8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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INUFE U\N\FU\FEUINUFE U\N\FU\FEU

@AY UAEFNM UEFBHEB@AY UAEFNM UEFBHEBYBUBNYEGYBUBNYEG

Ly( Ntnlbg NuonyfLy( Ntnlbg Nuonyf

U|n|fu|feu fh

Ybubnyeg

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Zryzaub a` U|n|fu|feuZryzaub a` U|n|fu|feu>(\a lbueyfib zgbhakbhn-

9(\a ayonhftb nhl urkknyftb ary yburm| kaybeahpbhfbh|mv nhl kbnhfho`rmmv-

5(\a kncb fh`bybheb ay kncb eby|nfh

zyblfe|fahu-

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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\vzb a` U|n|fu|feu\vzb a` U|n|fu|feu>( Lbueyfz|fpb U|n|fu|feu4>( Lbueyfz|fpb U|n|fu|feu4

Eahebyhbl f|g urkknyftfho |gb lfu|yfir|fah a` ufhomb pnyfnimb

ay kbnuryfho ybmn|fahugfz ib|bbh |a ay kayb pnyfnimbu 'bo4

@yb~rbhev lfu|yfir|fah- kbnuryb a` ebh|ynm |bhlbhefbu-

kbnurybu a` lfuzbyufah nhl ua ah&

9( Fh`bybh|fnm U|n|fu|feu49( Fh`bybh|fnm U|n|fu|feu4Eahebyhbl f|g kncfho obhbynmftn|fah `yak unkzmb |a

zazrmn|fah 'bo4 \+|bu|- Nhnmvufu a` Pnyfnheb nhl Egf+u~rnyb

nhl ua ah&(

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Eahebz|u fh U|n|fu|feuEahebz|u fh U|n|fu|feu

n(n( Zazrmn|fahZazrmn|fah \gb bh|fyb oyarz ibfho aiubypbl- nmkau| nmnvu nuurkbl |a

ib fh`fhf|b fh uftb \gb |a|nm eammbe|fah a` nmm enubu fh gfeg |gb ybubnyegby fu

fh|bybu|bl nhl fugbu |a rhlbyu|nhlfho(

Oyarz ay ub| a` grknh uridbe|u ay a|gby bh|f|fbu 'bo4 nmm

u|rlbh| n| |gb RZK- nmm kbkibyu n| oapbyhkbh|&i(i( UnkzmbUnkzmb \gb uri+oyarz a` zazrmn|fah

Obhbynmftn|fahu inubl ah unkzmbu enh neeryn|bmv ybzybubh|

|gb zazrmn|fah

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Eahebz|u fh U|n|fu|feu 'Eah|(&Eahebz|u fh U|n|fu|feu 'Eah|(&

Zazrmn|fahZazrmn|fah

f(f( Inufe rhf| a` fh|bybu|Inufe rhf| a` fh|bybu|

ff(ff( Chah nu rhfpbyubChah nu rhfpbyub

fff(fff(Mnyob fh hrkibyuMnyob fh hrkibyu

fp(fp(Lf``ferm| |a aiubypblLf``ferm| |a aiubypbl

p(p( LvhnkfeLvhnkfe

UnkzmbUnkzmb

f(f( N zay|fah a` lb`fhblN zay|fah a` lb`fhbl

zazrmn|fahzazrmn|fah

ff(ff( Uknmm fh hrkibyuUknmm fh hrkibyu

fff(fff(AiubypnimbAiubypnimbfp(fp(Enh lyn fh`bybhebEnh lyn fh`bybheb

niar| zazrmn|fahniar| zazrmn|fah

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Eahebz|u fh U|n|fu|feu 'Eah|(&Eahebz|u fh U|n|fu|feu 'Eah|(&PNYFNIMBPNYFNIMB

Nu nh aiubypnimb egnyne|byfu|fe a` nh aidbe| ay bpbh||gn| enh ib lbueyfibl neeaylfho |a eby|nfhemnuuf`fen|fah ay uenmbu a` kbnurybkbh|(

Fhlbzbhlbh| Pnyfnimb4 Fh if+pnyfn|b ybmn|fahugfz- |gbpnyfnimb fu |ncbh nu enrub- hayknmmv ybzybubh|bl ivuvkiam W(

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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>(>( Lbzbhlbh| pnyfnimb4Lbzbhlbh| pnyfnimb4 Fh n if+pnyfn|b ybmn|fahugfz- |gbpnyfnimb fu |ncbh nu |gb b``be|- hayknmmv ybzybubh|bl

iv uvkiam V(

9( Eah|fhraru pnyfnimb!ln|n49( Eah|fhraru pnyfnimb!ln|n4 N pnyfnimb!ln|n f|g n

rhf| a` kbnurybkbh| |gn| enh ib urilfpflbl

fh`fhf|bmv( b(o4 gbfog| ; >2:(5 ek

5( Lfueyb|b pnyfnimb!ln|n45( Lfueyb|b pnyfnimb!ln|n4 N pnyfnimb f|g n inufe rhf|

a` kbnurybkbh| |gn| enhha| ib urilfpflbl(

b(o4 ubw '> ; Knmb- 9 ; @bknmb&

Eahebz|u fh U|n|fu|feu 'Eah|(&Eahebz|u fh U|n|fu|feu 'Eah|(&

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Kbnurybkbh|Kbnurybkbh|

fu |gb zyaebuu a` nuufohfho n hrkiby |aaidbe|- zmneb ay zbyuah(

Mbpbm a` Kbnurybkbh|Mbpbm a` Kbnurybkbh|

\gb kn|gbkn|fenm egnyne|byfu|fe a` n pnyfnimb nulb|bykfhbl iv |gb kbnurybkbh| zyaebuu( N kndayeyf|byfah `ay ubmbe|fho u|n|fu|fenm zyaeblrybu ay|beghf~rbu(

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Mbpbm a` Kbnurybkbh| '\vzb a` Ln|n&Mbpbm a` Kbnurybkbh| '\vzb a` Ln|n&>( Hakfhnm>( Hakfhnm

Uay|fho bmbkbh|u f|g ybuzbe| |a eby|nfh egnyne|byfu|feu

Uay| fh|a en|boayfbu |gn| nyb n| gakaobharu nu zauufimb

Mabu| mbpbm a` kbnurybkbh|

emnuuf`fen|fah- hnkfho- mnibmfho

9( Aylfhnm9( Aylfhnm

Oyarzfho ay emnuuf`fen|fah a` bmbkbh|u f|g lboybb a` aylbyay ynhcfho

Knv ha| ib nimb unv bwne|mv ga kreg |gbv zauubuu

Enh ib nyynhob ay zmnebl fh ufhomb eah|fhrrk

b(o4 Mfcby| uenmb

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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5( Fh|bypnm5( Fh|bypnm

Aylbyfho bmbkbh|u f|g ybuzbe| |a |gb lboybb |a gfeg |gbv

zauubuu eby|nfh egnyne|byfu|feu

Fhlfen|bu |gb bwne| lfu|nheb ib|bbh |gbk

Tbya labu ha| kbnhu niubheb

b(o4 : lboybbu Ebmufru

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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\gbub `ary uenmb a` kbnurybkbh| enh ib\gbub `ary uenmb a` kbnurybkbh| enh ib

obhbynmftbl fh|aobhbynmftbl fh|a \_A\_A en|boayfbu4en|boayfbu4

>( Hah+kb|yfe4>( Hah+kb|yfe4 fhemrlbu |gb hakfhnm nhl

aylfhnm uenmbu a` kbnurybkbh|(

9( Kb|yfe49( Kb|yfe4 fhemrlb fh|bypnm nhl yn|fa uenmbu a`

kbnurybkbh|(

Mbpbm a` Kbnurybkbh| '\vzb a` Ln|n&Mbpbm a` Kbnurybkbh| '\vzb a` Ln|n&

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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>( Lbueyfz|fpb U|n|fu|feu>( Lbueyfz|fpb U|n|fu|feun(n( @yb~rbhev Lfu|yfir|fah@yb~rbhev Lfu|yfir|fah

i(i( Kbnuryb a` Ebh|ynm \bhlbhevKbnuryb a` Ebh|ynm \bhlbhev

e(e( Kbnuryb a` LfuzbyufahKbnuryb a` Lfuzbyufah

l(l( Kbnuryb a` Nuuaefn|fahKbnuryb a` Nuuaefn|fah

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Ln|n Zybubh|n|fahLn|n Zybubh|n|fah

Inufe `rhe|fah a` u|n|fu|feu |a ayonhftb nhlInufe `rhe|fah a` u|n|fu|feu |a ayonhftb nhlurkknyftb ln|n4urkknyftb ln|n4

n(n(@yb~rbhev |nimb@yb~rbhev |nimb

i(i(Oynzgfe zybubh|n|fahOynzgfe zybubh|n|fah

++ Zfb Egny|Zfb Egny|++ Iny Egny|Iny Egny|

++ Gfu|aoynkGfu|aoynk

++ ZamvoahZamvoah

++ Mfhb OynzgMfhb Oynzg

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Obhbynm OrflbuObhbynm Orflbu

Rub kalb gbh pnyfnimb nyb hakfhnm3 var nh| |azybubh| ~rfec nhl bnuv kbnuryb `ay aylfhnm- fh|bypnmnhl yn|fa ln|n!pnyfnimbu(

Rub kblfnh gbh pnyfnimb nyb aylfhnm3 var nh| |aybzay| |gb ebh|ynm ueayb nhl |gb ueaybu kbnurybl n|fh|bypnm nhl yn|fa mbpbmu gnpb inlmv ucbbllfu|yfir|fah(

Rub kbnh gbh pnyfnimbu nyb fh|bypnm ay yn|fa'bwebz| `ay inlmv ucbbl lfu|yfir|fah&3 var nh| |aybzay| |gb |vzfenm ueayb nhl var nh|fefzn|b nllf|fahnmu|n|fu|fenm nhnmvufu(

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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9( Fh`bybh|fnm U|n|fu|feu9( Fh`bybh|fnm U|n|fu|feu \a bhnimb ybubnyegby |a kncb u|n|bkbh| ay

urkknyv ay lbefufah niar| |gb zazrmn|fah

inubl ah |gb unkzmb \a bhnimb ybubnyegby |a kncb u|n|bkbh| ay

urkknyv ay lbefufah ah |gb rhubbh ln|n

inubl ah |gb bkzfyfenm ln|n \a bhnimb ybubnyegby |a kncb u|n|bkbh| ay

urkknyv ay lbefufah ah |gb mnyob oyarz

inubl ah ln|n `yak |gb uknmm oyarz(

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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\wa Knfh Zyaeblrybu a` Fh`bybh|fnm\wa Knfh Zyaeblrybu a` Fh`bybh|fnm

U|n|fu|feuU|n|fu|feu

>( BU\FKN\BU>( BU\FKN\BU

9( GVZA\GBUFU \BU\FHO9( GVZA\GBUFU \BU\FHO

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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U|n|fu|fenm Nuurkz|fahU|n|fu|fenm Nuurkz|fah N ub| a` znynkb|byu- orflbmfhbu fhlfen|fho

|gb eahlf|fahu rhlby gfeg |gb zyaeblrybu

enh ib kau| nzzyazyfn|bmv rubl( Bpbyv |bu| gnu ah nuurkz|fah |gn| ugarml

ha| ib pfamn|bl

@ary knfh nuurkz|fah a` Fh`bybh|fnmU|n|fu|feu

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Knfh Nuurkz|fah a` Fh`bybh|fnmKnfh Nuurkz|fah a` Fh`bybh|fnm

U|n|fu|feuU|n|fu|feu>( Ynhlak unkzmb

9( Egnyne|byfu|feu nyb ybmn|bl |a |yrb

zazrmn|fah5( Krm|fzmb ynhlak unkzmb `yak unkb

zazrmn|fah vfbml ufkfmny u|n|fu|feu |gn|

emru|by nyarhl |yrb zazrmn|fah znynkb|byu

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Hayknm Lfu|yfir|fahHayknm Lfu|yfir|fah

\gb hayknm zyainifmf|v lfu|yfir|fah fu n eah|fhraruzyainifmf|v lfu|yfir|fah(

Ln|n fh |gb hayknm lfu|yfir|fah nyb kbnurybl fh |byku a`

u|nhlnyl lbpfn|fah `yak kbnh nhl nyb enmmbl u|nhlnyl ueaybuay T ueayb(

Egnyne|byfu|feu a` Hayknm Lfu|yfir|fah4

>( F| fu n eah|fhraru zyainifmf|v lfu|yfir|fah(

9( Uvkkb|yfenm ay ibmm+ugnzbl f|g |gb kalb- kblfnh nhl kbnh nyb b~rnm(

5( \gb lfu|yfir|fah eah|nfhu nh fh`fhf|b hrkiby a` enubu(

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Gvza|gbufu \bu|fhoGvza|gbufu \bu|fho

Gvza|gbufu fu n |bh|n|fpb u|n|bkbh| niar|

uakb|gfho(

U|n|bkbh| eahebyhfho4

n( Lf``bybhebu ib|wbbh oyarzu

i( Ybmn|fahugfz ay nuuaefn|fah ib|wbbh pnyfnimbu

e( Egnhobu |gn| aeeryu

U|n|bkbh| ybmn|bl |a ary zyblfe|fah niar|

zazrmn|fah egnyne|byfu|feu ay ybmn|fahugfz

U|n|bkbh| ybmn|bl |a ybubnyeg ~rbu|fah

U|n|bkbh| kru| ib |bu|nimb ay pbyf`fnimb

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Gvza|gbufu \bu|fhoGvza|gbufu \bu|fhoGvza|gbufu U|n|bkbh| Nhl \bu|fho Gbmz RuGvza|gbufu U|n|bkbh| Nhl \bu|fho Gbmz Ru

Ah4Ah4

n(n(Lynwfho EahemrufahLynwfho Eahemrufah

i(i(Kncfho Fkzmfen|fahKncfho Fkzmfen|fah

e(e(Kncfho Uroobu|fahKncfho Uroobu|fah

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8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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\vzb a` Gvza|gbufu\vzb a` Gvza|gbufu

Hrmm Gvza|gbufu4Hrmm Gvza|gbufu4

N u|n|bkbh| a` ha lf``bybheb ay ha nuuaefn|fah 'nkaho

pnyfnimbu- unkzmbu b|e&(

Nm|byhn|fpb!Ybubnyeg Gvza|gbufu4Nm|byhn|fpb!Ybubnyeg Gvza|gbufu4

N u|n|bkbh| nuuby|fho |gn| |gbyb fu lf``bybheb aynuuaefn|fah 'nkaho pnyfnimbu- unkzmbu- b|e&(

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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@ayku a` Gvza|gbufu@ayku a` Gvza|gbufu

\gbyb Nyb \_A @ayku A` Gvza|gbufu4\gbyb Nyb \_A @ayku A` Gvza|gbufu4

>( Lfybe|fahnm Gvza|gbufu4>( Lfybe|fahnm Gvza|gbufu4

b(o(4 Gn4Gn4 895: ay895: ay

Gn4Gn4 = 95:= 95:

9( Hah+lfybe|fahnm Gvza|gbufu49( Hah+lfybe|fahnm Gvza|gbufu4

b(o(4 Gn4Gn4 ; 95:; 95:

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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2 U|bz Kalbm `ay Gvza|gbufu \bu|fho2 U|bz Kalbm `ay Gvza|gbufu \bu|fho

U|bz >4U|bz >4Kncfho nuurkz|fahUnkzmbu ubmbe|bl ynhlakmv

Lb`fhbl zazrmn|fah

Fh|bypnm+yn|fa ln|n

Unkzmfho lfu|yfir|fah hayknm

U|bz 94U|bz 94U|n|b |gb hrmm nhl ybubnyeg gvza|gbufu

U|bz 54U|bz 54 Ubmbe|fho |gb nzzyazyfn|b lfu|yfir|fah ureg nut- |- ` nhl nhl bu|nimfugfho |gb mbpbm a` ufohf`fenhebnu bmm nu eyf|fenm ybofah( Enmermn|b |gb |bu| u|n|fu|feu

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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U|bz

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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n( \vzb F Byyay 'NMZGN BYYAY&4n( \vzb F Byyay 'NMZGN BYYAY&4

\gb zyainifmf|v a` ybdbe|fho n hrmm gvza|gbufu |gn| fu fh`ne| |yrb(

i( \vzb FF Byyay 'IB\N BYYAY&i( \vzb FF Byyay 'IB\N BYYAY&\gb zyainifmf|v a` `nfmfho |a ybdbe| |gb hrmm gvza|gbufu

fh `ne| `nmub(

\vzb F nhl \vzb FF Byyay\vzb F nhl \vzb FF Byyay

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Mbpbm a` Ufohf`fenheb 'Nmzgn Mbpbm&Mbpbm a` Ufohf`fenheb 'Nmzgn Mbpbm&

\gb zyainifmf|v a` nybn rhlby |gb unkzmfholfu|yfir|fah |gn| eah|nfhu rhmfcbmv unkzmb

ar|eakbu ofpbh |gn| |gb hrmm gvza|gbufu fu|yrb( Nmua- |gb zyainifmf|v a` |vzb F byyay

Eakkahmv bwzybuubl nu 6:"- 62" ay 66"ay yf||bh nu nmzgn ; :(>:- :(:2 ay :(:>

62"- yb`byu |a nmzgn :(:2 gfeg kbnhu |gn|b nyb 62" uryb a` kncfho |gb yfog|lbefufah nhl 2" byyay(

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Eyf|fenm YbofahEyf|fenm Ybofah

\gb nybn rhlby |gb unkzmfho lfu|yfir|fah|gn|- fh nlpnheb a` |gb |bu| f|ubm`- fu lb`fhblnu fhemrlfho rhmfcbmv unkzmb ar|eakbofpbh |gn| |gb hrmm gvza|gbufu fu |yrb(

Eyf|fenm pnmrb a` |gb |bu| u|n|fu|fe |a ybdbe|hrmm gvza|gbufu(

Eyf|fenm pnmrb fu lb`fhbl `yak |gb |bu|u|n|fu|fe |nimb eayybuzahlfho |a f|u mbpbm a`ufohf`fenheb nhl lboybb a` `ybblak(

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Ahb+|nfmbl nhl \wa+|nfmbl \bu|Ahb+|nfmbl nhl \wa+|nfmbl \bu|

Eyf|fenm ybofah ah ahb uflb ay ia|g uflbu a` |gb

lfu|yfir|fah lbzbhlfho ah |gb hn|ryb a`

nm|byhn|fpb ay ybubnyeg gvza|gbufu(

b(o(4b(o(4 Ga4 n ; iGa4 n ; i '\a+|nfmbl&'\a+|nfmbl&

Gn4 n iGn4 n iGn4 n 8 iGn4 n 8 i 'Ahb+|nfmbl&'Ahb+|nfmbl&

Gn4 n = iGn4 n = i

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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Ahb+|nfmbl \bu|Ahb+|nfmbl \bu|

N |vzb a` gvza|gbufu |bu| rubl gbh |gb

lfybe|fah a` |gb lf``bybheb ib|bbh

pnyfnimbu ay unkzmbu enh ib zyblfe|bl'Lfybe|fahnm gvza|gbufu&(

Ahb+|nfmbl |bu| gnu n ahb eyf|fenm ybofah |gn|eayybuzahl |a |gb lfybe|fah a` |gb ybubnyeg

gvza|gbufu(

8/3/2019 Basic Statistics for Social Science Research * Dr. Azadeh Asgari

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\wa+|nfmbl \bu|\wa+|nfmbl \bu|

N |vzb a` gvza|gbufu |bu| rubl gbh

lfybe|fah a` lf``bybheb ib|bbh pnyfnimbu

ay unkzmbu enhha| ib zyblfe|bl 'Hah+lfybe|fahnm gvza|gbufu&(

\a+|nfmbl |bu| gnu n |a eyf|fenm ybofahuah ia|g uflbu a` |gb lfu|yfir|fah