basics of fire, safety & emergency preparedness. loss control services2 importance of safety...

BASICS OF FIRE, SAFETY & EMERGENCY BASICS OF FIRE, SAFETY & EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESSPREPAREDNESS

Loss Control Services 2

IMPORTANCE OF SAFETYIMPORTANCE OF SAFETY

• PROFIT = SELLING COST – INPUT COST PROFIT = SELLING COST – INPUT COST - ?- ?

MURPHY’s LAWMURPHY’s LAW

If anything can go wrong, it will If anything can go wrong, it will go wronggo wrong

Not a pessimistic statementNot a pessimistic statement


MOTTOMOTTO

• SAVE INVALUABLE HUMAN LIFESSAVE INVALUABLE HUMAN LIFES– Fight Back with Proper TechniquesFight Back with Proper Techniques

• SAVE VALUABLE PROPERTYSAVE VALUABLE PROPERTY– Plant, Machinery, Products, Raw Materials, Plant, Machinery, Products, Raw Materials,

etc.etc.

• SAFETY OF OPERATIONSSAFETY OF OPERATIONS


EVERY 20 SECONDS, EVERY 20 SECONDS,

ONE PERSON DIES AS A ONE PERSON DIES AS A RESULT OF AN ACCIDENTRESULT OF AN ACCIDENT

Source - ILOSource - ILO


The Domino TheoryThe Domino Theory

• Developed by Herbert Henrich (Travelers Developed by Herbert Henrich (Travelers Insurance Co) in 1920Insurance Co) in 1920

• He evaluated over 75,000 industrial He evaluated over 75,000 industrial accidentsaccidents

• His evaluation demonstrated:His evaluation demonstrated:

– 88% accidents causes by unsafe acts88% accidents causes by unsafe acts

– 10% of accidents caused by unsafe 10% of accidents caused by unsafe conditionsconditions

– 2% of accidents were just unavoidable2% of accidents were just unavoidable


LOSSES DUE TO FIRELOSSES DUE TO FIRE

• 3 3 Crores National Asset Loss Every DayCrores National Asset Loss Every Day

LOSSESLOSSES

40 % Direct Losses40 % Direct Losses 60 % In Direct 60 % In Direct LossesLosses

Man Hour Lost Man Hour Lost

Production LossProduction Loss

Credibility LossCredibility Loss

• Massive Life and Infrastructural LossMassive Life and Infrastructural Loss• Heavy Loss to EnvironmentHeavy Loss to Environment


Fire TriangleFire Triangle

For a fire to start three conditions must For a fire to start three conditions must be met at the same time:be met at the same time:

FUEL OXYGEN

HEAT


FUEL TYPESFUEL TYPES

• All matter can be used as a fuel.All matter can be used as a fuel.• It is no surprise that the three states It is no surprise that the three states

of matter are the three fuel forms of matter are the three fuel forms that we will look at.that we will look at.

• SOLIDSOLID• LIQUIDLIQUID• GASGAS


More DefinitionsMore Definitions• FireFire

– A slow form of A slow form of deflagrationdeflagration

• DeflagrationDeflagration– Propagating reactions in which the energy transfer from Propagating reactions in which the energy transfer from

the reaction zone to the unreacted zone is the reaction zone to the unreacted zone is accomplished accomplished

thru ordinary transport processes such as heat and thru ordinary transport processes such as heat and mass transfer.mass transfer.

• Detonation / ExplosionDetonation / Explosion– Propagating reactions in which energy is transferred Propagating reactions in which energy is transferred

from the reaction zone to the unreacted zone on a from the reaction zone to the unreacted zone on a reactive shock wave. The velocity of the shock wave reactive shock wave. The velocity of the shock wave always exceeds sonic velocity in the reactant.always exceeds sonic velocity in the reactant.


SOME TERMINOLOGIESSOME TERMINOLOGIES

• MSDS – MATERIAL SAFETY DATA MSDS – MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETSHEET

• TLV ~ THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUETLV ~ THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE• PPM – PARTS PER MILLIONPPM – PARTS PER MILLION• STEL – SHORT TERM EXPOSURE LIMITSTEL – SHORT TERM EXPOSURE LIMIT• IDLH – IMMEDIATE DANGER TO LIFE & IDLH – IMMEDIATE DANGER TO LIFE &

HEALTHHEALTH


–Specific Gravity

Ratio of the weight of a substance (the liquid) to the weight of water. Specific Gravity of Water = 1.


IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIESIMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES

• Flash Point / Fire PointFlash Point / Fire Point

– Flash Point – Lowest temperature at which liquid will generate enough vapor to flash, but not continue to burn.

– Fire Point – Lowest temperature at which liquid will ignite and continue to burn.DOT & UN DOT & UN

ClassificatiClassificationon

Flammable LiquidFlammable Liquid Flash Point Flash Point ≤141°F ≤141°F

Combustible LiquidCombustible LiquidFlash Point Flash Point >141°F and >141°F and <200°F. <200°F.

WHAT WILL U DO IF U SMELL WHAT WILL U DO IF U SMELL LPG GAS LEAK IN YOUR LPG GAS LEAK IN YOUR

HOUSE @ 3A.M IN MORNINGHOUSE @ 3A.M IN MORNING


WHERE TO ATTACKWHERE TO ATTACK


THE FIRE TRIANGLETHE FIRE TRIANGLE

OXYGENOXYGEN

Normal Atmospheric Normal Atmospheric

ContentsContents

21 %21 % -- OxygenOxygen

78 % 78 % - -

NitrogenNitrogen

01 % 01 % - - Mix. Of Mix. Of

Other Other GasesGases


OXYGENOXYGEN

• RATE OF MINIMUM AIR CONSUMPTION RATE OF MINIMUM AIR CONSUMPTION • MAXIMUM AIRMAXIMUM AIR• O2 IN EXHALE AIRO2 IN EXHALE AIR• WHAT IN 3 MINUTESWHAT IN 3 MINUTES• WHERE IS O2 SUPPOSED TO BE WHERE IS O2 SUPPOSED TO BE

ENSUREDENSURED


OXYGENOXYGEN

• AIR CONTAINS 21% AIR CONTAINS 21% OxygenOxygen

• Humans need 15% Humans need 15% OO2 2 (Oxygen) in their (Oxygen) in their air to survive.air to survive.

• Fires need 15% OFires need 15% O2 2

to “survive” in to “survive” in flaming modeflaming mode


Oxygen Deficient Oxygen Deficient AtmospheresAtmospheres

OSHA ~OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY HEALTH OSHA ~OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY HEALTH ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION

19.5 %19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level.Minimum acceptable oxygen level.

15 - 19%15 - 19% Decreased ability to work Decreased ability to work strenuously.strenuously. Impair coordination. Impair coordination.

12-14%12-14% Respiration increases. Poor judgment.Respiration increases. Poor judgment.

10-12%10-12% Respiration increases. Lips blue.Respiration increases. Lips blue.

8-10%8-10% Mental failure. Fainting. Mental failure. Fainting. Unconsciousness. Unconsciousness.

Vomiting.Vomiting.

6-8%6-8% 8 minutes - fatal, 8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes - 50% fatal6 minutes - 50% fatal

4-6%4-6% Coma in 40 seconds. DeathComa in 40 seconds. Death


What if we reduce oxygen to What if we reduce oxygen to fires?fires?

• LOW O2 CAUSES INCOMPLETE LOW O2 CAUSES INCOMPLETE COMBUSTIONCOMBUSTION

• This leads to the formation of CO This leads to the formation of CO (Carbon Monoxide) and other fire gas (Carbon Monoxide) and other fire gas productionproduction

• The fire will die out, become darker, The fire will die out, become darker, and produce either thick black, or and produce either thick black, or sickly green smoke.sickly green smoke.


Carbon Monoxide (CO)

- toxic, colorless, odorless, combustible gas, slightly lighter than air.

- a by-product of combustion, found in almost every industry.

- Enters blood stream thru the lungs, replaces oxygen in blood stream and causes

asphyxiation


SMOKE IS FLAMMABLE SMOKE IS FLAMMABLE – BE AWARE WHILE – BE AWARE WHILE

ENTERING SMOKE FILLED ENTERING SMOKE FILLED ROOMROOM

backdraft.mpg


4 METHODS OF HEAT 4 METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFERTRANSFER

• CONDUCTIONCONDUCTION

• CONVECTIONCONVECTION

• RADIATIONRADIATION

• DIRECT FLAME IMPINGEMENTDIRECT FLAME IMPINGEMENT


HOW SHOULD EARTHING HOW SHOULD EARTHING BE??BE??


IDENTIFY THE HAZARDOUS IDENTIFY THE HAZARDOUS AREA IN PLANTSAREA IN PLANTS

• ZONE – ‘0’ZONE – ‘0’• ZONE –’1’ZONE –’1’• ZONE’ - 2’ZONE’ - 2’


FLAMABLE CONDITIONSFLAMABLE CONDITIONS

A fire will not always start when the A fire will not always start when the legs of the fire triangle meet, unless all legs of the fire triangle meet, unless all three elements are present in the three elements are present in the required amounts.required amounts.

For example: Vapors from a flammable For example: Vapors from a flammable liquid must be mixed with a certain liquid must be mixed with a certain amount of air in order to ignite and amount of air in order to ignite and propagate a flame. [ UEL – LEL ]propagate a flame. [ UEL – LEL ]


THREE STAGES OF FIRETHREE STAGES OF FIRE

• INCIPIENTINCIPIENT

• FREE BURNING FREE BURNING

(STEADY STATE)(STEADY STATE)

• HOT SMOLDERING HOT SMOLDERING

(DECAY STATE)(DECAY STATE)


BURNING STAGESBURNING STAGES• INCIPIENT STAGEINCIPIENT STAGE• OXYGEN 21%OXYGEN 21%• PORTABLE EXTINGUISHER PORTABLE EXTINGUISHER

CAN HANDLECAN HANDLE

• FREE BURNING FREE BURNING STAGESTAGE

• OXYGEN 19% - 16%OXYGEN 19% - 16%

• SMOLDERING STAGESMOLDERING STAGE

• OXYGEN AT 15% OR LESSOXYGEN AT 15% OR LESS

Be Cautious to Back Draft Be Cautious to Back Draft

SituationSituation


Methods of extinguishing a Methods of extinguishing a firefire

– Reduction the TemperatureReduction the Temperature– Removal of FuelRemoval of Fuel– Inhibition of Chain ReactionInhibition of Chain Reaction– Exclusion of OxygenExclusion of Oxygen


EXTINGUISHING MECHANISMEXTINGUISHING MECHANISM

• SMOOTHERINGSMOOTHERING– Cutting Oxygen SupplyCutting Oxygen Supply

» Blanketing the Surface of FireBlanketing the Surface of Fire» Apply PowderApply Powder» Apply FoamApply Foam

• COOLING COOLING – [ Heat Propagation- Radiation, Conduction & [ Heat Propagation- Radiation, Conduction &

Convection] Convection]– Reducing the HeatReducing the Heat

» Apply WaterApply Water» Apply Carbon-Di-OxideApply Carbon-Di-Oxide

• STARVATIONSTARVATION– Cutting of Fuel SupplyCutting of Fuel Supply


CLASSIFICATION OF FIRECLASSIFICATION OF FIRECLASSIFICATION OF FIRE

Wood, Paper, Wood, Paper, Plastic, ClothPlastic, Cloth

Flammable Liquids, Flammable Liquids, Grease, GasGrease, Gas

ElectricalElectrical Combustible Combustible MetalsMetals

The classifications are important to understand since each type of fire extinguisher is designed for a specific class of fire. Picking the wrong type of extinguisher for the type of fire could make the situation much worse.


EXTINGUISHING MEDIASEXTINGUISHING MEDIAS

• DRY POWDERDRY POWDER• WATERWATER• FOAMFOAM• CARBON - Di – OXIDECARBON - Di – OXIDE• FM-200FM-200• SANDSAND• STEAMSTEAM


V C EUNCONFINED

APOR

LOUD

XPLOSIONS

• An overpressure caused when a gas cloud An overpressure caused when a gas cloud detonates or deflagrates in open air rather than detonates or deflagrates in open air rather than simply burns.simply burns.


• The result of a vessel failure in a fire The result of a vessel failure in a fire and release of a pressurized liquid and release of a pressurized liquid rapidly into the firerapidly into the fire

• A pressure wave, a fire ball, vessel A pressure wave, a fire ball, vessel fragments and burning liquid droplets fragments and burning liquid droplets are usually the resultare usually the result

B L E VOILING

IQUID

XPANDING

XPLOSIONS

EAPOR


BLEVEBLEVE

FUELSOURCE


INDUSTRIAL GAS CYLINDERS COLOUR CODE AND INDUSTRIAL GAS CYLINDERS COLOUR CODE AND DESCRIPTIONSDESCRIPTIONS

GASGAS OXYOXYGENGEN

NITRNITROGEOGE

NN

CARCARBONBONDIODIOXIDEXIDE

AMMAMMONIAONIA

FREOFREON - 12N - 12

ARGARGONON

CHLOCHLORINERINE

HYDRHYDROGENOGEN

ACETYACETYLENELENE LPGLPG AIRAIR

VISUAL VISUAL IDENTIFICATIDENTIFICAT

IONION

DISTINCTIVE DISTINCTIVE

COLOUR COLOUR BODYBODYBANDBAND

BLACK

NONE

GREY

NONE

BLACK

WHITE

BLACKRED &YELLOW

Bottom end Grey Neck endViolet None

BLUE

NONE

YELLOW

NONE

RED

NONE

MAROON

NONE

RED

NONE

GREY

NONE

SIZE IN SIZE IN COMM. USECOMM. USELENGTH (M)LENGTH (M) 1.61.6

1.451.45

1.61.6

1.461.46

1.521.52

1.221.22

1.51.5

1.61.6 1.41.4 1.51.5

1.51.5

2.02.0

1.61.6

1.451.45 1.21.2 1.21.2

1.61.6

1.451.45

IS 2379 : 1990 IS 2379 : 1990 WATER - SEA GREENSTEAM - ALUMINIUMMINERAL, VEGETABLE & ANIMAL OILS, COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS - LIGHT BROWNACID - DARK VIOLETALKALI’s - SMOKE GREYAIR - SKY BLUEGASES - CANARY YELLOWOTHER LIQUID/GASES WHICH DOES NOT NEED IDENTIFICATION - BLACKHYDROCARBONS/ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

– DARK ADMIRALITY GREY


WHERE TO PLACE CAUTION WHERE TO PLACE CAUTION & SIGN BOARDS& SIGN BOARDS

ToxicityToxicity

The dose determines level of toxicityThe dose determines level of toxicity

• Dose = Concentration X exposure Dose = Concentration X exposure TimeTime

• Acute vs. Chronic Acute vs. Chronic – alcohol consumptionalcohol consumption

• Local vs. SystemicLocal vs. Systemic– pet flea shampoopet flea shampoo


Flammable Liquid Fire Flammable Liquid Fire ScenarioScenario

• Flammable Liquid SpillFlammable Liquid Spill

• Forms Pool of Liquid on FloorForms Pool of Liquid on Floor

– ((REMEMBER 1 gal. of liquid = 20 sq. REMEMBER 1 gal. of liquid = 20 sq. ft. of floor areaft. of floor area))

– Example 55 gal drum x 20 sq. ft. = 1100 Example 55 gal drum x 20 sq. ft. = 1100 sq. ft. (IMPORTANT LATER!!)sq. ft. (IMPORTANT LATER!!)


TO CONCLUDETO CONCLUDE


CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL FIRECAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL FIRE CAUSESCAUSES PERCENTAGEPERCENTAGE

• ElectricityElectricity 2323

• Smoking/MobileSmoking/Mobile 1818• FrictionFriction 1010• Over Head MaterialOver Head Material 88• Hot SurfaceHot Surface 77• Burner FlameBurner Flame 77• Combustion Spark Combustion Spark 55• Spontaneous IgnitionSpontaneous Ignition 44• Cutting & WeldingCutting & Welding 44• ExposureExposure 33• SabotageSabotage 33• Chemical ActionChemical Action 11


LIST THE REASON FOR LIST THE REASON FOR THE MAJOR CAUSES OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF

FIRE IN INDUSTRIESFIRE IN INDUSTRIES


USE OF P P E IN EMERGENCY

Extinguisher Selection Extinguisher Selection vs. vs.

Fire ClassificationFire Classification

ExtinguisherExtinguisher Class AClass A Class BClass B Class CClass CClass Class

DD

Water ExtinguisherWater Extinguisher YesYes NoNo NoNo NoNo

CO2 ExtinguisherCO2 Extinguisher NoNo YesYes YesYes YesYes

ABC ExtinguisherABC Extinguisher YesYes YesYes YesYes YesYes

K Extinguisher K Extinguisher YesYes YesYes NoNo NoNo

Wood, Paper, Wood, Paper, Plastic, ClothPlastic, Cloth

Flammable Liquids, Flammable Liquids, Grease, GasGrease, Gas

ElectricalElectrical Combustible Combustible MetalsMetals

The classifications are important to understand since each type of fire extinguisher is designed for a specific class of fire. Picking the wrong type of extinguisher for the type of fire could make the situation much worse.


Portable Fire Extinguisher SafetyPortable Fire Extinguisher Safety

Characteristics

Water extinguisher 30-40 ft. 60 sec.

Dry chemical 5-20 ft. 8-25 sec.

CO2 extinguisher 3-8 ft. 8-30 sec.


Using Portable Fire ExtinguisherUsing Portable Fire Extinguisher

Making That “Right” Decision

You are trained in the use of You are trained in the use of extinguishers.extinguishers.

You know what is burning.You know what is burning.

Fire is not spreading rapidly.Fire is not spreading rapidly.

Smoke and heat has not filled the Smoke and heat has not filled the area.area.

You have a clear path of escape.You have a clear path of escape.

Follow your instincts.Follow your instincts.


BEFORE USING FIRE BEFORE USING FIRE EXTINGUISHEREXTINGUISHER

• Ensure no Casualty in the AreaEnsure no Casualty in the Area• Check for Wind DirectionCheck for Wind Direction• Check proper ventilationCheck proper ventilation• Avoid using Fire Extinguisher in Avoid using Fire Extinguisher in

Confined Confined

SpaceSpace• Check for Proper Capacity and Type of Check for Proper Capacity and Type of

Fire Extinguisher to be used on FireFire Extinguisher to be used on Fire


When When NOTNOT to Use a Fire to Use a Fire ExtinguisherExtinguisher

• If you don’t have the correct type or a If you don’t have the correct type or a large enough extinguisher.large enough extinguisher.

• If the fire is producing a large amount If the fire is producing a large amount of smoke.of smoke.

• If the fire is more than 2 ft. high or is If the fire is more than 2 ft. high or is moving rapidly.moving rapidly.

• The final rule, and most important—The final rule, and most important—AlwaysAlways place yourself between the place yourself between the fire and an exit. fire and an exit. Never Never try to use an try to use an extinguisher without an escape route.extinguisher without an escape route.


DO’s & DON’T’s IN DO’s & DON’T’s IN EMERGENCIESEMERGENCIES

• DONT’sDONT’s– Don’t Create Panic. Be Calm and Assess the Don’t Create Panic. Be Calm and Assess the

Situation [Lucknow Railway Station Situation [Lucknow Railway Station Stampede]Stampede]

– Don’t Spread RumorsDon’t Spread Rumors

– Clearly follow instructions and don’t stay Clearly follow instructions and don’t stay back to collect your belongings back to collect your belongings

– Don’t Run. Fast MarchDon’t Run. Fast March

– Don’t Rush with your vehicles to obstruct Don’t Rush with your vehicles to obstruct the Entry-Exit Main Points the Entry-Exit Main Points

– Don’t Park your vehicles at wrong placeDon’t Park your vehicles at wrong place


• DO’sDO’s

– Pick up the nearest Fire Extinguishers and Pick up the nearest Fire Extinguishers and

FightFight

– Keep Telephone Lines FreeKeep Telephone Lines Free

– Inform Fire/Safety Department ImediatelyInform Fire/Safety Department Imediately

– Assist External Aid AgenciesAssist External Aid Agencies

– Clearly Listen and Follow the Instructions of Clearly Listen and Follow the Instructions of

the Incident Commanderthe Incident Commander

– Help the Fire Fighting Team if asked to do soHelp the Fire Fighting Team if asked to do so

– Inform your authorities Inform your authorities

– Immediately Evacuate if asked to do soImmediately Evacuate if asked to do so

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