basicblueprintreading-140114165558-phpapp01

BASIC BLUEPRINT READING

Basic Blueprint Reading

SUBJECTS
DRAWING BASICSELECTRICAL DRAWINGSPNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGSPIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGSCIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGSMACHINE DRAWINGS

DRAWING BASICS

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Objectives
Define basic industrial drawing structureDefine line typesDefine types of drawings
Note: refer to the Core Curriculum Training Guide for more detailed information concerning the subject matter of this presentation.


Purpose of Drawings
Drawings are used to convey information about a wide range items such as:Architectural building layoutsElectrical wiringPneumatic or Hydraulic layoutsLocation of equipmentHow to assemble equipmentDetails of equipment

Types of Drawings
CivilArchitecturalStructuralMechanicalPlumbingPipingPneumatic/HydraulicElectrical
This is a general list of types of drawings that can be created. The following slides will define the purpose of the drawing type what that type of drawings contains.


Engineering Drawings
A general engineering drawing can be divided into the following five major areas or parts.
1.Title block

2.Grid system

3.Revision block

4.Notes and legends

5.Engineering drawing (graphic portion)


Drawing Sizes
Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F with D size being the most typical
A (letter)

8 by 11inches

B - 11 by 17inches

C - 17 by 22 inches

D - 22 by 34 inches

E - 34 by 44 inches

F - 28 by 40 inches

Metric sizes

A4 (210 x 297)

A3 (297 x 420)

A2 (420 x 594)

A1 (594 x 841)

A0 (841 x 1189)

There are also European sizes, such as A4, which need not be discussed here.


Title Blocks
Title blocks are the beginning point of a drawing information.
XYZ COMPANY

Title blocks are typically located in the lower right corner of a drawing.

While contents from manufacturer to manufacturer may vary Title Blocks typically contain the following:
Drawing Title: identification of what the drawing containsCompany name: the company that created the drawing or manufactured the items drawinDrawing scale: the scale the drawing was drawn in to the real world size of the itemHow many sheets to the drawing there are: some drawings, especially wiring drawings and assembly drawings require many sheets to detail the item drawinWhich sheet this drawing is: what is the sheet you are currently looking at.Designer name or initials: who designed the itemWho drew the drawing, name or initialsWho checked the drawing, name or initialsDate drawing was createdRevision block to list changes to the drawing.

Revision Blocks
The revision block notes any changes made to a drawing
A
Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the modified portion of the drawing such as:
Portions of a typical revision block are:
REV: the revision usually listed alphabetically with the first revision starting at ADATE: the date the revision was madeDESCRIPTION: a short description of the change madeBY: the initials of the person making the changeCHKD BY: the initials of the person who checked the change

Parts Lists
Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list of the material that is used to build the item that is
Bill of Material lists usually include the following:

ITEM: a numerical list of the items

QTY:The quantity of this item number used.

MANUF: The manufacturer of the item

DESCRIPTION: a brief description of what the item it

PART NUMBER: the part of number of the item, usually the one supplied by the manufacturer of the item.


Scales
Drawing scale is a relationship of the size or distance of the item on a drawing to the real item.For example a scale of = 1 means a measurement of inch (the quote symbol is a shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1 foot ( the apostrophe symbol is shorthand for feet) of the real world item.
Add some more examples here of typical scaling here.

Scaling a drawing varies from Architectural to Engineering preferences.

For some examples see the table below:
Mechanical Engineer1 = full size (1/2, 1/8, etc.)2 (3, 4, etc)True size of part of true size2 times true sizeArchitect12 = 1- 06 = 1 03 = 1 0Its true size true size true sizeCivil Engineer 1 = 11 = 101 = 2 miles1/12 true size1/120 of true size1/63,360 true size

Grid System
A drawing grid system allows a specific point on a drawing to be referenced or found.
A

B

C

1

2

3

4

5

6

This point on the drawing is B-3

Because drawings tend to be large and complex, finding a specific point or piece of equipment on a drawing can be quite difficult. This is especially true when one wire or pipe run is continued on a second drawing.

To help locate a specific point on a referenced print, most drawings, especially Piping and Instrument Drawings (P&ID) and electrical schematic drawings, have a grid system.

The grid can consist of letters, numbers, or both that run horizontally and vertically around the drawing


Basic Lines
Object linesHidden linesCutting plane linesCenterlinesExtension linesDimension linesLeaders linePhantom lines
The following slides will detail the purpose each basic line type.


Object Line

The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface of an object.


Hidden Line
The hidden line is used to show features or edges of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of medium thickness.

Center Line
The center line is used to locate the center of features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of alternating short and long dashes.

Dimension Line / Extension Line
Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of a dimension.Extension Lines are use to extend a point from an object.
Dimension Line

Extension Line


Phantom
Phantom lines are used to represents the outline of an adjacent part.The also are used to show an alternate position of a given part
Phantom


Leader
A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It may have a note, dimension value or a number at the end of it
Grind Surface

1


Cutting Plane Line
Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn in detail in another part of the drawing.
A

A


Break Lines
Short Break LineBreak lines are also used to separate internal and external features with broken-out sectionsBreak lines are uses to terminate a view to conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.

The break line is being used to show a part reduced in length on the drawing to conserve space.

250 feet

3

Break Lines Example


Section Lines
Section lines are used where a surface is illustrated as cut. It normally is used in a sectional view.The lines are normally drawn diagonally.

Dimensioning Systems
Different systems of dimensioning are generally used
Fractional inch

Decimal inch

SI Metric


Fractional Inch Dimensioning

2 Dia

21/32 Dia

3/16

1/2

1 9/16 Dia

This type of dimensioning is more commonly used in architectural drawings. Tight tolerances are difficult to achieve in the fractional inch dimensioning methods.


Decimal Inch Dimensioning

2.00

.656

.19

.50

1.56

This type of dimensioning is more commonly used in mechanical drawings since it allows more accuracy and tighter tolerances. Most measuring tools, like dial calipers are scaled in decimal.


Metric Dimensioning

50

16.5

5

13

40

The metric system is similar to the decimal system in accuracy and is used in almost all drawing outside of the United States.


Dimensioning Example

Diameter symbol

Radius

Typical


Abbreviations
Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and simplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing.BOTBOTTOMMHMANHOLERRADIUSC/CCENTER TO CENTERMINMINIMUMREFREFERENCECMPCORRUGATED METAL PIPENNORTHR/WRIGHT OF WAYCONCCONCRETENCNOT IN CONTACTSCHSCHEDULEDIADIAMETERNTSNOT TO SCALESFSQUARE FEETEEAST, ELECTRICALOCON CENTERSQSQUAREELELEVATIONO.D.OUSIDE DIAMETERSTASTATIONFGFINISH GRADEOHWOVERHEAD WIRESTTELEPHONEHHORIZONTALPLPROPERTY LINETYPTYPICALHPHIGH POINTPOB POINT OF BEGINNINGUNOUNLESS NOTED OTHERWISEIEINVERT ELEVATIONPOEPOINT OF ENDINGINVINVERTPPPOWER POLE

Drawing Legends
Legends are boxes drawn on the drawing to illustrate some of the common or uncommon symbols used.

Isometric Drawings
Isometric drawings are designed to show a three dimensional view of an object.

Perspective
Perspective is a method of drawing things as the eye sees them.
Vanishing point

Note: as shown in the example drawing this method distorts the image of the box. The next method of viewing, called orthographic projection is used to remove this distortion


Orthographic Drawings
Orthographic projection shows the drawn object from different views
Projection view

Top view

Left side

Right side

Bottom

Front

Rear

The three views normally drawn are:

Top, which is sometimes called the plan view

Front, or front elevation

Right side, or right elevation


Single Line Drawings
The single line format represents all electrical lines, plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless of size, as single line. System equipment is connected to the lines are represented by simple standard symbols.By simplifying connections and equipment as single lines allow the system's equipment and instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by the reader.These types of drawings are also called Schematics.

Civil
Civil drawings are used to represent construction on the earth or ground areas.Civil drawings are sometimes called:
site plans

plot plans

survey plans.
They will show contours of the earth, building locations, construction features, utilities, etc.

Contour Lines
Contour lines are used in drawings called topographic maps and are used to identify physical features which uses contour lines to join points of equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or height is a number drawn along the line.
180

160

140

120

110


Architectural
Architectural drawings or plans are used to illustrate the design of a project.They include items such as:
Working drawings

Structural drawings

Floor plans

Elevation drawings

Section drawings

Flow diagrams

See 5.2

Working drawings: have much of the information the architects design drawing contains, but is much more detailed and are used by the builders for erection of a building. The are fully dimensioned and can include specific drawings for utilities, lighting, plumbing.

Structural drawings: these drawings will include the framework of a building, the foundations, the supporting columns.

Floor Plans: these layouts show the arrangement and location of different pieces of machinery, offices and any other objects.

Elevation drawings: are related to floor plans and show the vertical views of a building.

Section drawings: sections are cutaway drawings that show details of construction and areas.

Flow diagrams: these are used when a pattern of product flow needs to be documented and are intended to show how material may flow through a plant.


Gridlines
Gridlines refers to the letters and numbers, such as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building in a drawing.
Column symbol

Column A-1

A

B

C

1

2

3


Mechanical
Mechanical drawings are the plans for objects such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc. There are many types of drawings associated with mechanical drawings such as:
Exploded view

Detail

Assembly


Example Mechanical Detail


Example Assembly Drawing


An Exploded View


Pneumatic/Hydraulic
Pneumatic or Hydraulic drawings are single line drawings use symbols and lines to illustrate the connection and equipment to be used in the pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.
Single Line Schematic example


Plumbing/Piping
These types of drawings are similar to pneumatic/hydraulic schematics.
Single Line Plumbing Example

TEE

PIPELINE

TANK

36.00

40.00

Valve


Single Line Drawing
A Single line plumbing drawing example
TEE

PIPELINE

TANK

36.00

40.00

Valve


Orthographic Piping Drawing


P&ID
Piping and Instrumentation DrawingsThese drawings are similar to plumbing but are intended to illustrate the complete piping system and the controlled process flow of material.All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps, instruments and the controls to operate the process are illustrated. They are not drawn to scale.

Example P&ID

CS CONTACTOR

FRESH CIS TANK

PRODUCTION FROM SATELLITES (TYP.)

SLUG CATCHER

TEST SEPARATOR

H.P. BULK SEPARATOR

FROM FUTURE MAIN VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT

HYDROCYCLONES (TYP. 2)

FILTER SEPARATOR

COALESCING FILTER NO. 1

FILL FROM CIS TRANSPORTER

FRESH CIS CHARGE PUMPS (TYP. 2)

FRESH CIS PUMPS (TYP. 2)


Electrical
Electrical drawings are also single line drawings or schematics that uses symbols for various electrical equipment.They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder diagram.Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or pictorial style.

Example Ladder
Ladder schematics or diagrams are drawn with the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the power that supplies the circuit, thus each line creates a rung to the ladder.
L1

L2

Pushbutton

L

Pilot Light

115 VAC


Example Wiring Diagram
Electrical wiring diagrams draws the single lines from each device exactly as it would be wired.

Electrical Schematics
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.
L1

C1

R1

Q1

D1

C2

R3

Q2

T1

+

R4

R2

C3

VGG

-

+

-

Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit, no matter how small.

The schematics do not show placement or scale, merely function and flow.

From this, the actual workings of a piece of electronic equipment can be determined.


Summary
Review ObjectivesQuestion and Answer SessionRETURN TO MAIN MENU

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ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS


Objectives
Define how industrial electrical drawings are structured.Define Graphical SymbolsDefine Electrical wiring diagrams

Types of Electrical Drawings
Wiring Diagrams -Block Diagrams -Sequence Charts Electronic Schematics -

Diagrams
Electrical diagrams are commonly multi-sheet drawings of the wiring of the electrical devices associated with a main control panel, its field devices and sub-panels.It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.

Electrical Diagrams
The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines or ladder.All devices are shown between the lines and may be referenced as Single Line diagramsControlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on the right side.Contacts, switches and other controlling devices are shown between controlled device and left vertical lineOverloads and other circuit breaking devices may be connected to the right of the controlled device.

Example Diagram

1FU

2FU

3FU

DISC

15 AMP

L1

L2

L3

1L1

1L2

1L3

460V

3

60

H1

H3

H2

H4

X1

H2

T

115 V

1M

1OL

2OL

1T1

1T2

1T3

2T1

2T2

2T3

1MTR

2MTR

HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR

3 HP 1800 RPM

FRAME 213

SPINDLE MOTOR

2 HP 1800 RPM

FRAME 184

10 AMP

4FU

10 AMP

5FU

10 AMP

7FU

10 AMP

6FU

2PB

START MOTORS

1PB

MASTER STOP

3

1

7

1M

8

1OL

9

2OL

10

1

1LT

2

4

CRM

CRM

5

11

AUTOMATIC

3PB

RESET

11

4PB

12

CRA

5PB

MANUAL

CRH

CRH

13

14

2LT

R

1M

CRM

CRA

R

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

5

CYCLE START

6PB

15

7PB

16

2CR

17

1LS

2LS

5LS

6LS

7CR

6CR

18

19

26

26

20

21

22

23

5

5

1CR

22

21

21

CRH

A

3LT

1 CR

6

MASTER RELAY 3,3

AUTOMATIC

5, 14, 16, 21

AUTOMATIC

MANUAL

6, 7, 15, 18, 23

MANUAL

CLAMP PART CONTROL

9, 33, 33, 35, 35


Lines
Wiring Field Wiring (external to panel)

Connections

Wiring Not Connected

Wiring Connected

TS4-15

Termination or connection

Terminal strip and terminal designation

Terminals or terminations of wiring are shown with a dot at the crossed wiring. A common practice used to illustrate terminal strips through out drawings is to put a square around the termination dot and label that symbol with the terminal strip number followed by the terminal position on the terminal strip.


Graphical Symbols
Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams to illustrate the wiring between electrical devices and terminals. The electrical devices are either shown in block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols. The following symbols are but a few of those that can be used.A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate any added by the manufacturer.

Graphical Symbols Contd

DISCONNECT Symbol - DISC

CIRCUIT BREAKER - CB

Or for a single CB

Note how the dashed line is used to indicate how the contacts are mechanically connected together and are operated simultaneously. This is a common practice for switches and occasionally relay contacts.


Graphical Symbols Contd

Resistor

Rheostat

or

Tapped Resistor

Potentiometer

Fuses

The similarities between the resistor, tapped resistor and rheostat is simple, they are also resistors. Just ones of different construction. Occasionally the rheostat or potentiometer symbols are interchanged since the function the similar.


Relay and Solenoid Symbols

RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC.

Normally Open Contact

Normally Closed Contact

Coil

SOLENOIDS, BRAKES, ETC.

It is a common practice to put terminal circles (as illustrated on the solenoid) at the end of the contact and coil symbols to illustrate termination numbers of the coils to plug in sockets and mounts for the relays.


Motors Symbols

DC MOTOR

3 PHASE MOTOR

or

DC MOTOR FIELD

A

A

The inductor symbol is used to define the field winding of a motor. It can be drawn in various combinations depending on the DC motor type.


Transformer Symbols

H1

H3

H2

H4

X1

X2

Secondary or Output

Primary or Input

There are many types of transformers with variations of secondary and primary windings. The symbol is usually modified to illustrate those differences and the main purpose of the symbol is to illustrate the required connection of wiring and jumpers for the proper function of the transformer. A common practice is to note the ratings of the transfomer.


Pilot Lights

PUSH-TO-TEST

R

R

The color of the light is typically noted in the symbols. R for red, W for white, B for blue, G for green and A for amber.


Limit Switch Symbols

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

HELD CLOSED

HELD OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

HELD OPEN

NORMALLY OPEN

HELD CLOSED

Note: if more than one contact is contained in the limit switch assembly then the contacts will be connected by a dashed line symbolically.


Proximity Switch Symbols

PROXIMITY SWITCH

Normally Closed

Normally Open


Liquid Level Switches

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED


Thermal Switch

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED


Pressure Switch

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED


Foot Switches

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED


Toggle Switch


Flow Switches

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

This can refer to air flow switches or liquid flow switches.


Selector Switch

2-POSITION

3-POSITION

First Position

Off Position

Second Position

Circuit is connected when switch is in this position.

For a multiple position selector switch each position of the switch is illustrated with a dashed line. Where contacts are made in the circuit at dot or an X is used to show when a circuit is connected when the switch is rotated to that position. Normally the off position is illustrated at the center with the contacts drawn in the state of the off position. For switches with more than three positions more dashed lines are add with labels to illustrate the position.

For a two position selector switch the state of the contacts are drawn in the off or first position of the switch. When the switch is operated the contacts will change with the open contacts closing and the closed contacts opening.


Pushbuttons

DOUBLE CIRCUIT

SINGLE CIRCUIT

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

Pushbuttons with multiple contacts, see double circuit, are connected by a dashed line to illustrate the switch is one assembly. If contacts of a switch are on different sheets of a drawing the dashed line will have a cross reference to the sheet and line number the other contact is on.


E-Stop Pushbuttons

Also can be called mushroom head pushbuttons.


Time Delay Relay

ENERGIZED

DE-ENERGIZED

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED


One-line diagram example
A one-line diagram uses single lines and graphic symbols to indicate the path and components of an electrical circuit.
Fuse symbol

Pushbutton symbol

Switch symbol

Single line conductors

M

PLC

Controller symbol

Motor symbol


Control Device Labeling
Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure switches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O address if a PLC is controlling it.When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.
111PB

111CR

211Sol

211LS

210

211

Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure switches, etc.

These control devices can be identified by the wiring diagram line number or by I/O address and are represented on both "WD" and "EL drawings for a control area. The device will have a suffix as follows; photocells (PE), proximity switch (PRS), limit switches (LS), local lights (LS), solenoids (SOL), air pressure switches (PS), tape switch (FS), etc. When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the device is on page two line 11 of the "WD" or wiring diagram and that it is a limit switch.

When the I/O address is employed, a leading digit of "I" or ."1 " is used for inputs. For Example; I0056PE or 10056PE indicates a photocell connected to input address 56. A leading digit of "O" or "0" is used for outputs. For Example; O0037ll or 00037lL indicates a local light connected to output address 37.


Wiring and Wire Identification
Wiring color code
BLACK - Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage

RED AC Control Circuits

BLUE DC Control Circuits

YELLOW Interlock Control Circuits

GREEN Equipment grounding

WHITE Grounded Circuit Conductor
Wire Identification
Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire

To differentiate between different voltages, controls, etc., a specification of wire color is set as an industry standard. Conductors are usually color-coded as follows:

(1) Black--Line, load and control circuits at line voltage, AC or DC.

(2) Red--AC control circuits.

(3) Blue--DC control circuits.

(4) Yellow--Interlock control circuits wired from an external power source.

(5) Green (with or without a yellow stripe)--Equipment grounding conductors.

(6) White--Grounded circuit conductor.

The labeling of wiring, cables and terminals is also a standard used.

Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire

Terminals on terminal blocks shall be plainly and permanently marked to correspond with the identification shown on the electrical diagram(s).


Device Designations
The device designations or abbreviation, such as examples below, are used on diagrams in connection with the corresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the particular device.
CB - Circuit Breaker LS Limit Switch

CR - Control RelayT - Transformer

FU - Fuse MTR - Motor

LT - Pilot LightDISC Disconnect

OL - Overload Relay

PB - Pushbutton

S - Switch


Line Numbers
Each line in a electrical drawing should be numbered starting with the top line and reading down.
Line Numbers

L1

L2

Pushbutton

CR1

Relay

115 VAC

Solenoid

Limit Switch

CR2

Pressure Switch

Foot Switch

Temperature Switch

Relay

1

2

3

4

If a drawing has multiple sheets the line number will have the sheet number in front of it. For example sheet 1 the first line is 101 and on the second sheet the first line is 201


Wire-Reference Numbers

Wire Numbers

L1

L2

Pushbutton

CR1

Relay

115 VAC

Relay

Limit Switch

CR3

Foot Switch

Relay

1

3

4

2

CR2

CR1

CR1

CR3

CR2

( 2, 3 )

( 4 )

( 1 )

1

2

3

4

1

1

1

2

4

4

5

6

7

8

Wire-Reference Numbers
Each wire in a control circuit is assigned a reference point (number) on a line diagram to keep track of the different wires that connect the components in the circuit.Each reference point is assigned a reference number.Reference numbers are normally assigned from the top left to the bottom right.

Numerical Cross Reference

Cross Reference to Line Numbers

L1

L2

Pushbutton

CR1

Relay

115 VAC

Relay

Limit Switch

CR3

Foot Switch

Relay

1

3

4

2

CR2

CR1

CR1

CR3

CR2

( 2, 3 )

( 4 )

( 1 )

Numerical cross-reference systems are required to trace the action of a circuit in complex line diagrams.

Common rules help to quickly simplify the operation of complex circuits.

NO Contacts
Relays, contactors, and magnetic motor starters normally have more than one set of auxiliary contacts. These contacts may appear at several different locations in the line diagram. Numerical cross-reference systems quickly identify the location and type of contacts controlled by a given device. A numerical cross-reference system consists of numbers in parenthesis to the right of the line diagram.
NC Contacts
In addition to NO contacts, there are also NC contacts in a circuit.To differentiate between NO and NC, NC contacts are indicated as a number which is underlined

Terminal Numbers

L1

L2

Pushbutton

CR1

Relay

115 VAC

Relay

Limit Switch

CR3

Foot Switch

Relay

1

3

4

2

CR2

CR1

CR1

CR3

CR2

( 2, 3 )

( 4 )

( 1 )

1

2

3

4

1

1

1

2

4

4

5

6

7

8

1

3

5

6

1

3

2

10

2

10

2

10

Manufacturers of electrical relays, timers, counters, etc., include numbers on the terminal connection points.
These terminal numbers are used to identify and separate the different component parts (coil, NC contacts, etc) included on the individual pieces of equipment.Manufacturers terminal numbers are often added to a line diagram after the specific equipment to be used in the control circuit is identified.

Panel/Door Layouts
Panel Layout. Door Layout
47

51

52

53

55

1T1

1T2

1T3

271

272

2T3

1

2

3

4

5

460 V

1TB

9 TERM.

3TB

29 TERM.

2TB

36 TERM.

115 V

115 V

1FU 2FU 3FU

DISC

9

9 1/2

2OL

1 1/2 X 3

1 X 3

4FU

5FU

6FU

7FU

1 1/2 X 3

1 1/2 X 3

1 1/2 X 3

1 1/2 X 3

1 1/2 X 3

1 1/2 X 3

1 1/2 X 3

115 V

1FT8 8 TERM

60

60

8FU

62

62

9FU

64

64

10FU

66

66

11FU

68

60

12FU

70

70

13FU

15 1/8

5 1/2

26 1/2

7 1/2

6 1/2

7 1/8

1CR

6CR

1OL

1M

T

115V

460V

CRM

CRA

CRH

2CR

3CR

4CR

5CR

9CR

7CR

8CR

10PB

CYCLE UNCLAMP

8PB

HEAD FORWARD

9PB

HEAD RETURN

11PB

EMERG. RETURN

3PB

RESET

1PB

MASTER STOP

2PB

START MOTORS

4PB

AUTOMATIC

5PB

MANUAL

12PB

EMERG. RESET

R

9LT

LUBE FAULT

G

6LT

HEAD RETRACTED

A

5LT

FULL DEPTH

A

7LT

CLAMPS ARE IN

R

1LT

MOTORS RUNNING

R

2LT

A

3LT

MANUAL

R

4LT

EMERG. RETURN ACTIVE

AUTOMATIC

Panel and door layouts are usually a part of the electrical wiring diagrams to show the location of the devices that are mounted in the panel.

Panel Layout. - The physical position or arrangement of the components on a panel or chassis. In a panel layout the parts (such as relays, fuses, terminals for wiring, wire duct or raceways, etc.) are mounted on a removable back plate within a enclosure.

The parts are usually shown in a block form in their general location and in the size or window area the component will take on the plate.

All the components must be labeled as they are on the drawings and the terminal numbering should match terminal notes in the schematic.

The panel layout is a sheet of the overall electrical diagram.

Door Layout. The panel door layout illustrates the location of all the pushbuttons, switches, lights, etc., and labels for those components.

BOM - with it a BOM (Bill of Materials) is also drawn which lists all the components, by manufacturers part numbers, that are contained within the electrical drawings and panel assembly, of which the back plate and door is but a part.


Drawing Identification
PrefixType of DrawingDescriptionADAir Diagram (Mechanical)These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and air piping diagram for the air operated devices.EScale Layout (Mechanical)These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No.1.ELElectrical Layout (Electrical)These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They are directly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.EMElectro Mechanical (Electrical)These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card of limit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job.EOGeneral Layout (Mechanical)These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., complete plant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No. 1.HOHydraulic Diagram (Mechanical)This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.PLPneumatic Layout (Mechanical)These drawings show the placement of pneumatic devices in relation to the conveyor path. This type of drawing will also reference which of the air diagram drawings (AD) are associated to a pneumatic device.WDWiring Diagram (Electrical)This complete engineering of an area control includes: schematics, panel layout, and pushbutton stations.WDOGeneral Information (Electrical)This drawing is used to convey general information relative to the system control.
The table above illustrates a general list of how manufacturers may identify drawing numbers.

For example if a drawing number is WD200 we then know it is a wiring diagram and if a drawing is numbers EL100 we know it is an electrical layout which will show the location of the devices in the plant.


Block Diagrams
Block diagrams are simple block diagrams which provides a means to illustrate a control system in a simple graphic format.Block diagrams are also used to provide functional information.Block diagrams are also used to illustrate the interconnection of different machines
Where the complexity or the control system warrants. a block diagram of control functions may be furnished. Each block shall be identified and cross-referenced in a manner that the internal circuitry may be found readily on the elementary diagram.

Not all electronics prints are drawn to the level of detail depicting the individual controls and devices, nor is this level of information always necessary. These simpler drawings are called block diagrams. Block diagrams provide a means of representing any type of electronic circuit or system in a simple graphic format.

Block diagrams are designed to present flow or functional information about the circuit or system, not detailed component data.

Whatever the block represents will be written inside.


Example Block Diagram

Process 1 starts if limit switch on

Start pushbutton on

Process 1 stops if limit switch off


Sequence Charts

SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
PRESS START MOTORS PUSHBUTTON 2PB MOTORS START MOTORS RUNNING LAMP 1LT ARE ENGERGIZED.PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC 4PB OR MANUAL 5PB PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND LAMP ARE ENERGIZED.
NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS RESET PUSHBUTTON 3PB BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON 4PB.
AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND CRA ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE.OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS 6PB AND 7PB ENERGIZING 1CR (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PARTCLAMPED PART TRIPS 1LS AND 2LS. ENERGIZING 8CR RELAY 3CR (SOL E) IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS VALVE INTO FEED.WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, 3LS IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY 5CR.5CR CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY 4CR (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS.WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, 4LS IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING 4CR AND ENERGIZING 7CR WHICH ENERGIZES 6CR (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART.WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, 5LS AND 6LS ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY 6CR.2CR RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS ARE NOT RELEASED.
Sequence of Operation: A written detailed description of the order in which electrical devices and other parts of the equipment should function.

Sequence charts can also be tables illustrating the steps and timing of certain operations.

Sequence charts or routines are usually added as a sheet in equipment drawings if necessary.


Electrical Layouts - EL
Electrical layouts are architectural drawings of the building that shows and identifies the electrical devices associated with a electrical diagram.
The numbering system, for the set of drawings which shows the conveyor path and relative equipment locations with dimensions of all electrical devices external to an electrical control panel, starts with a two letter prefix "EL" for Electrical Layout Following the "EL" is a number that represents the control panel. Following this number is a sheet number.

For example; drawing number EL-XXX-2 would be an electrical layout drawing associated with XXX electrical control panel and sheet number 2 in the set.

The first few sheets, in a set of "EL drawings, are conveyor path or equipment location layouts. These drawings show the approximate location of externally mounted electrical devices associated to that particular control panel.

The next sheet(s) are the electrical equipment schedules. These drawing sheets state the device number, mounting bracket type, means of actuation, function, and manufacture's name/part number for the externally mounted devices.


Wiring Connection Diagrams
Wiring (connection) diagram a diagram that shows the connection of an installation or its component devices or parts. This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as possible, the actual location of each component in a circuit, including the control circuit and the power circuit.

Wiring Diagram Example

Motor

T1

T2

T3

Overload Contact

Thermal Overloads

Start

Stop

M

Motor Starter Coil

M (aux)

NO

M

M

M

Wiring diagrams are used to show as closely as possible the actual location of each component and wire termination in a circuit.

Question: Does this circuit function like the Start Circuit Ladder Diagram previously viewed.


Electronic Schematics
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.
L1

C1

R1

Q1

D1

C2

R3

Q2

T1

+

R4

R2

C3

VGG

-

+

-
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit, no matter how small. The schematics do not show placement or scale, merely function and flow. From this, the actual workings of a piece of electronic equipment can be determined.

Summary

PNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS

*


Objectives
Define Fluid Logic SymbolsDefine Fluid Logic Diagrams Define

Shapes
Shapes and lines that are used to construct symbols and circuits:
These shapes and lines in the relative proportions shown, make up a set of basic symbols from which fluid power symbols and circuits are constructed


Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic
Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawings look very similar and the subject is usually referred to as Fluid PowerThe basic difference is Flow symbol.If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifies pneumatic.
HYDRAULIC

PNEUMATIC


Fluid Power Drawings
This type of drawing, like electrical drawings are also considered single line drawings.The line is either an air or hydraulic line connected to a deviceThe devices are shown as symbols whose intent is show the fluid flow and mechanical operation of the device as well as type of device.

Flow lines

Unconnected lines shown crossing

Connected lines are illustrated with a connection dot

Single

Hose usually connecting

parts with relative movement

Flexible

line

Four way junction

Flow line

or

17


Basic Line Symbols

Line

Working line, pilot supply, return, electrical

Chain

Enclosure of two or more functions in one unit

Dashed

Pilot control, bleed, filter

Line

Electrical line

Spring

1

2

3

12

10

14


Circle Shapes

Circles

energy conversion units

measuring instrument

mechanical link

roller

10


Squares and Rectangles

Square at

45o

conditioning apparatus

connections to corners

Square

control component

connections perpendicular to sides

Rectangle

cylinders and valves


Squares and Rectangles

certain control methods

Rectangles

piston


Basic Symbols

rotary actuator, motor or pump with limited angle of rotation

Semi-circle

mechanical connection

piston rod, lever, shaft

Double line

Capsule

pressurised reservoir air receiver, auxiliary gas bottle

13


Functional Elements

Long sloping indicates

adjustability

Arrow

Spring

Triangle

Direction and nature of fluid,

open pneumatic or filled

hydraulic

15


Functional Elements

Straight or sloping path and flow direction, or motion through a device

Arrows

Restriction

Tee

Closed path or port

15


Functional Elements

Seating or connection used in check valves and connectors

Curved arrows are used to illustrate rotary motion

clockwise from right hand end

Shaft rotation

both

16


Functional Elements

Indication or control

size to suit

Temperature

Operator

Opposed solenoid windings

Prime mover

M

Electric motor

M

16


Function components

Silencer

Pressure to electric switch preset

Pressure to electric switch adjustable


Function components

Uni-directional flow regulator

Rotating joint

Pressure indicator

Pressure drop indicator


Plant

Air receiver

Isolating valve

Air inlet filter

Compressor and electric motor

M


Combination units

FRL with shut off valve and pressure gauge

Lubro-control unit

Filter and lubricator

FRL Combined unit

Filter regulator with gauge


Filters

Filter with manual drain

Filter with automatic drain

Filter with automatic drain and pressure drop indicator


Pressure regulators
A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the regulator valve open to connect the supply to the outlet.
Adjustable Regulator with pressure gauge simplified

Adjustable Regulator simplified
The dotted line represents the feedback, this opposes the spring and can vary the flow through the valve from full flow, through shut off, to exhaust. The symbol is usually drawn in only this one state. The flow path can be imagined to hinge at the right hand end to first shut off the supply then connect to the exhaust.

Pressure relief valves
A pressure relief valve symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the valve closed.
Adjustable relief valve simplified

Preset relief valve simplified
The dotted line represents feed-forward, this opposes the spring and can be imagined to lift the flow path. When the pressure reaches an excess value the flow path will line up with the ports and flow air to relief.

Pressure regulators

Pre-set relieving

Adjustable relieving

Adjustable relieving with pressure gauge

Pre-set relieving with pressure gauge


Valve symbol structure
The function of a valve is given by a pair of numerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2..The first numeral indicates the number of main ports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts but excludes signal ports and external pilot feeds.The second numeral indicates the number of states the valve can achieve.

A 3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally these are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2 states (the normal state and the operated state)The boxes are two pictures of the same valve
normal

operated


Basic Valve Symbols
Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on a schematic. The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of switching positions.Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows showing the flow direction. Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at right angles to the flow path.Junctions within the valve are connected by a dot.Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by lines drawn to the outside of the box that represents the normal or initial position of the valve

A valve symbol logic block will show the symbols for each position of the valve states joined end to end as illustrated in the next slide.
normal

operated


Each valve logic state is illustrated with its state block joined end to end
normal

operated


The port connections are shown to only one of the diagrams to indicate the prevailing state
normal


The operator for a particular state is illustrated against that state
Operated state

produced by

pushing a button


Operated state

produced by

pushing a button

Normal state

produced by

a spring


Operated state

produced by

pushing a button

Normal state

produced by

a spring


The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections



A 5/2 valve symbol is constructed in a similar way. A picture of the valve flow paths for each of the two states is shown by the two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an inlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts

The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state



The boxes can be joined at either end but the operator must be drawn against the state that it produces. The boxes can also be flippedA variety of symbol patterns are possible
normally

closed

normally

open


Operators

General manual

Push button

Pull button

Push/pull button

Lever

Pedal

Treadle

Operators of a valve are drawn to the side of a valve box to the side of the box it will be operating. Some operator types are:

Rotary knob

27


Operators Contd

Plunger

Spring normally as a return

Roller

Uni-direction or one way trip

Pressure

Pilot pressure

Differential pressure

Detent in 3 positions

27


Operators Contd

Solenoid direct

Solenoid pilot

Solenoid pilot

with manual override

and integral pilot supply

Solenoid pilot

with manual override and external pilot supply

Electrical

When no integral or external pilot supply is shown it is assumed to be integral

27


Port markings

The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or numbers as follows:
AlphabeticalDesignationsNumericalDesignationsWorking LinesA, B, C .. O (excludes L)2, 4, 6 . . . .Leakage FluidL 9Supply AirP 1ExhaustR, S, T ..W 3, 5, 7 Pilot LinesZ, Y, X ..12, 14, 16, 18

Port Markings Examples

1

2

12

10

1

2

4

5

3

14

12

1

2

4

3

14

12

1

2

3

12

10

29


Port Markings

1

2

12

10

1

2

4

5

3

14

12

1

2

4

3

14

12

1

2

3

12

10

29


Simplified cylinder symbols

Single acting the load returns cylinder to original position

Single acting with spring returning cylinder to original position

Double acting moved by fluid from either end


Rotary actuators

Semi rotary double acting

Rotary motor single direction of rotation

Rotary motor bi-directional


Example Pneumatic Schematic

1

3

1

2

OR1

3

2

12

1

5

4

14

3

2

12

1

5

4

14

1

3

1

2

OR3

1

2

4

3

1

2

4

3

1

2

3

1

3

1

2

OR2

1

3

1

2

OR4

3

2

12

1

5

4

14

#9

3

1

2

PS1

2

1

3

3

3

3

1

1

1

2-2

2-2

2-2

NTD1

NTD2

NTD3

NTD4

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

#3

#7

#4

#2

#1

#8

#9

#10

#11

#22

#25

5

1

3

5

1

3

#12

CLAMP PB4

UNCLAMP PB5

ROTATE ADV. PB6

ROTATE RET. PB7

CLAMP CLOSED LV1

#5

#6

#25

#1

#1

#1

#12

#2

COMMON PB3

DOWN PB2

UP PB1

#1

#22

#17

#13

#16

#21

#20

#19

#15

#18

#24

#14

R1

CLAMP PRESSURE

COMBINATION BLOCKING VALVE & FLOW CONTROL

BV1

BV2

BV3

BV4

CLAMP SAFETY PB8

CLAMP CYL. A1

ROTATE SAFETY PB9

ROTATE CYL. B1

PV3

PV2

PV1

CLAMP EXTEND

CLAMP RETRACT

ROTATE ADVANCE

ROTATE RETURN

RAISE DISABLE

RAISE ENABLE

#0

#23

#8

#10

#11

#13

BALANCER VALVE


Summary

PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS

*


Objectives
Define Piping DrawingsIdentify Piping SymbolsDefine Process and Instrumentation Drawings (P&ID)Identify P&ID Symbols

Symbols and Drawings
Piping drawings show the size and location of pipes, fittings, and valves.To read and interpret Piping drawings and Piping and Instrument drawings (P&IDs), the student must learn the meaning of the symbols. This presentation discusses some the common symbols that are used to depict system components.

Piping Drawings
The single line format is most commonly used in Piping and P&ID drawings. The single line format represents all piping, regardless of size, as single line. All system equipment is represented by simple standard symbols.

Pipe Crossing
The crossing of pipes without connections is normally shown without interrupting the line. When there is a need to show that one pipe must pass behind another, the line representing the pipe farthest may be shown with a break, where the other pipe passes in front of it
Far pipe

Near pipe


Connections
Permanent connections, whether made by welding, gluing or soldering, may be shown as a heavy dot Detachable connections are shown by a single thick line.
Detachable connection

Permanent connection

Adjoining apparatus

Detachable connection such as a flange


Fittings
If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line. A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer.
Pipe Going Away

Pipe Coming Towards

Rear view flange

Front view flange

Pipe Line Without Flanges

Pipe Line with flanges connected to ends


Single Line example

ELBOW

TEE

ELBOW

COUPLING

(JOINT)

CHECK VALVE

REDUCER

45 ELBOW

GLOBE VALVE

CROSS

PLUG

UNION

GATE VALVE

Y-FITTING

CAP

Note: see pictorial drawing of this circuit in the following slides


Pictorial Drawings
Pictorial or double line drawings present the same type information as a single line, but the equipment is represented as if it had been photographed. This format is rarely used since it requires much more effort to produce than a single line drawing and does not present any more information as to how the system functions.

Pictorial example
Orthographic Pipe Drawing
ELBOW

TEE

COUPLING (JOINT)

GLOBE VALVE

CHECK VALVE

PLUG

CROSS

UNION

GATE VALVE

CAP

Y-FITTING

45 ELBOW

REDUCER

Refer back to the previous single line drawing and compare the single line diagram to the orthographic view.


Common Piping Symbols Comparison

90 Elbows

Straight Tee

Reducing Tee

Sanitary Tee

P-Trap

Gate Valve

Pictorial

Symbol


Valves
Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids
GATE VALVE

GLOBE VALVE

CHECK VALVE

CONTROL VALVE

PLUG VALVE

BALL VALVE

BUTTERFLY VALVE

See 1016v1 for symbols


P&IDs
The piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium. Forexample, although the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals and electrical wires as well as piping. The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.

Process and Instrumentation Drawings P&IDs
These process flow diagrams include:
Pipe line numbers and directions

Pipe specifications and line sizes

All equipment

All valves

All Instrumentation with controlling devices


Lines

MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE

MINOR PROCESS LINES

PROCESS TUBING

ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL

ELECTRICAL LEADS

PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR)

HYDRAULIC LINES

INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING

The piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium. For example, the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a P&ID diagram drawing may illustrate instrument signals and electrical wiring as well as piping.


Valve Symbols

Globe Valve Normally Closed

Needle Valve Normally Closed

Ball Valve Normally Open

Ball Valve Normally Closed

Needle Valve Normally Open

Two Valve Manifold

Butterfly Valve

Gate Valve Normally Closed

Valve Normally Closed

Valve Normally Open

Globe Valve Normally Open

Gate Valve Normally Open

Blind Flanged Generic Valve

Note: the generic valve is commonly used on drawings with the valve state noted next to it

N.C.


Control Valve Actuators
Some valves are provided with actuators to allow remote operation, to increase mechanical advantage, or both. Below are a few symbols for the common valve actuators.
Manual

Piston

Diaphragm

Electric Motor

Solenoid

The combination of a valve and an actuator is commonly called a control valve.


Balloon Labeling
A control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of a control valve.The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter to be controlled by the valve. For example:
F = flow

T = temperature

L = level

P = pressure

H = hand (manually operated valve

Flow Control

Valve

FC

One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces with the system or piece of equipment.The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided into four categories. Sensed ParameterType of Indicator or ControllerType of ComponentType of SignalF = flowT = temperatureP = pressureI = currentL = levelV = voltageZ = positionR = recorderI = indicatorC = controllerT = transmitterM = modifierE = elementI = currentV = voltageP = pneumatic
The first three columns above are combined such that the resulting instrument identifier indicates its sensed parameter, the function of the instrument, and the type of instrument. The fourth column is used only in the case of an instrument modifier and is used to indicate the types of signals being modified.

The following is a list of examples:
FIC = flow indicating controllerFM = flow modifierPM = pressure modifierTE= temperature elementTR= temperature recorderLIC = level indicating controllerTT= temperature transmitterPT= pressure transmitterFE= flow elementFI= flow indicatorTI= temperature indicatorFC= flow controller

Basic Symbol Modifiers/Transmitters

Locally Mounted Instrument

Board Mounted Instrument

Instrument Behind Board

Example: Locally mounted voltage to current pressure modifier

PM

P/I

E/I

or

or

P/I

Examples of Transmitters

Flow Transmitter

PT

PressureTransmitter

FT

FT

Sensors and detectors by themselves are not sufficient to create usable system indications. Each sensor or detector must be coupled with appropriate modifiers and/or transmitters.

The exceptions to this are certain types of local instrumentation having mechanical readouts, such as bourdon tube pressure gages and bimetallic thermometers. The slide illustrates various examples of modifiers and transmitters and also illustrates the common notations used to indicate the location of an instrument, for example local or board mounted.

Transmitters are used to convert the signal from a sensor or detector to a form that can be sent to a remote point f o r processing, controlling, or monitoring. The output can be electronic (voltage or current), pneumatic, or hydraulic. The slide illustrates symbols for several specific types of transmitters.


Controllers
Controllers process the signal from an instrument loop and use it to position or manipulate some other system component. Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the balloon after the controlling parameter.
Flow Controller

Temperature Controller

Pressure Controller

Level Controller

Proportional

Proportional - Integral

Proportional Integral - Differential

Current to Pneumatic

FC

TC

PC

TC

P

PI

PID

I/P


Components
Within every system there are major components such as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat exchangers, and fans.
Compressor

Steam Turbine

Pumps

or

Heat Exchanger

Tanks

or

S


Misc. Symbols
In addition to the normal symbols used on P&IDs to represent specific pieces of equipment additional drawing symbols are used to guide or provide additional information about the drawing.
XX-001-X-Y

XX-002-X-Y

Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawing

Pipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing

Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions.

Building/Area Boundary

XX-003-X-Y


Example P&ID Drawing

FEED

255 PSIG

210F

HEATING

MEDIUM

E-101

REBOILER

LC

LG

FRC

245F

230F

LC

125F

275F

FLARE

PRODUCT STORAGE

STORAGE

V-101

1

20

35

P-101A & 101B

PRODUCT AND REFLUX PUMPS

P-101A & 101B

V-102

240# @ 118f

COOLING

WATER

PC

E-101

REBOILER

V-101

DEPROPANIZER

E-102

OVERHEAD

CONDENSER

E-102

V-102

REFLUX

ACCUMULATOR


Summary

CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING


Objectives
Define Topographical MapsDefine Contour MapsDefine Geology and Mining TermsDefine Site Plans DrawingsDefine Floor PlansDefine Elevation DrawingsDefine Structural Drawings and symbols

Topographical Maps
Maps which describe in detail local features of the earths surface, either natural or man-made, are called topographic maps (or drawings). Data taken from surveys are used to build these drawings. Surveying is the actual measurement of distances, elevations, and directions on the earths surface.

Contours
Most topographical maps are drawn as contours.Contours are lines drawn on a map to show points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a single contour line have the same elevation. A contour interval is the vertical distance between horizontal planes passing through successive contours as illustrated in the following slide..

Example Contours Map

Control Points

Relative Elevations

Profile

Contours


Contours Continued
Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of distribution of points of recorded elevation. A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as illustrated in the next slide.Line are established at right angles to each other, dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and elevations are determined at the corners of the squares

Example Grid Contour Map

Elevation

Contour

Grid


Geology and Mining Terms
Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarily measured from north.Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planesStratum or Seam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding planes.Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault.Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another formation. Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two bedding planes of a stratum, seam, or vein.Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earths surface.
See following slide for examples


Geology Terms Example

Fault Plane

Seam or Stratum

Outcrop Area

Strike

Bedding Plane

Dip Angle

Thickness


Topographical Map Symbols
Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.
Highway

Railroad

Highway Bridge

Railroad Bridge

Suspension Bridge

Dam

Telephone Line

Power Line


Site or Layout Drawings
Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile drawings.TThey provide the necessary information on the location, alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal parts in relation to the ground at the site. They also provide other important details, such as the nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent structures and roads.

Example Site Drawing


Example Symbols

Gravel

Paving

Concrete

Earth-finish grade

Earth-rough grade


Floor Plans
Floor plans includes:
thicknesses, and character of the building walls on that particular floor

the widths and locations of door and window openings

the lengths and character of partitions

the number and arrangement of rooms

the types and locations of utility installations


Floor Layout Example

Door Symbol

Window Symbol


Elevation Drawings
Elevation drawings are closely related to the floor plans of a building.These drawings are of vertical views of the building, usually of the outside walls.
Front Elevation

Side Elevation


Structural Drawings
Architectural and structural drawings are generally considered to be the drawings of steel, wood, concrete, and other materials used to construct buildings.

Example of Structural Drawing Detail


Beams
A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per foot of length. The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by nominal depth and weight per foot
Top

End

Front

Symbols

or

S

Top

Front

End


Channels
A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C. Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot
Top

End

Front

C

Symbols

or

Top

Front

End


Angles
The cross section of an angle resembles the letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.
Top

End

Front

L

Symbol

Top

Front

End


Tees
A structural tee is made by slitting a standard I- or H- beam through the center of its web, thus forming two T-shapes from each beam. In dimensioning, the structural tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.
Top

End

Front

Symbols

ST

or

T

Top

Front

End


Members
The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing structural members that support and transfer the loads on the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each other. The places where members are connected to other members are called joints. The total load supported by the structural members at a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus the total live load.

Vertical Members
Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in buildings they may be called pillars. A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called top plates or stud caps. Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.

Horizontal Members
A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam. A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever. One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.

Trusses
A truss is a framework consisting of two horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined together by a number of vertical and/or inclined members to form a series of triangles.
Trusses


Summary

MACHINE DRAWINGS

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Objectives
Define TolerancesDefine Basic Features of Machine Drawings

Machine Drawings
In learning to read machine drawings, we must first become familiar with the common terms, symbols, and conventions defined and discussed in the following slides.

Tolerances
Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore variations must be allowed.This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total amount the dimension may vary. It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount, either by a fraction or decimal. Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific dimension.Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different methods; the following slide shows three examples.
The unilateral method is used when variation from the design size is permissible in one direction only.

The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or minus variation that is acceptable.

In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum measurements are both stated


Tolerance Examples

Unilateral Method

Bilateral Method

Limit Method

.498 DIA

+ .000

- .002

.500 DIA

+ .002

- .000

.498 DIA

.496

.500 DIA

.502

.875

.005

30 1

7 1

8 64

2.250 + .010

- .005

The unilateral method is used when variation from the design size is permissible in one direction only.

In the bilateral method the dimension figure shows the plus or minus variation that is acceptable.

In the limit dimensioning method, the maximum and minimum measurements are both stated.


Tolerance Symbols

Flatness & Straightness

Angularity

Parallelism

Perpendicularity

Concentricity

True Position

Roundness

Symmetry

(MMC) Maximum Material Condition

(RFS) Regardless of Feature size

Datum Identifying symbol

Tolerance

Datum

Symbol

Feature Control Symbol

M

S

- A -

A

.001

A datum is a surface, line, or point from which a geometric position is to be determined or from which a distance is to be measured.

Any letter of the alphabet except I, O, and Q may be used as a datum identifying symbol.

A feature control symbol is made of geometric symbols and tolerances.


Class Exercise
Do Class Exercise Tolerances

Fillets and Rounds
Fillets are concave metal corner (inside) surfaces. Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that have been rounded to prevent chipping and to avoid sharp cutting edges
Fillet

Rounds


Slots and Slides
Slots and slides mate two specially shaped pieces of material and securely hold them together, yet allow them to move or slide.
Tee Slot Slide

Tee Slot

Dovetail Slide

Dovetail Slot


Keys, Keyseats, Keyways
A key is a small wedge or rectangular piece of metal inserted in a slot or groove between a shaft and a hub to prevent slippage
Flat Bottom

Round Bottom

Square

Keyseat and Keyway


Screw Threads
Draftsmen use different methods to show thread on drawings
Without Thread Relief

With Thread Relief

Simplified Method of Thread Representation


Gears
When gears are drawn on machine drawings usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to identify the dimensions.
Root Dia.

Pitch Dia.

Outside Dia.

Whole Depth

Working Depth

Dedendum

Addendum

Clearance


Springs
There are three classifications of helical springs: compression, extension, and torsion. Drawings seldom show a true presentation of the helical shape; instead, they usually show springs with straight lines
Common Types of Helical Springs

Symbol Representation of Springs


Finish Marks
Many metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for various reasons.A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it is used to show these surfaces and to specify the degree of finish.
Example of Use

02

3 X MIN.

x

x

60

60


Welding
Welding is a process of joining metals by fusion or heating into a single joined mass.Symbols will define the type of weld required.
Square Weld

Fillet Weld

Symbol

Symbol


Weld Drawing Symbols
A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements
1. Reference Line

2. Arrow connects reference line to joint

3. Weld symbol this indicates a fillet weld

2

4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches long with leg length of inch

5. Supplementary symbols this illustrates a convex weld

6. Finish symbol g = grinding, c = chipped, m = machined.

G

7. Tail will have information about the process. OAW is a type of welding here. It is left off if no info needed.

OAW


Example Drawing


Summary

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Documents

drawing title

drawing type

initialsdate drawing

drawing containscompany

revision block4

typical revision block

type of drawings

list changes