basic wildland fire management water delivery. objectives upon completion of this section, you will...

Basic Wildland Fire Management

Water Water DeliveryDelivery

ObjectivesObjectives

Upon completion of this section, you will be able to:1. Identify different types of hoses/valves and their

application2. Recognize different types of nozzles3. Setup a Standard Hose Lay4. Illustrate 3 multi-pump systems and indicate when

each would be used5. Demonstrate how to start a Mark3 pump6. Name 3 engine/pump unit problems when

troubleshooting Mark37. Describe 4 nozzling techniques8. Use Pump Equation to calculate nozzle pressure


Mark3 PumpMark3 Pump


Shindawa25 PumpShindawa25 Pump


Floto PumpFloto Pump


HoseHose

• Suction Hose• Vibrator Hose• Discharge Hose

– ‘inch-and-a-half’– ‘big inch’– ‘Econoflo’

• A-Hose• B-Hose


Hose Care & MaintenanceHose Care & Maintenance

• Melon Roll• Protect from

abrasion• Protect from

chemicals• Protect from mildew


NozzlesNozzles

• Forestry Nozzle• Hansen Nozzle• Fog Nozzle• Econoflo Nozzle


ValvesValves

• Gated Wye• Back Check Valve• Water Thief


Portable ReservoirPortable Reservoir

• Self-supporting tanks • Frame tanks• Stilwell Flyers• Mobile Tankers


Standard Hose LayStandard Hose Lay


Tandem Pump SystemTandem Pump System

• 2 or more pumps pumping inline and very close together

• 20% pressure loss at output of Pump B caused by turbulence

• Used to boost water pressure

• Pumps operated and serviced at 1 location


Parallel Pump SystemParallel Pump System

• 2 pumps side-by-side pumping into same line

• Used to ensure consistent water supply if pump failure

• Pumps operated and serviced at 1 location


Relay Pump SystemRelay Pump System


Gravity Feed SystemGravity Feed System

• Gravity feed funnel tied down in moving water with large opening facing upstream

• 1.5in hose connection


Selecting a Pump SiteSelecting a Pump Site

• Select level, solid ground as close as possible to water

• Stake pump as required• Place fuel can in berm• Ensure bleed-off line well

away from pump• Consider theft adjacent to

roadways


Getting Fuel to the EngineGetting Fuel to the Engine

• Recommended 24:1 gas to oil mixture

• Depress ball valve in fuel line to displace air with fuel

• Ensure fittings are clean• Connect fuel line with

push and turn motion• Open air vent on fuel

can• Use priming bulb until

fuel observed in clear plastic line


Getting Water to the PumpGetting Water to the Pump

• Ensure foot valve is functioning

• Ensure gasket is installed and in good condition

• Attach suction hose to suction inlet

• Place foot valve under 6in of water and keep it from resting on bottom

• Pour water into pump chamber• Ensure all fittings are wrench

tightened• Attach discharge hose


Starting the EngineStarting the Engine

• Starting the engine:– Cut-out switch

pushed in– Choke set to START– Throttle to START– Then quick, short

pulls• Once engine is running:

– Choke set to RUN slowly

– Let warm-up for 3min– Throttle set to RUN


Engine Unit ProblemsEngine Unit Problems

• Gas Supply Problems:– If cracks in clear plastic line, seal with electrical

tape– If fuel pump isn’t working, secure fuel tank higher

than carburetor– If carburetor loose, tighten 2 nuts with offset wrench– If carburetor clogged, order another unit

• Air Supply Problems:– If air filter clogged, rinse in mixed gas and put oil in

filter before reinstalling– Cardboard replacement filters are disposable


Engine Unit ProblemsEngine Unit Problems

• Spark Problems:– Disconnect fuel supply– Remove spark plug– Clean spark plug and check spark gap– Place spark plug in holder and ground to pump– Set throttle and choke to run, then pull starter

rope– If no spark, replace spark plug– If still no spark, check spark plug holder and

lead


Pump Unit ProblemsPump Unit Problems

• Suction Problems:– Clean foot valve and place rocks under/over

valve– Ensure foot valve isn’t jammed with stick, etc.– Wrench tighten all fittings

• Pump Seized:– Undo pump clamp and clear any physical

blockages• Pump Overheating:

– Shutdown pump immediately and wait until pump has cooled


Water Delivery CrewWater Delivery Crew

• Pump Operator responsible for operation and maintenance of pump

• Hose Layer establishes hose lay

• Hose Handler ensures nozzle person drags no more than 10ft of line

• Nozzle Person


Hand Signals for Water UseHand Signals for Water Use


Standard Hose LayStandard Hose Lay

• Lay A-Hose to fire’s edge• Lay ‘horseshoes’ of B-Hose

every 50ft• First Pass to slow spread (i.e.

2ft from edge)• Back Pass to stop spread (i.e.

10ft from edge)• Hose lay around fingers• Hose lay around bays


Progressive Hose LayProgressive Hose Lay

• Gated wyes inserted in main line at intervals• Lateral lines run from wyes to fire’s edge• Used to move quickly up flanks of rapidly spreading fire


HotspottingHotspotting

• Method of direct attack used to check spread and intensity of fire where it’s most likely to escape

• Used when it can be carried out with little or no danger to firefighters

• Chance of hose lays been burned up and/or escape routes being cut off


Nozzling TechniquesNozzling Techniques

• Jet Stream Method– Extends reach of water– Hydraulic control line

• Fog Stream Method– Smother and cools fire

• Puddling Method– Dig out duff and

saturate• Soaking Method

– Wet line ahead of fire


Pump EquationPump Equation

• Pump equationPump Pressure = Nozzle Pressure + Head + Friction

Loss

• Can tell you:– How far will my pump push water?– How much pump pressure do I need?


Pump Equation 101Pump Equation 101

• Given the following, will the pump deliver a minimum effective nozzle pressure of 25psi?

185psi pump pressure150ft elevation difference from pump to fire2000ft of hose required2 in-line appliances


Pump Equation 101Pump Equation 101

• Calculations:Nozzle Pressure = Pump Pressure - Head -

Friction LossNozzle Pressure = 185 – (150 x 0.5) – (20 x 2 + 2

x 5)Nozzle Pressure = 185 – 75 – 50Nozzle Pressure = 60

• Nozzle pressure is 60psi, which is greater than minimum pressure required


Wildland FoamWildland Foam

• Fire retardant reduces or inhibits combustion• Short-term retardant (e.g. foam) relies on water-

holding capacity and cooling ability for its effectiveness

• Foam makes water wetter, sticks to fuels, creates an insulating barrier and isolates fuel from oxygen

• Class A foam designed for porous fuels• Class B foam designed for flammable liquids (i.e.

interface response)


Ground Application of Wildland FoamGround Application of Wildland Foam

• Equipment types:– Suction Side Inductor– Inline Inductor– Compressed Air

Foam System• Foam applied to base of

flame• Don’t walk through

foam blanket• Foam guard may be

used during burn out operations


Considerations for Its UseConsiderations for Its Use

• Use PPE (i.e. goggles, rubber gloves, rubber boots)

• Avoid using foam in environmentally sensitive areas (e.g. watersheds)

• Use foam systems that allow foam jugs to placed further from pump

• Always use a back check valve• Extend bleed-off line away from water source• Before shutting down pump, flush it out for 20min• If you spill foam concentrate on your clothing,

remove clothing and rinse affected area


ConclusionConclusion

• 5 types of water delivery systems• Progessive hose lay used to quickly move a hose

lay up the flank of a fast spreading fire• Nozzling technique will be determined by type

of fire your fighting• Pump equation can tell you what’s happening to

your water supply• Wildland foam increases efficiency of water by

300%


ObjectivesObjectives

Upon completion of this section, you will be able to:1. Identify different types of hoses/valves and their

application2. Recognize different types of nozzles3. Setup a Standard Hose Lay4. Illustrate 3 multi-pump systems and indicate when

each would be used5. Demonstrate how to start a Mark3 pump6. Name 3 engine/pump unit problems when

troubleshooting Mark37. Describe 4 nozzling techniques8. Use Pump Equation to calculate nozzle pressure


basic wildland fire management water delivery. objectives upon completion of this section, you will...

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