basic training on version 13.12.06 dhajji construction · 2013. 12. 13. · the soil. • humidity...
TRANSCRIPT
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Basic Training on Dhajji construction
(PowerPoint lesson)
Version 13.12.06
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Content
1. Concept of Dhajji2. Foundations3. Dasa (plinth beam)4. The frame structure5. Joints 6. Roof trusses7. Walls and bracings8. Windows and doors9. Infills and plaster10.Examples
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1. Concept of Dhajji
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What is Dhajji?
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‘Dhajj’ means ‘patchwork quilt’
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A Dhajji house is a patchwork of timber and stone
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Why is a Dhajji wall strong?
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In big panels, the energy is concentrated
In a usual house, an earthquake first makes:
• ONE BIG crack,
• then TWO BIG cracks,
• then the walls fall out.
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• In a Dhajji house, there are:
• many SMALL cracks,
• and only small parts fall out.
• BUT THE WALLS REMAIN!
Small panels distribute the energy evenly
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Friction breaks down the energy
• Do you prefer to hit a stone or a heap of sand?
Why?
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Friction breaks down the energy
• A stone is hard.
• Either the stone breaks, or the hand.
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Friction breaks down the energy
• Grains of sand are also hard.
• But they will move away.
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Friction breaks down the energy
• When a frame is deformed, the stones of the infill have to move away.
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Friction breaks down the energy
• When the stones and the boards have to move, they rasp against each other.
• This friction dissipates energy.
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Only a solid frame can contain the energy
• An earthquake will put the frame under great stress.
Take care to make:
• Good joints• Good
protection from water
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Solid frame = well done joints• All joints must be executed with great care.
• The quality of the joints will safe you house, and your life.
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• Timber must be in a good state.
• Timber must be protected from water:– Rain– Humidity
from the ground.
Solid frame = well protected
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A Dhajji wall is strong because:
• The small panels distribute the earthquake energy evenly.
• The friction between all the small elements and their in-fills breaks down the energy.
• There may be a lot of small cracks which are not dangerous.
• But large destructive cracks become very rare.
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But, … a Dhajji wall is only strong if:
• ALL joints are well executed.
• Timber is well protected from water.
• The infills are done properly.
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• This is not a dhajji wall !!!
Why?
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• These panels are too big.
They can fall out in one single piece.
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• The panels are to rigid.
There is no friction between the elements which breaks down the energy.
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• This too is not a dhajji wall.
Why?
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• The panels are too big.
They can fall out in one single piece.
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2. Foundations
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• Prepare a good foundation with stone and cement mortar.
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• Place anchor bolts into concrete, into the lower part of the foundation.
• Anchors can be prepared with a plate or a hook.
2 feet2 ½ feet
1 foot
3 feet
1 foot
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• Distance between anchor bolts about 6 feet.
• Diameter anchor bolt ½ inch.
6 feet
6 feet
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• Top of the foundation should be in stone.
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• Top of the foundation should be in stone.
• Avoid a concrete finish, as the water will remain under the dasa.
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• Top of the foundation should be in stone.
• Avoid a concrete finish, as the water will remain under the dasa.
• This foundation is not enough solid.
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• Foundations shouldn’t come out of the ground that much.
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• Foundations shouldn’t come out of the ground that much.
• They become weak, particularly when made in dry stone.
Best: 1 foot only
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3. Dasa (plinth beam)
• Anchoring the Dasa to the foundation• Protecting the Dasa against water and insects
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• Minimum size of dasa: 4x4 inch
• Fix the Dasa with the anchors…
• (Don’t forget to add a solid washer).
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• … but preferably not in the corners.
• (AGAIN, don’t forget to add a solid washer).
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• Bad anchoring of the Dasawith loose straps.
• Bolts or re-bars are better than straps to anchor the Dasa.
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• Don’t place the posts directly on the foundation, without a Dasa.
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• Use the best wood for the Dasa.
• Protect the Dasa with old engine oil.
• Apply oil before placing, including the lower side.
Must also be protected
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• Protect the Dasaagainst water.
• Water from the roof will fall on the foundation and under the Dasa.
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• These are good channels behind the house to keep the water away.
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• These are good channels behind the house to keep the water away.
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• Foundation does not come 1 foot out of the ground.
• Dasa is in contact with the soil.
• Humidity will creep into the Dasaand ruin it.
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4. The frame structure
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• A well done frame structure.
• But this is not for dhajji construction.
• The panels to receive the infills are too big.
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…and:
• No foundation: the dasa on the ground will rot away very quickly.
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• A typical Dhajji frame structure
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• A typical Dhajji frame structure
• Unfortunately the Dasa is missing!
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• This subdivision is correct.
• Main posts should be 4 to 6 feet apart.
• With this spacing, the main posts must be 4”x 4”
4 – 6 ft
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• With no main posts (except the corners), the vertical boards can be 2”x 4”.
• But they must be maximum 2 ft apart.
Max. 2 ft
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• This is not a frame structure.
• Why?
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• No Dasa(foot plate or plinth beam)
• No bracings• No solid
joints
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5. Joints
• Dasa extension joints• Wall joints• Corner joints
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Use a
• Scarf jointor a
• Lap joint
to make the Dasalonger.
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• Length: 3 times size of beam (with 4”x4” beam = 1ft).
• Cut as on the drawing.
• Use a hardwood peg, cut into 2 wedges.
Scarf joint:
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• How to make a scarf joint.
3
1
1
3 4
2
Scarf joint:
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• Length: 3 times size of beam.
• Connect with 4” nails, 3 from each sides.
• First nail 4”from end of wood.
Lap joint:
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• A squinted end of the lap improves the joint against torsion.
Lap joint:
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• To join the posts with the dasa, use tenon and mortise joints.
Tenon and mortise:
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• You can add straps…
Tenon and mortise:
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• You can add straps…
• … or nails to secure the joint.
(here straps are better than nails).
Tenon and mortise:
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• Wall plate and posts must be well connected, with tenonand mortise joints and long nails (4”– 5”) or straps.
Nails only are not enough!
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• Joints on top of a columns are weak points!
Laps are too short!
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• Joints on top of a columns are weak points!
• And what is this ???
Laps are too short!
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• If you join beams on top of a column, you MUST add a capital.
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• Use pegs and tenonand mortise joints to secure the pieces against horizontal shift.
Connect with pegs!
Use a tenon and mortise joint!
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• Add straps to secure the pieces against vertical mouvement.
Solid straps
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• Joint reinforced with a good strap against vertical movement.
• It’s better to put the straps on top and bottom of the beam.
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• These straps are too weak. Why? (check the nails)
• Instead of straps, you can use pegs or 4”nails from the top.
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• This connection to hold down the wall plate is useless. The iron bar will stretch open with the slightest movement.
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• This L shaped connection is insufficient, as the nails will be pulled out with the slightest movement.
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• 3 methods for the dasa-post joint in the corner:
Quarter tenon Half tenon Added blocks
Corner joints
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• Overlap the dasa in the corners.
• Then place the posts on the dasa.
• Add 5”nails to secure connection.
Quarter tenon:
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• How to make the quarter tenon corner joint.
21
3 4
Quarter tenon:
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• Leave at least as much wood after the cut-out as the timber is wide.
L
L
Half tenon:
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• Cut first lap 1/3 deep.
• Cut the lap 2/3 deep.
Half tenon:
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• Then cut out half of the remaining lap of the top beam.
Half tenon:
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• Then cut out half of the remaining lap of the top beam.
Half tenon:
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• Prepare the post by cutting a tenon 1/2 its width and as high as the remaining part of the dasa lap (2/3).
Half tenon:
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• Add a strap before you place the dasa on the foundation.
• Bend it through the joint.
• Nail it against the post with 3 nails. 3 nails
Half tenon:
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• Leave one foot of timber after the joint.
Added blocks:
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• Add 2”x4”blocks:
Added blocks:
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• Add 2”x4”blocks:
• 12” long on the outside
• 10” long on the inside.
• Nail them with three 4”nails each to the dasa.
Added blocks:
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• Add the corner post
Added blocks:
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• Add the corner post
• Fix it with two diagonal boards nailed as shown.
Added blocks:
![Page 86: Basic Training on Version 13.12.06 Dhajji construction · 2013. 12. 13. · the soil. • Humidity will creep into the Dasa and ruin it. 4. The frame structure • A well done frame](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061003/60b1eb0de4845b75d64c6a04/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
• The connection and the strap shown in the picture is insufficient!
• Why?
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• This connection and strap are even worse.
• Why?
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• What is wrong with these connections?
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• Straps alone are insufficient to connect the timber pieces.
• They block movementsonly in one direction.
Post can move sideways, but should not!
OK
NONO
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• This strap is connecting pieces which are too far away from each other.
• It’s of no use, as the pieces will move.
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6. Roof trusses
•Three types of trusses•Where to place the trusses• Cross-bracing of the trusses
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• A roof truss has at least:
The elements of a roof truss
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• A roof truss has at least:
• Two rafters
The elements of a roof truss
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• A roof truss has at least:
• Two rafters• One tie
The elements of a roof truss
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• A tie-beam holds (ties) together the two rafters like chain.
• How would the rafters move without the tie?
What is a Tie-Beam?
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The 3 types of trusses
‘onto’ ‘against’ ‘usual’
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‘onto’ ‘against’ ‘usual’
Truss with rafters placed ONTO the tie-beam
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• The rafters are ‘stuck’onto the tie beam.
• This way, the tie-beam can work at its full capacity.
Truss with rafters placed ONTO the tie-beam
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• Leave at least as much wood after the joint as the beam is high.
Truss with rafters placed ONTO the tie-beam
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• The inclination of the stop-splay should be half the angle between tie beam and rafter.
Truss with rafters placed ONTO the tie-beam
½½
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• Secure the rafters with straps…
Truss with rafters placed ONTO the tie-beam
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• .. or 5” nails put in the same position as the straps.
Truss with rafters placed ONTO the tie-beam
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‘onto’ ‘against’ ‘usual’
Truss with double tie-beams AGAINST the rafters
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• Here the tie-beam is cut in two halves of 2”x4” each.
• They hold the rafters from the side.
Truss with double tie-beams AGAINST the rafters
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• The 2”x4”tie-beams are nailed against the rafter from both sides.
• Use four 4”nails on each side.
Truss with double tie-beams AGAINST the rafters
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• To make good roof trusses, connect the rafters with lateral tie beams.
Two tie beams nailed against rafter
Truss with double tie-beams AGAINST the rafters
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‘onto’ ‘against’ ‘usual’
‘Usual truss’ with a NON-FUNCTIONAL tie-beam
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• This is not a good truss.
• The tie-beam cannot do its job.
• Why?
‘Usual truss’ with a NON-FUNCTIONAL tie-beam
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• The whole strength of the truss depends only on these nails.
• They can be pulled out easily.
‘Usual truss’ with a NON-FUNCTIONAL tie-beam
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• These straps are not able to secure this joint.
‘Usual truss’ with a NON-FUNCTIONAL tie-beam
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• For this truss to work, difficult carpentry work is needed.
• Tenon and mortise jointplus a
• Heavy duty strap.
‘Usual truss’ with a correct tie-beam joint
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‘onto’ ‘against’ ‘usual’
Therefore: only two types of trusses should be used
NO !NO !
NO !
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Additional truss details
King-post Braces Cross braces
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Additional truss details
King-post Braces Cross braces
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• In a truss, rafters move slightly.
• When they move, their ends can break.
• A loose connection is weak.
King-post: why do we need it?
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• Leave as much wood after joint as post is large.
• Secure joint with straps or 5” nails.
King-post
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• A king-post does NOT stand on the tie-beam.
• But it can be used to suspend the tie-beam if this one is very long.
King-post
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Additional truss details
King-post Braces Cross braces
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Braces
• You only need bracings if the length Lof the rafter between the joints is longer than10 feet.
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Braces
• If L is shorter, you can make a short king-post and secure it with two lateral boards.
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Additional truss details
King-post Braces Cross braces
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• Gable roofs must be braced with diagonal bracings.
• Like this they would just fall over.
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• Hipped roofs don’t have this problem.
• Why?
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And finally:
• Place the trusses on top of the posts.
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• Error: Roof truss not on top of the columns.
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7. Walls and bracings
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• Fill the walls with diagonal pieces of wood (1” to 2” thick).
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• Walls can be subdivided in small panels in many ways...
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• Like this...
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• Or like this...
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… but not like this.
• Diagonals are too strong.
• Panels are too big.
• Connection with the posts is insufficient.
• No dasa.
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• Nail the diagonal pieces well to the posts, with 3” to 4”nails, so that they don’t get pulled out during an earthquake.
Nail
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• Diagonal pieces were not well nailed to the posts.
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8. Windows and doors
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• A well placed window between main posts.
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• Don’t place too many openings in the same wall.
• It’s the walls that make the house resist an earthquake, not the windows.
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• Windows must be placed 2 ft away from the corners.
• They must be spaced at 2 ft away from each other.
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9. In-fills and plaster
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Why is mud mortar better than concrete?
• A cement – sand infill makes the wall too rigid.
• The small panels cannot move individually and absorbe the energy.
• Mud mortar is much more effective.
• Pine needles and straw can be added to make the mortar more elastic.
• The mortar must be the same throughout the whole building.
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• Fill in the spaces with stone and mud mortar.
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• Stones must not be too big. Small stones are better.
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• These stones are also too big.
• The mud infill is insufficient.
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• Perfectly shaped stones for the infills are less good than irregular ones.
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• You can add straw or pine needles to the mud mortar to make it more resistant.
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• Plaster the walls with mud containing straw (for more strength).
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• Finish the wall with a nice mud plaster.
• Don’t use cement, as it will break off quickly.
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10. Examples
• A one room house requiring 60 cft of timber• Examples from other countries
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• Material requirement:
• Timber: 63-69 cft• Stone: 320 cft• CGI sheets:
340 sft + 58 rft• Cement: 30 bags• Sand: 35 cft• Door 3.5’x7’: 1 pce• Windows 4x4’:
2 pieces
2 ft
2 ft
1 ft1 ft
Foundation: 250 cft
Infills (-20%): 70 cft
Total: 320 cft
Stone requirement
One room house
Approximately
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1. England2. Turkey3. Turkey4. Switzerland5. Germany
1
2
3
54
From other countries
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• Old house in Switzerland
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Lesson prepared by
UN Habitat (Maggie Stephenson)SDC (Tom Schacher)
Pictures by:
UN Habitat:• Maggie Stephenson• Habib Mughal• KIRS
SDC:• Tom Schacher• Khalid Sardar
Mansehra, Pakistan13 December 2006