basics of rfidstaffweb.ncnu.edu.tw/hychien/course/rfid_introduction.pdf · the rfid tag tags are...
TRANSCRIPT
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Basics of RFID
Edited by Hung-Yu Chien
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Outline
Introduction Applications RFID standards Various tags & readers Security problems
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Introduction
Auto-ID In 1996, Uniform Code Council (UCC) began developing a
standardized barcode for consumer items–Universal Product Code (UPC)
Example : A standard of UPC
(A) Application Code (B) Manufacturer Code (C) Product Code (D) Checksum Digit
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Introduction
Over 5 billion bar codes are scanned daily world-wide.
Drawbacks of Auto-ID human intervention is required to scan a barcode barcodes could be affected by dirt, moisture, abrasion. the ability of storing data on barcode is very low the barcodes is easy to be counterfeited
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Introduction
Radio Frequency Identification The first radio identification technology was the “Identify
Friend or Foe”system used in Allied aircraft during WorldWar II.
Three primary components: The RFID tag The RFID reader The back-end database
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The RFID tag Tags are typically composed of A microchip for storage and computation. An antenna coil for communication.
Typical characteristics of RFID tags Active tags Semi-passive tags Passive tags
標籤內建電池是用於內部其他感測元件以監測周圍環境,如環境溫度、振盪情況等。
至於資料的傳輸,還是會等待讀取器發出射頻喚醒,才回送信號。
FID標籤的種類
近遠遠傳輸距離
被動被動主動傳輸方式
外力趨動電池電池電力來源
被動式標籤半被動式標籤主動式標籤
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The RFID reader
Readers may contain Internal storage Processing power Connections to back-end databases
Channels Read-to-tag (forward range) Tag-to-Read (backward range)
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88資訊安全導論課程教材
RFID標籤成本
< 5 ¢
$5 ~ $10
$1 ~ $5
10¢ ~ $1
5 ¢ ~10 ¢
$10 ~ $100
被動式被動式Passive Tag
主動式主動式Active Tag
軍事醫療
車輛
快速記錄/追蹤防盜/防遺失
防竊 防仿冒 追蹤
自動倉儲 防偽 防竊 追蹤
(例如應用於航空行李、洗衣、精品、博物館/藝品、運輸棧板)
(例如應用於超級市場產品、低價資產、可拋棄式票券、郵票)
(例如用於貴重包裹、運輸箱、公司/工廠資產、重要檔案夾、製程容器/工具)
(例如應用於貨櫃、門禁、棧板、動物管理)
(引用自“IDTechEx”)
取代 Bar Code 市場
(例如應用於ETC、防盜)
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RFID standards
LF: 30K~300KHF: 3M~30M UHF: 300M~3G
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10
RFID 頻段比較
運輸偵測
poor
fast
long
small
high
無線電&微波
300M~3GHz
UHF
智慧卡
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
無線電
3M~30MHz
HF
防盜
Good
slow
Short
big
low
無線電
30K~300KHz
LF
application
耐惡劣環境
.comm.Speed
Comm.range
size
Cost
Fre. type
Fre. range
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ISO RFID 使用頻段
表1.2 RFID使用頻段
180001569318000
144431569318000
11784/851422318000
ISO標準
僅美國歐洲(EU)美國(US)
全球全球國際所接受之頻段
非常快快中慢讀取速度
大於15公尺大於4公尺1公分~ 1公尺數公分讀取距離
2.4GHz5.8GHz
868MHz915MHz13.56MHz125-134KHz頻段
微波(Microwave)超高頻(UHF)高頻(HF)低頻(LF)
哲豪整理
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ISO RFID standard
規範RFID物流商品項目管理之標準。ISO 18000個體物件識別標準
規範貨物裝箱識別之標準。ISO 10374容器識別標準
規範鄰近距離非接觸式智慧卡之標準。1m; Vicinity cardsISO 15693
規範近距離非接觸式智慧卡之標準。0~10cm; Proximity cardISO 14443
規範極短距離非接觸式智慧卡之標準。 0~2mm; Close Coupled ICcard
ISO 10536(or 10535 ?)
非接觸式智慧卡標準
ISO 11785
規範將tag應用於動物身上的編碼結構與技術概念。
ISO 11784動物識別標準
說明ISO協定標準應用領域
玉怡整理
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ISO 14443A及ISO 14443B之比較
1.貨櫃、貨箱盤點2.居民基本資料卡
1.飛利浦的MIFARE規格IC card2.悠遊卡3.門禁卡例子
遠距離辨識身份、大眾運輸用途
Motorola(美國), NECPhilip(荷蘭)、Infineon(德國)提倡者
106KBps106KBps通信速度
PCD to PICC: 位元編碼方式為NRZCode;信號調變方式為ASK 10%信號
PICC to PCD: 位元編碼方式為NRZCode;信號調變方式為BPSK調變。
PCD to PICC: 位元編碼方式為Manchester Code;信號調變方式為ASK 100% 信號。
PICC to PCD: 位元編碼方式為Manchester Code;信號調變方式為ASK調變。
編碼方式
數十公分至數公尺數公分至十公分感應距離
ISO 14443BISO 14443A
玉怡整理
TYPE B與TYPE A相比,具有傳輸能量不中斷、速率更高、抗幹擾能力較強的優點。
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ISO 14443與ISO 15693之比較
有有偵測碰撞功能
2 KB64 KB記憶容量
DES、3DES,或廠商自定功能
MIFARE、DES、3DES、AES、RSA5、ECC加密功能
≦1m≦10cm讀取距離
Vicinity coupling smartcards
Proximity coupling smartcardsType of Smart Card
請求/回應讀取器接收方式
有(為ISO 7810支援)支援接觸式介面
可讀寫資料讀寫能力
106 Kbps通信速率
13.56 MHz運作頻率
ISO 15693ISO 14443主要特性
玉怡整理
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RFID之應用
1.零售業 Wal-Mart要求前一百大供應商:2005年元月起,必須在所
有包裝箱和貨箱架上使用RFID標籤。 Wal-Mart準備投入30億美金,每年將可節省80億美金的支
出。
2.郵政 市場研究公司IDTechEx日前提出一個看法:郵政與快遞業
務可望緊隨零售市場,成為RFID標籤的第二大應用市場。 IDTechEx也指出,韓國、中國大陸、台灣、沙烏地阿拉
伯、德國和美國正採取措施部署RFID,將其用於追蹤郵件包裹。
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RFID之應用
3.航空 國際航空運輸協會(IATA)通過採用協會推薦的ISO
18000-6C超高頻率(UHF)的標籤和讀卡器,也把它作為全球航空公司的RFID行李標籤的標準。
航空業每年的行李運輸約17億件,平均錯領率(包括丟失率)為1%,航空公司大約得為每件錯領的行李付出一百美元的花費;採用RFID技術約可為航空業每年節省2億美元。
E-passport
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RFID之應用
4.醫療 美國食品暨藥物管理局 (FDA)在2004年12月批准ADS公司
銷售醫療RFID chip 的申請,正式上市 目前ADS公司之子公司Verichip公司所生產的Verichip晶片
大小如米粒(如圖),可用注射方式植入人體上臂皮下,整個過程只需數分鐘,亦不需縫合
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RFID之應用
4.醫療 高頻被動式13.56MHz ISO-15693– 電子病歷, 病歷文件管理與病患識別, 亞美地電子藥盒, ...– 隔離, 門禁管理– 醫療物品管理(管制藥品、重要儀器、醫療廢棄物…)– 流程追蹤管制(感染接觸、手術加護)– 加密, 防偽, 防竊– 病患識別管理系統 微波主動式2.4GHz– 電子看護,– 定位和監控– (體溫、壓力、濕度…)
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RFID之應用
5.圖書館 新加坡國家圖書館於2004年起,正著手將原先黏貼非ISO
標準的RFID晶片標籤,重新更換成符合ISO15693標準的RFID標籤。
台灣第一個使用RFID運作的圖書館-數位內容學院圖資中心。
6.其它應用 大眾運輸, 電子防盜裝置 美國國防部(DoD) 電子導覽, 電源控制, 櫥櫃控制, 用藥提醒, 電子名片, 智慧廚房, 智慧洗衣機
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RFID標準
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EPCglobal歷史
EPCglobal歷史 EPC構想源自於MIT 麻省理工學院 1999年,MIT成立Auto-ID Center,後來由世界上七所知名
大學共同組成Auto-ID Labs 2003年10月,美國統一代碼委員會(UCC)和國際物品編碼
協會(EAN)收購Auto-ID Center的EPC技術 2003年11月,UCC與EAN正式成立EPCglobal,目的推動
EPC機制,訂定標準規範,提供一個全球性網路—「物聯網」
Auto-ID Labs劃歸於EPCglobal組織之下,前者負責技術研究,後者則負責行政與推廣工作
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EPC網絡
EPC網絡(EPC Network)的五大元素 電子產品編碼(EPC) 識別系統 物件名稱服務(ONS) 實體標記語言(PML) 。 Savant系統
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EPC網絡
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EPC網絡
電子產品編碼(EPC) 因應不同產業需求的一組可擴充式編碼數字。 有96位元與64位元的分別,未來將有256位元的編碼。 EPC碼結構分為四區塊:標頭(Header)、一般管理者代碼
(General Manager Number)、物件類別碼(Object Class)以及序號(Serial Number)。
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EPC網絡
識別系統 讀取機(Reader)和標籤(Tag)
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EPC網絡 物件名稱服務(ONS) ONS類似網際網路的DNS。 將EPC編碼對應到該項產品資訊的途徑。
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EPC網絡
實體標記語言(Physical Makeup Language, PML) PML是以XML(eXtensible Markup Language)為基礎所發展
出來的新的標準電腦網路語言。 提供一組標準化、共通的字彙,以顯示或分派EPC系統中
物件的相關資訊。
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EPC網絡
Savant系統 提供EPC在世界性共通的平台上流通 擅長處理巨量資料、靈活過濾數據的軟體作業平台 其主要任務有:(1)資料校對 (2)讀取機間協調 (3)資料傳送
(4)資料儲存 (5)任務管理
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The RFID tag
EPC Tag Classes
Semi-active
Active
Active
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EPC之規格書與認可標準
規格書 900MHz Class 0 RFID標籤規格 13.56MHz ISM頻譜Class 1 RFID標籤介面規格 800MHz~ 930MHz Class1 RFID標籤之射頻與邏輯的通訊
介面規格 Class 1 Generation-2 UHF RFID需求規格V 1.0.2 EPCglobal 架構V 1.0
認可標準 EPC標籤資料標準V 1.1 Class1 Generation-2 UHF 無線傳輸協定標準V 1.0.9 應用層事件規格V 1.0 物件名稱服務規格V 1.0
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EPCglobal Class 1 Gen 2 RFID概述
2004年12月通過標準認可,未來將成為ISO 18000-6C 被動式的標籤 作用於860 ~ 960 MHz頻帶之下,通訊距離約2~10公尺 16-bits 支援擬亂數產生器(Pseudo-random number generator,
PRNG)與循環冗餘碼(Cyclic redundancy code, CRC) 32-bits的銷毀密碼(kill password) 和存取密碼(access
password)
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EPCglobal Class 1 Gen 2 RFID概述
Gen-2 優點 提供快速讀取與多樣的傳輸速率選擇 第一代-單一傳輸速度;第二代-四種不同傳輸速度 第二代在最佳通訊狀態時,每秒可讀取超過1000個標籤;最差時
每秒也能讀取100個標籤
有效率的標籤讀取機制 多讀取機作用於短距離無線傳輸 增強安全和隱私 能夠延伸到其它高階標籤
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EPCglobal Class 1 Gen 2 RFID概述
•Up to 96 bit item ID•Up to 512 bit item ID•Unlimited user memory•Anticipates Class 2 & 3 systems
Extensibility
•8-bit kill password, withLockout after incorrect queries
•32-bit lock and kill passwords•Option for "handle"-based communication
Security
•Frequency hopping (US FCC)•Listen-before-talk (EU CEPT)
•Frequency hopping (US FCC)•Listen-before-talk (EU CEPT) Dense reader
modes ( channelization, variable subcarriermodulation)•Four reader "sessions", allowing parallelCommunication by multiple readers with one tag
Multiple reader operation
•16-bit CRC for reads•16-bit CRC for reads and writesTag data verification
•Binary tree algorithm withpersistent sleep/wake states
•“Q”protocol: a random number algorithm with2 persistent symmetric states (enables countingof multiple tags with same EPC, and on-the-flyadaptation to size of tag population)
Tag sorting protocol
•3 tags per second•Rewriteable many times
•5 tags per second minimum•Rewriteable many times
Write speed (for 96-bitEPC)
•Up to 230 (US FCC)•Up to 115 (EU ETSI)
•Up to 880 (US FCC)•Up to 450 (EU ETSI)•Speed adaptable to RF noise in environment
Read speed
CLASS 1 GEN 1CLASS 1 GEN 2FEATURE
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EPC Gen2 市場現況
飛利浦量產EPC Gen-2晶片 2005年5月宣佈提供Gen-2晶片。 成立工作專案小組,參與廠商包含ASK、Checkpoint、歐
姆龍、Feig、Intermec、X-Ident…等。 客戶包括美國內政部、美國太空總署、Toyota汽車公司、
DELL電腦、發行國內悠遊卡的台北智慧卡票證公司。
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EPC Gen2 市場現況
半導體公司Impinj 2005年4月宣佈將推出名為「GrandPrix」的Gen-2產品 與眾多標籤生產廠商Aevery Dennison、IER、KSW
Microtec、Precisia、RSI及UPM Rafsec製造Gen-2標籤,預計2005年第三季公開發售
半導體公司ThingMagic 2005年4月與合作夥伴公司Acsis ADT Sensormatic/Tyco
RFID Global Solutions 及Venture Research公開展示Gen-2晶片開發成果。
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EPC Gen2 市場現況
德國零售企業METRO集團,已預計將旗下RFID供應鏈系統升級為EPC Gen 2
波音公司、國際紙商International Paper、拉斯維加斯McCarran國際機場、香港國際機場管理局大樓及西門子都使用EPC Class UHF頻段產品
台灣:晶片-日晶、瑛茂讀取器-系通科技、億威科技產品與系統-宏碁、光寶……..
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可能影響及衝擊
RFID被視為人類未來10年列重要的技術之一,也是繼「.COM」網路業之後,影響層面最廣的產業。
EPC RFID產品除了Tags、Encoders、Readers外,還有中介軟體及伺服器系統等需要持續開發。
EPC RFID具有不同於消費性產品的獨特應用,相關的系統整合或顧問產業更是相形重要。
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RFID standards
1) RFID in animals (135 KHz) ISO 11748, ISO 11785 and ISO 14223
The original standards defined only a fixed unique 64 bit ISO 18000-2 : The communication protocol of ISO 14223
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RFID standards
2) Contactless integrated circuit cards (13.56 MHz) Close-coupled cards (ISO 10536)
Distance : < 1cm Proximity cards (ISO 14443) Mifare card
Distance : approx. 10cm There are two different standards : Type A and Type B
Vicinity cards (ISO 15693) Distance : up to 1m
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RFID standards
3) Near-Field-Communication (NFC) (13.56 MHz) ISO 18092, ETSI TS 102.190, ECMA 340
Interaction between two electronic devices in closeproximity: < 10cm
Near field communication interface and protocol(NFCIP-1 &NFCIP-2)
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RFID standards
4) Item Management RFID for item management –ISO 18000
ISO 18000-1 : the reference architecture ISO 18000-2 : low frequency (<135 kHz) ISO 18000-3 : (13,56 MHz)
part 3-1 — HF systemspart 3-2 — a next generation RFID system in the samefrequency band with higher bandwidth (up to 848 kBit/s)
ISO 18000-4 : (2.45 GHz)mode 1 — a passive backscatter systemmode 2 — a long range, high-data rates system with active tags
ISO 18000-5 : currently withdrawn (5.8 GHz) ISO 18000-6 : passive backscatter system around 900 MHz ISO 18000-7 : long range in the 433 MHz band
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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 42
What does an RFID tag look like?
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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 43
What does an RFID tag look like?
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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 44
Expresspay Key Fob
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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 45
MasterCard PayPass Suica card
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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 46
Some are quite small indeed
Hitachi’s mu-chip contrasted with grains ofrice
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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 47
What does a reader look like?
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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 48
IC卡分類
IC卡
記憶卡(Memory Card)
智慧卡(Smart Card)
依積體電路來分
依存取機制來分
接觸式(contact Card)
非接觸式(contactless Card)
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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 49
Smart card vs Smart Token vs RFID card
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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 50
http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/staff/bios/ajuels/publications/blocker/blocker_slides.pdf
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Security Problems
Security problems Eavesdropping
Individual Information Leakage Industrial Espionage
Traceability Spoofing
Theft Counterfeiting
Industrial Sabotage Physical Attacks Denial of Service (DoS)