basics of solar cell

8/6/2019 Basics of Solar Cell

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Basics Of Solar Cell

Presented By :-Aman Chopra

Deepak Verma

ww.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com


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About solar cell. Generation of solar cell. Types of semiconductor used in solar cell. Photo Voltaic Effect. Solar cell Efficiency factor.

Equivalent circuit ofS

olar cell. I-V characteristics of Zno. Losses in solar cell. Opportunities forImprovement. Applications Conclusion.


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A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts

sunlight directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.

Solar Cell is made of monocrystalline silicon wafer.

Treated to be positive on one side and negative on the

other.

When light energy hits the cell, electrons are knocked loose

from the atoms in the semiconductor material.

If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and

negative sides, forming an electrical circuit, the electronscan be captured in the form of an electric current.

Solar Cell


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1. First Generation :First generation cells consist of large-

area, high quality and single junction devices and reducing

production cost.

2. Second Generation:Second generation materials have been

developed to address energy requirements and production

costs of solar cells.As vapour deposition , electroplating

and Ultrasonic Nozzles,they reduce high temperature

processing significantly.

3. Third Generation :Third generation technologies aim toenhance poor electrical performance of second generation

(thin-film technologies) while maintaining very low

production costs.


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Inorganic semiconductor

Organic semiconductor


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Photovoltaic Effect

Photovoltaic effect is generatedphotons hit a semi-conductor

Material with a higher energythan the gap between its ValenceandConduction bands.

Free electrons move on one side (n-side) while holes move on the other side (p-side) A difference of potential is created

between n-side and p-side allowing current through a load outside of the semi-conductor.


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Solar panels, inverters and other major equipment must

be new and meet the latest safety standards

Each project must be pre-approved by the Program

Manager and must meet requirements forinterconnection of distributed generation

Every installation must be locally permitted and must

pass inspection by the local jurisdiction having authority

Systems are required to meet an 80% of optimal design

threshold in order to qualify for an incentive

Systems must be designed to offset customer

consumption.

INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS


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Solar cell Efficiency factor

Energy conversion efficiency

Quantum efficiency

Maximum power point

Fill factor


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Characteristicofsolarcell

1.Effect of physical size2.Cell temperature

3.Series resistance4.Shunt resistance


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High Efficiency Cells

Monocrystaline si

Polycrystaline si

a)Multiple junction solar cell

b) Thin film solar cells


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MonoCrystalline silicon solar cell

Silicon cell

development.


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Siliconsolarcell devicemanufacture

Solarcellaresemiconductordevicetheysharemanyofthesameprocessinganmanufacturingtechniqueasother

semiconductordevicesuchascomputerandmemorychip

Antireflectioncoatingwhichincreasetheamountoflightcoupled intothesolarcellare

typicallynextapplied overthepast decadesiliconnitridehasgraduallyreplacetitaniumdioxideastheantireflectioncoatingofchoicebecauseofitsexcellentsurfacepassivation

quality


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Junction(ZnO based diode)

1.Introduction

2.Structure 3.Characterstics


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Junction(ZnO based diode)

Reflection

Maximal generated voltage

Maximal current


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Light Absorbing Material

Bulk film

Crystalline silicon

Thin film

1.Cadmium telluride solar cell

2.Copper indium selenide

3.Gallium arsenide multi junction

4.Light absorbing dyes

5.Organic polymer solar cell

6.S

ilicon thin films(nano crystalline solar cell)


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1) Losses for the Top Solar Cell

a) Optical Losses

b) Electrical Losses

2) Losses for the Bottom Solar Cell

a) Optical Losses

Losses in cell:


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Opportunities ForImprovement

Commercial Cell.

1.Efficiency-15%

2.Wafers-CZ

3.Current value of available products 11%.

Laboratory Cell.

1.Efficiency-24%

2.Wafers-FZ

3.Current value of available products19

%.


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Application of solar cell

Solarcellsproduce Electricityand mainlyused as RenewableEnergy.

Itcanbeused in Residentialareas,governmentbuildings. Averageoutputis 1150-1400 kilowatthoursannuallyperKW

installed

SolarCells ProduceCleanamountofelectricity,and itcanbeeasilytakenfromthegrid.


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Advantages and Disadvantages.

Advantages:-1.Solar cell having low Running cost.2.No Carbondiaoxide Emission to add the Green House Effect.3. Equipments having long life.4.Very Good feasible cell efficiency.

Disadvantages:-1.The initial cost of solar cell is very high.2.The output is independent on weather condition and the day timing.


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Current research on materials & devices

Silicon processing

Thin film processing

Metamorphic multijunction solar cell

Polymers processing

Transparent conductors Photovoltaic thermal hybrid


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FUTURE EFFICIENCY

Technical aspects: The majority of experts have responded

that the efficiency of the photovoltaic cells will be 95% of the

theoretical efficiency sometime in the period 2020-2050.

A flat crystalline silicon module will reach to 23 % of

efficiency by the year 2050. The crystalline silicon

photovoltaic panels are already reliable (reliability more than

98%).

According to the R&D status, experts thought that USA is in

the first position and Europe and Japan are in the second and

third position respectively. The expectations of the experts for

the R&D status of these three regions are that they are going

to achieve the same R&D level by the year 2020.


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THANKS.

basics of solar cell

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