basic quality control
TRANSCRIPT
‘DOING THE RIGHT THING IN A RIGHT WAY’
PPTC, Wellington, NZ
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Mistakes are made in laboratories every day
What is Quality Control (QC)?
IQC (Internal QC)
Mean,SD and CV
Westgard Rules
7
Introduction Laboratory Quality Management System-Module 1 9
Man
Material
Machinery
Manuals/Methodology ( SOP)
Motivation
The Quality Assurance Cycle
•Data and Lab Management•Safety•Customer Service
Patient/Client PrepSample Collection
Sample Receipt and Accessioning
Sample TransportQuality Control
Record Keeping
ReportingPersonnel CompetencyTest Evaluations
Testing
Internal Quality control: IQC
•Nature: Concurrent•Performed by: lab staff•Objective: Reliable results on a daily basis
•Nature: Concurrent•Performed by: lab staff•Objective: Reliable results on a daily basis
WHAT’S THAT??
Values cover medical decision points
Similar to the test specimen
Available in large quantity
Stored in small aliquots
Ideally, should last for at least 1 year Often use biological material, consider bio-
hazardous
•Sufficient material from same lot number or serum pool for one year’s testing
•Note the date of the QC material opened.
•May be frozen, freeze-dried, or chemically preserved
•Requires very accurate reconstitution if this step is necessary
•Always store as recommended by manufacturer
Need data set of at least 20 points, obtained over a 30 day period
Calculate mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation AND determine target ranges
Develop Levy-Jennings charts and plot results
Select appropriate controls
Assay them repeatedly over time ◦at least 20 data points
Make sure any procedural variation is represented
Determine the degree of variability in the data to establish acceptable range
Consider the following data set: 3.6, 3.1, 2.7, 2.9, 3.4Mean
The mean, or sample average, provides a measure of centering.Sample Standard Deviation (SD)
SD is a measure of the spread, or variability, in a data set. Most scientific calculators contain a feature for calculating standard deviation.
The coefficient of variation (CV) is the standard deviation (SD) expressed as a percentage of the mean
Ideally should be less than 5%
100x mean
SDCV
Must use Biological Variation (BV) to calculate the SD.
BV will provide CV values for all the analytes. From there we must calculate the SD
Example:BV value for Albumin is 1.6
CV=SD/Mean x100 1.6 =SD/24 x 100
SD=6.7
Use Levy-Jennings chart.
Plot control values of each run, make decision regarding acceptability of run.
Monitor over time to evaluate the precision and accuracy of repeated measurements
Review charts at defined intervals and take necessary action
Consider using Westgard Control Rules
Uses premise that 95.5% of control values should
fall within ±2SD Commonly applied when two levels of control are
used
Use in a sequential fashion.
JAMES WESTGARD
“Multirule Quality Control”
Uses a combination of decision criteria or control rules
Allows determination of whether an analytical run is “in-control” or “out-of-control”
12S rule13S rule22S rule
R4S rule41S rule10X rule
“warning rule”
One of two control results falls outside ±2SD
Alerts MLTs - possible problems
Detects systematic error or random error
Not a cause for rejecting a run
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Mean
Day
+1SD
+2SD
+3SD
-1SD
-2SD
-3SD
12S rule violation
If either of the two control results falls outside of ±3SD, rule is violated
Detects random error
Run must be rejected
If 13S not violated, check 22S
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Mean
Day
+1SD
+2SD
+3SD
-1SD
-2SD
-3SD
13S rule violation
2 consecutive control values for the same level fall outside of ±2SD in the same direction, or
Both controls in the same run exceed ±2SD
Detects systematic error
Patient results cannot be reported
Requires corrective action
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Mean
Day
+1SD
+2SD
+3SD
-1SD
-2SD
-3SD
22S rule violation
Requires control data from previous runs
Four consecutive QC results for one level of control are outside ±1SD, or
Both levels of control have consecutive results that are outside ±1SD
Detects systematic error
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Mean
Day
+1SD
+2SD
+3SD
-1SD
-2SD
-3SD
R4S rule violation
Requires control data from previous runs
Ten consecutive QC results for one level of control are on one side of the mean, or
Both levels of control have five consecutive results that are on the same side of the mean
Detects systematic error
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Mean
Day
+1SD
+2SD
+3SD
-1SD
-2SD
-3SD
10x rule violation
◦Stop testing◦Identify and correct the problem◦Repeat testing on patient samples and
controls◦Do not report patient results until problem
is solved and controls indicate proper performance
Do a summary report of the performance of each analytes.
Compare the performance with Unity Report (if available).
Accumulate 1 month CV and compare with the Biological Variation.
Establish written policies and procedures
Assign responsibility for monitoring and reviewing
Train staff
Obtain control materials
Collect data
Set target values (mean, SD)
Establish Levy-Jennings charts
Routinely plot control data
Establish and implement troubleshooting and corrective action protocols
Establish and maintain system for documentation