies & Practices:

•Safety Priorities

•Safety Training

•Enforcement

•Daily Routines

•House keeping


• Safety Related Conditions:

•Work Stress

•Social Relations

• Behavioural & Attitudinal:

•Personal motivation

•Safety Knowledge

•Optimism

•Risk Justification

•Fatalism

•Apathy


• Level of Concern for Safety & Welfare

• Management

• Supervisors

• Safety Specialists

• Government Inspectors

• Safety Committee

• Workers Themselves

• Others

• Age

• Experience

• Qualification

• Job Category


Measures for Safety in an Organization

• Management Commitment To Safety

• Safety Communication

• Safety Training

• Safety Promotion Policies

• Safety Rules & Procedures

• Workers’ Involvement

• Work Environment

• Safety Knowledge

• Safety Attitude

• Safety Priority Over Production

• Safety Compliance

• Safety Participation

• Emergency Preparedness

HOUSE KEEPING• A place for everything and everything in

its proper place• House keeping day• Daily cleaning after the work• Protruding nails• obstruction,• Lighting• approaches

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• Safety belt

• Hard hat

• Safety shoes

• Gum boots

• Goggles and gloves

• Ear protection

And

• Respiratory protective equipment

RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• SCBA

• Dust mask

• Canister mask

• Air line apparatus

Successful accident prevention program

• Depends on

– Leadership by the employer

–Safe and healthy working conditions

–Safe work practices by employees - sop

Thank you

basic philosophy of accident class sps

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