bass 2013: fatigue management fatigue management practices in business aviation kevin gregory
TRANSCRIPT
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue Management Practices
in Business Aviation
Kevin Gregory
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
The Flight Plan
• Fatigue is a safety issue• Fatigue in business aviation• Managing fatigue• Fatigue management: case study• Fatigue management practices
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue is “an unsafe condition that can occurrelative to the timing and duration of work
and sleep opportunities”
(Institute of Medicine, 2009)
Got Fatigue?
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
The Fatigue Issue
Operational Factors• Time zones• Length of duty periods• Early report times• Backside-of-the-clock• Changing demands• Workload• Reduced rest• Layover hotels
Physiological Factors• Acute sleep loss• Sleep debt• Circadian disruption• Hours awake
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
ALERT
ASLEEP
Reaction time
Memory
Mood
Vigilance
Communication
Judgment/ decision-making
Fatigue: A Performance Issue
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue in Business Aviation
• NASA Fatigue Countermeasures Program• Survey of almost 1500 biz av pilots• 61% common occurrence• 85% moderate to serious safety issue• 71% “nodded off” during flight• 13% unable to fly scheduled trip
due to fatigue• 79% received no formal company
training that addressed fatigue issues
Rosekind, MR, Co, EL, Gregory, KB & Miller, DL. Crew Factors in Flight Operations XIII: A Survey of Fatigue Factors in Corporate/Executive Aviation Operations, NASA/TM–2000-209610
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue in Business Aviation
• Owatonna, MN: Hawker Beechcraft, 2008
– Factors: sleep loss, early start, insomnia
• Birmingham, UK: Challenger, 2002
– Factors: sleep loss, circadian disruption
• Hawaii: Rockwell Sabreliner, 2000
– Factors: long duty, multiple time zones, night ops
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Science-based Policies/Practices
(duty/rest)
Education/training
Mitigation Strategies
Reporting & Monitoring
Shared Responsibilities
Tactical Fatigue Tools
Fatigue Management
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
FRMS: Fatigue Risk Management
• Proposed as alternative means of managing fatigue in operations
• Science-based• Data-driven• Integrated into existing organizational
safety and health processes• Continuously improves: feedback,
evaluation and modification
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue Management: Case Study
• NY-based biz av operations
• Rotor, business jet
• Long, daytime operations (early AM reports)
• Backside-of-clock operations
• Some long-range ops
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue Management: Case Study
• Objectives:
– Better understand fatigue risks in operations
– Better manage identified fatigue risks
• Science-based approach:
– Data-driven
– Objective/subjective data collection during ops (focus on sleep and performance)
– Policies and practices review
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
• Objective and subjective data collection
– Quantify sleep and performance associated with operations
– Include days on and off duty
– Phase I: daytime ops/rotor wing (9 pilots)
– Phase II: backside-of-clock ops/fixed-wing (7 crew members)
– Identify fatigue risks; develop mitigation approaches
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Actiwatch
PVTDaily log
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
• October-November 2011
- Data collected up to 23 days
- Goal: 7-8 flight duty periods (FDP) per pilot (total of 28 FDP)
- Overall compliance high
• General information
- Age ~50 yr; 27 yr flight experience
- Fatigue ‘moderately’ an issue during typical duty day
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase I: Rotary
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
• Flight Duty Periods
- Average of 12.6 hr (range = 3.5 - 17.5 hr)
- Average ~7.9 flight segments per FDP
- Flight segments: 15 min avg (max = 1.6 hr)
- Break time on ground: 1.8 hr or more
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase I: Rotary
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase I: Rotary
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Local Time: 0600 1200 1800 0000
Sleep/nap periods Flight Duty
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Duty
Duty
Sleep/Rest
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase I: Rotary
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
# of sleeps
Sleep Latency
(min)
Total Sleep (hr)
Sleep Efficiency
Prior to FDP 55 12.2 5.1 79.5%
After FDP 47 12.1 6.4 78.3%
All days off 67 13.0 6.2 78.1%
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase I: Rotary
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase I: Rotary
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
• FDP: >12 hr, ~8 flight segments
• Mid-day break (2/3 had rest opportunity)
• Some successive duty days
• Sleep: 6.2 hr for days off
• Sleep: 5.1 hr when prior to FDP
- early 5 AM wake time
- evening ‘wake zone’
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase I: Rotary
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
• Sleep debt across duty weeks- during 2 FDP week: >2 hr
- during 3 FDP week: >5 hr
• Performance- consistent levels overall
- maintained across FDP
- individual variability
• Strategies used- Caffeine (mostly coffee)
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase I: Rotary
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
• February-April 2012
- Data collected for a period of 9-15 days
- Days on & off duty: pre/duty/post
- Collected: 32 FDP’s
• FDP info
- FDP: 9 hr avg (range = 3-18 hr)
- 48 flight segments
- Flight segments: 84 min avg (range = 20 min to 4.2 hr)
- Ground transport time associated with FDP
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase II: Fixed-Wing
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase II: Fixed-Wing
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Sleep/nap periods Flight Duty
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
# of sleeps
Sleep Latency
(min)
Total Sleep (hr)
Sleep Efficiency
Pre-trip 11 12.8 6.1 84.3%
Flight duty 16 13.8 4.9 83.6%
Other/Away 5 13.4 6.4 81.2%
Post-trip/Off 16 9.8 6.8 85.4%
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase II: Fixed-Wing
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
• Daily sleep
- Average ~5.8 hr during trip period
- 7 nap periods documented: Average ~90 min
• Cumulative sleep debt
- Avg ~9 hr by trip end (max = 12.5 hr)
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase II: Fixed-Wing
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase II: Fixed-Wing
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
• FDP: 9 hr
• 6.8 hr for post/days off
• Sleep: 4.9 hr during trip- morning ‘wake zone’
• Sleep debt builds up across trips
• Performance: consistency maintained
• Strategies used- Caffeine and exercise
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv OpsPhase II: Fixed-Wing
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Policies and Practices Review
• Flight ops and helicopter ops manuals
• Flight, duty and rest scheduling
• Education and training
• Fatigue mitigation strategies
• Healthy sleep
• Other
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Policies and Practices Review
• Duty, flight and rest policies consistent with recommended
guidelines
• Break/rest provision within max/extended duty
• Limitations on reduced rest periods
• Recovery rest following extended trip periods
• Call-in fatigue policy
• Risk assessment tool with fatigue factors
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue Management: Case Study
• Daytime/rotor ops
- Alternating FDP days allow for ‘recovery’ sleep opportunities
- Mid-day break period
- Strategies used
• Backside-of-clock/fixed wing ops
- Blocks of days off prior to/following trip periods
- Afternoon nap opportunities
- Strategies used
- Duty periods <10 hr
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue Management: Case Study
• Include fatigue education and training in initial and recurrent
training efforts
• Compensatory rest period for maintenance following extended
duty
• Limits on consecutive duty days
• ‘Fit-for-duty’ policy
• Expansion of fatigue factors in risk assessment
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
• Education/training implemented with subset of pilots– Baseline knowledge level = 66%; post-training = 89%
• Timing of tasks to facilitate sleep opportunities
• Consecutive day provisions
• Raised awareness/better rest management
Fatigue Management: Case StudyImplementation
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
• Cultural change• All aspects of operation
(maintenance, dispatch, etc.)
• Ultra-long range
• Ongoing monitoring
• Best practices
Fatigue Management in BizAv OpsOther Considerations