basics of traffic signal operations ii 2014 presentations... · command attention? clear, simple...
TRANSCRIPT
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Basics of Traffic SignalOperations
Larry Hagen, P.E., PTOE
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Disclaimer:
2
The following interviews and commentaries are for informational exchange only. The views and opinions expressed therein are those of the individual speakers and do not necessarily represent the views and opinions of the Florida Department ofTransportation, Hagen Consulting Services or any of their respective affiliates or employees. This one hour webinar will not make you an expert in anything. It is impossible to cover all of the necessary topics related to this webinar topic within just a onehour time frame. The user assumes all responsibility for the use of any and all information contained within this webinar. The Florida Department of Transportation and Hagen Consulting Services, LLC assume no liability for the use of the informationcontained herein. The information depicted in this presentation may or may not be fictitious. Any similarity to actual persons, living or dead, or to actual events, locations, or firms is purely coincidental. Viewer discretion is advised.
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Goals for this session:
Learn the basic terminology of traffic signals
Understand the basics of how they operate
Show some of the parameters considered in determining the operation at various sites
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Traffic Signal
Fulfill a need?
Command attention?
Clear, simple meaning?
Command respect?
Give time for response?
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Types of Traffic Signal
Pretimed Control:
Duration of red, green, and yellow intervals are predetermined and fixed.
Traffic-Actuated Control:
Duration of green intervals vary according to detected vehicle demand.
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Advantages of Traffic Signals
Can provide for the orderly movement of traffic
Typically will reduce frequency of certain types of crashes.
Can be coordinated to provide continuous movement of traffic.
Can facilitate the full use of the available capacity.
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Disadvantages of Traffic Signals
Can increase delay.
Typically increase the frequency of some crash types.
Can reduce the capacity of the intersection.
Requires maintenance and power.
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Advantages of Pretimed Control
Easy to coordinate with other intersections.
Can easily handle large pedestrian volumes.
Does not rely on detectors.
Costs less.
Less maintenance.
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Advantages of Actuated Control
More efficient where traffic demand fluctuates.
Greater efficiency at complex intersections.
Maximum efficiency at major/minor intersections.
Do not need to flash at night.
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Signal Timing Parameters
Cycle Length
Phase
Interval
Split
Offset
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Phase 1
Phase 2
CYCLE
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S.O.P. 1
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G YAR
W FDW D
Vehicle
Peds
PHASE
INTERVALS
Phase
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SIGNAL TIMING ELEMENTS
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Pedestrian Countdown
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Traffic Signal Cycle Split
The split is the proportion of the cycle length assigned to each vehicular phase, usually expressed as a percentage.
Split = 38%
Phase 1
Phase 2
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Traffic Signal Offset
Signal offset identifies the relationship in timing between intersections for signal coordination. Typically, each signal on a coordinated arterial roadway or in a coordinated network will have an offset value that relates some point in the cycle to some common time reference.
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Traffic Actuated Control
Adjusts green time continuously based on detected demand.
Can skip phases if no demand.
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Actuated Control Parameters
Yellow
All-red
Minimum
Extension
Maximum
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Minimum
Extension
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Vehicle Detection
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Gap out
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Max out
max
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Dual-Ring Eight Phase Fully Actuated Control
S.O.P. 10
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Dual-Ring Eight Phase Fully Actuated Control
S.O.P. 10
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
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Example-what happens if:
EB and WB left turns have some demand, but EB is heavier.
No SB demand but one vehicle for the NB left and five vehicles for the NB through.
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Dual-Ring Eight Phase Fully Actuated Control
S.O.P. 10
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
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Example-what happens if:
EB and WB lefts very heavy, EB through heavy also.
No SB left demand, but NB lefts, NB and SB throughs do have demand.
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Dual-Ring Eight Phase Fully Actuated Control
S.O.P. 10
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Dual-Ring Eight Phase Fully Actuated Control
S.O.P. 10
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
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Selection of Signal PhasingIt’s all about the left turns
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Left turn phasing trade-offs
EFFICIENCY VOLUMESSAFETY
HIGHER
LOWER
Protected
Prot/Perm
Permissive
HIGHER
LOWER
HIGHER
LOWER
ProtectedProt/Perm
PermissiveProtected
Prot/Perm
Permissive
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Left Turn Phasing TypesPermitted Left Turns
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Left Turn Phasing TypesProtected/Permitted Left Turns
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Left Turn Phasing TypesProtected Left Turns
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Left Turn Phasing OptionsLeading Left Turns
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Left Turn Phasing OptionsLagging Left Turns
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Left Turn Phasing OptionsLead-Lag Left Turns
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Left Turn Phasing OptionsSplit Phase
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Permissive left turns
Requirements
Sight distance
Adequate gaps in opposing traffic
Considerations
Number of opposing lanes
Left turning volume
Opposing through volume
Opposing traffic speed
Road user demographics
Conflicts with pedestrians
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Protected/Permitted lefts
Volume, delay or crashes indicate need for protected LT phase
Sight distance is available
Gaps available in opposing through
R10-12
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Protected/Permitted lefts
SupplementalSigning
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Yellow Trap
Lead/lag operation
Lagging lefts if not simultaneous
Leading lefts if actuated and cross street skipped
T-intersections can be especially problematic
Permissive turns may create a pedestrian/left turn vehicle conflict
Protected/Permitted lefts
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SI-52
Yellow Trap
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Flashing Yellow Arrows
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Protected/Permitted Lefts
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So what drives the decision?
Traffic turning movement counts
Coordination with other adjacent signals
Geometry
Lane assignments
Sight distance
Safety vs Efficiency
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Left turn phasing trade-offs
EFFICIENCY VOLUMESSAFETY
HIGHER
LOWER
Protected
Prot/Perm
Permissive
HIGHER
LOWER
HIGHER
LOWER
ProtectedProt/Perm
PermissiveProtected
Prot/Perm
Permissive
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Right Turn on RedTo be, or not to be?
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Right Turn On Red: the issue
“… the driver is typically looking for oncoming vehicles and a gap in traffic rather than for pedestrians in the crosswalk.”
- Tamara Redmon, ITE Journal, April 2003
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Right Turn On RED Prohibition
U-turnconflict with
RTOR
Skew-anglesight distance
limitations
LOS
OR
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Illuminated overhead regulatory sign for RTOR prohibition
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Blank out sign when railroad crossing is active
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No RTOR (sometimes…)
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No right turn symbol blank out sign
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RTOR Prohibition (kind of)
Special condition: dual right turn lanes
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RTOR Prohibition (kind of)
Special condition: dual right turn lanes
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