batavia, dutch east indies - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

8/19/2019 Batavia, Dutch East Indies - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

1/13

3/20/2016 Batavia, Dutch East Indi es - W ikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies 1/13

Batavia, circa 1780

Batavia, Dutch East IndiesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Batavia was the name of the capital city of the

Dutch East Indies, and corresponds to the present

day city of Jakarta. Just as modern Jakarta may refer

to either the city itself or to the larger area of the citywith its geographic surroundings, which taken

together is one of the provinces of Indonesia, so

Batavia can refer to the city proper as it then existed,

with its various increases over time in urbanized

acreage, or it can also refer to the surrounding

hinterland.

The establishment of Batavia at the site of the razed

city of Jayakarta by the Dutch in 1619 led to the

Dutch colony that became modern Indonesiafollowing World War II. Batavia became the center of the Dutch East India Company's trading network

in Asia.[1]:10 Monopolies on nutmeg, peppers, cloves and cinnamon were augmented by non-indigenous

cash crops like coffee, tea, cacao, tobacco, rubber, sugar and opium. To safeguard their commercial

interests, the company and the colonial administration that replaced it in 1799 progressively absorbed

surrounding territory.[1]:10

Batavia lies on the north coast of Java, in a sheltered bay, over a flat land consisting of marshland and

hills, and crisscrossed with canals. The city consisted of two centers: Oud Batavia or Benedenstad

("Lower City"), the oldest, the lowest and the most unhealthy part of the city, and Bovenstad ("Upper

City"), the relatively newer city located on the higher ground to the south.

Batavia was a colonial city for about 320 years until 1942 when the Dutch East Indies fell under

Japanese occupation during World War II. During the Japanese occupation and again after Indonesian

nationalists declared independence on August 17, 1945, the city was renamed Jakarta.[2] After the war,

the Dutch name "Batavia" remained internationally recognized until full Indonesian inde pendence was

achieved on December 27, 1949 and Jakarta was officially proclaimed the national capital of

Indonesia.[2]

Contents

1 Dutch East India Company (1610 - 1800)

1.1 Arrival

1.2 Establishment of Batavia

1.3 Expansion east of the Ciliwung

1.4 Completion of the city wall

1.5 Massacre of Chinese

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_peppershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jakartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_stad_Batavia_TMnr_3728-537.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_stad_Batavia_TMnr_3728-537.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_stad_Batavia_TMnr_3728-537.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_stad_Batavia_TMnr_3728-537.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_stad_Batavia_TMnr_3728-537.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tuahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacao_beanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_peppershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_colonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jakartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_stad_Batavia_TMnr_3728-537.jpg


2/13



Jayakarta in 1605 prior to the

establishment of Batavia

1.6 Malaria

1.7 Hinterland

1.8 Society

1.9 College of Aldermen

2 Dutch East Indies (1800-1942)

2.1 Abolition of Cultuurstelsel

2.2 Dutch Ethical Policy

2.3 National revival

2.4 Independence movement

3 Japanese occupation and national revolution era (1942-1949)

4 Mayors

5 Born in Batavia

6 See also

7 References

8 Works cited

9 Further reading

Dutch East India Company (1610 - 1800)

Arrival

In 1595, merchants from Amsterdam embarked upon an

expedition to the East Indies archipelago. Under the command of

Cornelis de Houtman, the expedition reached Bantam, capital of

the Sultanate of Banten, and Jayakarta in 1596 to trade in spices.

In 1602, the English East India Company's first voyage,

commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed

on to Bantam. There he was allowed to build a trading post that

became the center of English trade in Indonesia until 1682.[3]:29

In 1602, the Dutch government granted a monopoly on Asian

trade to the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC); literally[4]

United East Indian Company).[5]:26[6]:384–385 In 1603, the first permanent Dutch trading post in

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_(city)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acehhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Lancasterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_East_India_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayakartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_(city)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iacatra_year_1605-1608_drawn1675-1725.jpg


3/13



Coat of arms of

Batavia

Indonesia was established in Bantam, West Java. In 1610, Prince Jayawikarta granted permission to

Dutch merchants to build a wooden godown and houses on the east bank of the Ciliwung River, opposite

to Jayakarta. This outpost was established in 1611.[7]:29

As Dutch power increased, Jayawikarta allowed the British to erect houses on the west bank of the

Ciliwung River, as well as a fort close to his customs office post, to keep the forces balanced.

Jayawikarta supported the British because his palace was at threat from the Dutch cannons.

In December 1618, the tense relationship between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch escalated, and

Jayawikarta's soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress, containing the godowns Nassau and Mauritius. A

British fleet of 15 ships arrived under the leadership of Sir Thomas Dale, an English naval commander

and former governor of the Colony of Virginia. After a sea battle, the newly appointed Dutch governor,

Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1618), escaped to the Moluccas to seek support (The Dutch had already overtaken

the first of the Portuguese forts there in 1605). Meanwhile, the commander of the Dutch garrison, Pieter

van den Broecke, along with five other men, was arrested during negotiations, as Jayawikarta believed

that he had been deceived by the Dutch. Later, Jayawikarta and the British entered into a friendship

agreement.

The Dutch army was on the verge of surrendering to the British when, in 1619, a sultan from Banten

sent a group of soldiers to summon Prince Jayawikarta. Jayawikarta's friendship agreement with the

British was without prior approval from the Bantenese authorities. The conflict between Banten and

Prince Jayawikarta, as well as the tense relationship between Banten and the British, presented a new

opportunity for the Dutch.

Coen returned from the Moluccas with reinforcements on 28 May 1619[8] and razed Jayakarta to the

ground on 30 May 1619,[9]:35 thereby expelling its population.[10]:50 Only the Padrão of Sunda Kelapa

remained. Prince Jayawikarta retreated to Tanara, the eventual place of his death, in the interior of

Banten. The Dutch established a closer relationship with Banten and assumed control of the port, whichover time became the Dutch center of power in the region.

Establishment of Batavia

There were three governmental administrations within the Batavia region.[11]:7 The initial authority,

(Dutch: Hoge Regering ; High Government), was established in 1609.[11]:7 This became the colonial

government, consisting of the Governor-General and the Council of the Indies.[11]:7 The urban or civil

administration of the city of Batavia, (Dutch: College van Schepenen; Council of Aldermen), was

formed in 1620.[11]:9 The local rural administration, (Dutch: College van Heemraden; District Council),

was formed in 1664 but became fully functional in 1682.[11]:10

The Dutch fortress garrison, which included hired soldiers from Japan, Germany,

Scotia, Denmark and Belgium, celebrated its triumph, while the godowns

Nassau and Mauritius were expanded with the erection of a new fort extension

to the east on March 12, 1619, overseen by Commander Van Raay.[12] Coen

wished to name the new settlement "Nieuw-Hoorn" (after his birthplace, Hoorn),

but was prevented from doing so by the board of the East India Company, the

Heeren XVII.[12] Batavia became the new name for the fort and settlement. Thename was derived from the Germanic tribe of the Batavi, as it was believed at

the time that the tribe's members were the ancestors of the Dutch people.

Jayakarta was then called "Batavia" for more than 300 years.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoornhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godownhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistricts_of_Bantenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luso_Sundanese_padr%C3%A3ohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_van_den_Broeckehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluccashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Dalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godownhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliwung_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliwung_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godownhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Javahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_armshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wapen-Batavia.jpg


4/13



Batavia and its east-of-Ciliwung

expansion.

The coconut-tree-lined Tijgersgracht

of Batavia, the longest and the most

pleasant canal of Batavia until its

modification in 1632.

On 2 July 1619, Coen decided to expand the original fort into a larger fortress. Coen sent the draft of the

Kasteel van Batavia to the Netherlands on 7 October 1619. This new castle was much larger than the

previous castle, and two of the northern bastions would lie over the sea.[13]

The Javanese people were prohibited from settling in Batavia from the time of its foundation in

1619,[14]:194 as the Dutch feared an insurrection. Coen asked Willem Ysbrandtszoon Bontekoe, a skipper

for the Dutch East India Company, to bring 1000 Chinese people to Batavia from Macao, but only a

small segment of the 1000 survived the trip. In 1621, another attempt was initiated and 15,000 peoplewere deported from the Banda Islands to Batavia, but only 600 survived the trip.

Expansion east of the Ciliwung

From the beginning of its establishment, Batavia was planned

following a well-defined layout.[15] In 1619, three trenches were

dug to the east of the Ciliwung river, forming the first Dutch-

made canals of Batavia. These canals were perpendicular to the

Ciliwung, and were named from south to north: Leeuwengracht

(usually written as Leeuwinnegracht, present Jalan Kali Besar

Timur 3 or Jalan Kunir), Groenegracht (present Jalan Kali Besar

Timur 1), and Steenhouwersgracht (later Amsterdamschegracht,

present Jalan Nelayan Timur).[16] The Castle area starts to the

north of Steenhouwersgracht, which began with a field just to the

north of Steenhouwersgracht.[15] A town's market (a fish market) was established on the field.[15][16] The

establishment of the three canals made way for the expansion of Batavia on the east side of the

Ciliwung. The first church and town hall were built c.1622 on the east bank of the river, the exact point

of this first building of the church-town hall of Batavia is at .[15] This was

replaced in the 1630s.

Around 1627, the three canals were interconnected

perpendicularly by a coconut-tree-lined canal known as

Tijgersgracht (present Jalan Pos Kota - Jalan Lada). A

contemporary observer writes: "Among the Grachts, the

Tygersgracht is the most stately and most pleasant, both for the

oodliness of its buildings, and the ornamentation of its streets,

which afford a very agreeable shadow to those who pass along

the street".

[17]

The Prinsestraat (present Jalan Cengkeh), which inthe beginning formed the street that leads to the Castle, were

established as an urban center, connecting the Castle south gate

with the City Hall, forming an impressive vista on the seat of

government.[15]

This eastern settlement of Batavia was protected by a long canal

to the east of the settlement, forming a link between the castle

moat and the Ciliwung river bend. This canal was not parallel with Tijgersgracht but slightly angled. The

overall construction of the canal took more than 160,000 reals, and these were paid not by the Company,

but mainly by the Chinese and other Europeans; partly because the Company had spend for thestrengthening of the Castle (which was done by slaves and prisoners).[15] This short-lived outer canal

would be redesigned few years after the Siege of Batavia.

6°07′56″S 106°48′42″E

https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Batavia%2C_Dutch_East_Indies&params=-6.132212_N_106.811779_E_https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bataviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_History_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliwunghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Ysbrandtsz._Bontekoehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMH-5643-KB_View_of_the_Tijgersgracht_on_Batavia.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reproductie_van_een_plattegrond_van_Batavia_uit_circa_1627_TMnr_496-3.jpg


5/13



Map of Batavia after Specx

completion of the city wall.

Engraving of the massacre of Chinese

people in Batavia on October 9, 1740

Completion of the city wall

To the east of Batavia, Sultan Agung, king of the Mataram

Sultanate (1613–1645) attained control of most of Java by

defeating Surabaya in 1625.[5]:31 On August 27, 1628, Agung

launched the Siege of Batavia.[9]:52 In his first attempt, he

suffered heavy losses, retreated, and launched a second offensive

in 1629.[5]:31[9]:52–53 This also failed; the Dutch fleet destroyed

his supplies and ships, located in the harbors of Cirebon and

Tegal.[9]:53 Mataram troops, starving and decimated by illness,

retreated again.[9]:53 Sultan Agung then pursued his conquering

ambitions in an eastward direction[9]:53 and attacked Blitar,

Panarukan and the Kingdom of Blambangan in Eastern Java, a

vassal of the Balinese kingdom of Gelgel.[9]:55

Following the siege, it was decided that Batavia would need a stronger defense system. Based on the

military defensive engineering ideas by Simon Stevin, a Flemish mathematician and military engineer,

governor-general Jacques Specx (1629-1632)[10]:463 designed a moat and city wall that surrounded the

city; extensions of the city walls appeared to the west of Batavia and the city became completely

enclosed. The city section within the defense lines was structured according to a grid plan, criss-crossed

with canals that straightened the flow of the Ciliwung river.

In 1656, due to a conflict with Banten, the Javanese were not allowed to reside within the city walls and

consequently settled outside Batavia. Only the Chinese people and the Mardijkers were allowed to settle

within the walled city of Batavia. In 1659, a temporary peace with Banten enabled the city to grow and,

during this period, more bamboo shacks appeared in Batavia. From 1667, bamboo houses, as well as thekeeping of livestock, were banned within the city. Meanwhile, the city progressively became an

attraction for many people and suburbs began to develop outside the city walls.

Massacre of Chinese

The Batavian hinterland's sugar industry deteriorated in the

1730s.[11]:169[18]:29 There were numerous unemployed people and

growing social disorder.[11]:169 In 1739, 10,574 registered

Chinese were living in the Ommelanden.

[11]:53

Tensions grew asthe colonial government attempted to restrict Chinese

immigration by implementing deportations to Ceylon and South

Africa.[8] The Chinese became worried that they were to be

thrown overboard to drown and riots erupted.[8][19]:99 10,000

Chinese were massacred between 9 October 1740 and 22

October.[8] During the following year, the few remaining Chinese

inhabitants were moved to Glodok, outside the city walls.[20]

Malaria

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glodokhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardijkerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Specxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stevinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelgel,_Indonesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Blambanganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panarukan&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegal,_Central_Javahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirebonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bataviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Sultanatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Agunghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tableau_de_la_Partie_de_Batavia,_ou_s%27est_fait_proprement_le_terrible_Massacre_des_Chinois,_le_9_Octob._1740.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kaart_voorstellende_het_Kasteel_en_de_Stad_Batavia_in_het_jaar_1667_TMnr_496-2.jpg


6/13



In the 18th century, Batavia became increasingly affected by malaria epidemics, as the marsh areas were

breeding grounds for mosquitos.[21] The disease killed many Europeans, resulting in Batavia receiving

the nickname, "Het kerkhof der Europeanen" ("the cemetery of the Europeans").[22][23] Wealthier

European settlers, who could afford relocation, moved to southern areas of higher elevation.[19]:101

Eventually, the old city was dismantled in 1810.

Hinterland

The area outside the walls (Dutch: Ommelanden; the surrounding area)[11] was considered unsafe for the

non-native inhabitants of Batavia. The area was an important source of food crops and building

materials.[11] The VOC set up a local government (Dutch: College van Heemraden; District Council) in

1664, but this only became fully functional in 1682.[11]:10 The marsh area around Batavia could only be

fully cultivated when a new peace treaty was signed with Banten in 1684. Country houses were

subsequently established outside the city walls. The Chinese people began with the cultivation of

sugarcane[11]:6[24] and tuak, with coffee a later addition.

The large-scale cultivation caused destruction to the environment, in addition to coastal erosion in the

northern area of Batavia. Maintenance of the canal was extensive due to frequent closures and the

continuous dredging that was required.

Other than country houses, most people in the Ommelanden people lived in various single ethnithicy

kampungs, each with its own headman.[11]:5[25]

Society

Batavia was founded as the trade and administrative center of the Dutch East India Company; it wasnever intended to be a settlement for the Dutch people. Coen founded Batavia for trade, with city's

inhabitants taking care of the production and supply of food. As a result, there was no migration of intact

Dutch families and there were few Dutch women in Batavia. A mixed society was formed, as

relationships between Dutch men and Asian women did not usually result in marriage, and the women

did not have the right of going with men who returned to the Dutch Republic. This societal pattern

created a mixed group of mestizo descendants in Batavia. The sons of this mixed group often traveled to

Europe to study, while the daughters were forced to remain in Batavia, with the latter often marrying

Dutch East India Company (VOC) officials at a very young age.

As the VOC preferred to maintain complete control over its business, a large number of slaves wasemployed. Batavia became an unattractive location for people who wanted to establish their own

businesses.

The women in Batavia developed into an important feature of the social network of Batavia; they were

accustomed to dealing with slaves and spoke the same language, mostly Portuguese and Malay.

Eventually, many of these women effectively became widows, as their husbands left Batavia to return to

the Netherlands, and their children were often removed as well. These women were known as snaar

(“string”).

Most of Batavia's residents were of Asian descent. Thousands of slaves were brought from India andArakan and, later, slaves were brought from Bali and Sulawesi. To avoid an uprising, a decision was

made to free the Javanese people from slavery. Chinese people made up the largest group in Batavia,

with most of them merchants and labourers. The Chinese people were the most decisive group in the

development of Batavia. There was also a large group of freed slaves, usually Portuguese-speaking

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_Statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampunghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_governmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria


7/13



Depiction of a Balinese slave in

Batavia from Bali Chronicles by

Willard Hanna, Cornelis de Bruyn

artist. To avoid a revolt of the people

of Java, many coolies and slaves were

employed from places outside Java,

such as Bali, the Moluccas, India, and

China.

Asian Christians, that was formerly under the rule of the

Portuguese. The group's members were made prisoners by the

VOC during numerous conflicts with the Portuguese. Portuguese

was the dominant language in Batavia until the late 18th century,

when the language was slowly replaced with Dutch and Malay.

Additionally, there were also Malays, as well as Muslim and

Hindu merchants from India.

Initially, these different ethnic groups lived alongside each other;

however, in 1688, complete segregation was enacted upon the

indigenous population. Each ethnic group was forced to live in

its own established village outside the city wall. There were

Javanese villages for Javanese people, Moluccan villages for the

Moluccans, and so on. Each person was tagged with a tag to

identify them with their own ethnic group; later, this identity tag

was replaced with a parchment. Reporting was compulsory for

intermarriage that involved different ethnic groups.

Within Batavia's walls, the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and

canals. Commercial opportunities attracted Indonesian and

especially Chinese immigrants, with the increasing population

numbers creating a burden upon the city. In the 18th century,

more than 60% of Batavia's population consisted of slaves

working for the VOC. The slaves were mostly engaged to

undertake housework, while working and living conditions were

generally reasonable. Laws were enacted that protected slaves

against overly cruel actions from their masters; for example,

Christian slaves were given freedom after the death of their masters, while some slaves were allowed to own a store and

make money to buy their freedom. Sometimes, slaves fled and established gangs that would roam

throughout the area.

Though from the beginning of the VOC establishment Batavia became the political and administrative

center of the Dutch East Indies as well as the major port in Southeast Asian trade, the population of the

city proper remained relatively small. In the early 1800s, estimates of its population were still smaller

than that of Surabaya, though it would overtake that city by the end of that century: the first complete

census survey of 1920 returned a population of 306,000, compared to 192,000 for Surabaya, 158,000 for

Semarang and 134,000 for Surakarta. By then the population grew fast, as ten years later it exceeded half a million.[26]

College of Aldermen

On 24 June 1620 two Company officials and three free citizens or burghers were appointed to the first

College van Schepenen College of Aldermen.[27]

Dutch East Indies (1800-1942)

After the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) went bankrupt and was dissolved in 1800, the

Batavian Republic nationalized its debts and possessions, expanding all of the VOC's territorial claims

into a fully-fledged colony named the Dutch East Indies. Batavia evolved from the site of the company's

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavian_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenigde_Oost-Indische_Compagniehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaranghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_de_Bruynhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Hannahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_Chronicleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg


8/13



Batavia in 1840, showing the growth

of the city to the south of old Batavia.

Map of Batavia in 1897

regional headquarters into the capital of the colony.

In 1808, Herman Willem Daendels moved the town center from

Jakarta Old Town (today's Kota Tua) to less swampy, higher

ground to the south in the area which was known as Weltevreden

(today's Gambir). Batavia thereby became a city with two

centers: Kota as the hub of business, where the offices and

warehouses of shipping and trading companies were located, and

Weltevreden, the new home for the government, military, and

shops. These two centers were connected by the Molenvliet

Canal and a road (now Gajah Mada Road) that ran alongside the

waterway.[28] During the British interregnum (1811-1816),

Daendels was replaced by Stamford Raffles.[3][29]:115–122[30][31]:25

After the 1740 massacre, it became apparent over the ensuing

decades through a series of considerations that Batavia needed

Chinese people for a long list of trades.[32]:49 Considerable Chinese economic expansion occurred in the

late eighteenth century, and by 1814 there were 11,854 Chinese people within the total of 47,217

inhabitants.[32]:49

The city began to move further south, as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 encouraged more people to move

far south of the port. This period in the 19th century consisted of numerous technological advancements

and city beautification initiatives in Batavia, earning Batavia the nickname, "De Koningin van het

Oosten" , or "Queen of the East".

Abolition of Cultuurstelsel

The Dutch: Cultuurstelsel ; Cultivation System was a government

policy in the mid-nineteenth century which requiring a portion of

agricultural production to be devoted to export crops. Indonesian

historians refer to it as Indonesian: Tanam Paksa; Enforcement

Planting. The abolition of the Cultuurstelsel in 1870 led to the

rapid development of private enterprise in the Dutch Indies.

Numerous trading companies and financial institutions

established themselves in Java, with most settling in Batavia.

Jakarta Old Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with

offices, typically along the Kali Besar. These private companiesowned or managed plantations, oil fields, or mines. The first

railway line in Java was opened in 1867 and urban centers such

as Batavia began to be equipped with railway stations.[33] Many

schools, hospitals, factories, offices, trading companies, and post

offices were established throughout the city, while improvements

in transportation, health, and technology in Batavia caused more

and more Dutch people to migrate to the capital—the society of

Batavia consequently became increasingly Dutch-like.

International trade activity occurred with Europe and the increase

of shipping led to the construction of a new harbor at Tanjung Priok between 1877 and 1883. [34] The

Dutch people who had never set foot on Batavia were known locally as Totoks. The term was also used

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totokhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Priokhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliwung_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuurstelselhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Raffleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambir,_Jakartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Old_Townhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batavia_1897.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batavia-Wikipedia.JPG


9/13



to identify new Chinese arrivals, to differentiate them from the Peranakan. Many totoks developed a

great love for the Indies culture of Indonesia and adopted this culture; they could be observed wearing

kebayas, sarongs, as well as summer dresses.[35]

By the end of the 19th-century, the population of the capital Batavian regency numbered 115,887

people, of which 8,893 were Europeans, 26,817 were Chinese and 77,700 were indigenous islanders.[36]

A significant consequence of these expanding commercial activities was the immigration of large

numbers of Dutch employees, as well as rural Javanese, into Batavia. In 1905, the population of Bataviaand the surrounding area reached 2.1 million, including 93,000 Chinese people, 14,000 Europeans, and

2,800 Arabs (in addition to the local population).[37] This growth resulted in an increased demand for

housing and land prices consequently soared. New houses were often built in dense arrangements and

kampung settlements filled the spaces left in between the new structures. This settlements proceeded

with little regard for the tropical conditions and resulted in overly dense living conditions, poor

sanitation, and an absence of public amenities.[28] In 1913, the plague broke out in Java.[28]

Also during the period, Old Batavia abandoned moats and ramparts experienced a new boom, as the

commercial companies were re-established along the Kali Besar.

[28]

In a very short period of time, thearea of Old Batavia re-established itself as a new commercial center, with 20th-century and 17th-century

buildings adjacent to each other.

Dutch Ethical Policy

The Dutch Ethical Policy was introduced in 1901, expanding educational opportunities for indigenous

population of the Dutch East Indies. In 1924 a law school was founded in Batavia.[38] The city’s

population in the 1930 census was 435,000.[10]:50 The University of Batavia was established in 1941 and

later became the University of Indonesia.

[38]

In 1946, the Dutch colonial government established the Nood Universiteit (Emergency University) in Jakarta. In 1947, the name was changed to Universiteit van

Indonesië (UVI) (Indonesia University). Following the Indonesian National Revolution, the government

established a state university in Jakarta in February 1950 named Universiteit Indonesia, comprising the

BPTRI units and the former UVI. The name was later changed into Universitas Indonesia (UI).

National revival

Mohammad Husni Thamrin, a member of Volksraad , criticized the Colonial Government for ignoring

the development of kampung ("inlander's area") while catering for the rich people in Menteng. Thamrin

also talked about the issue of Farming Tax and the other taxes that were burdensome for the poorer members of the community.

Independence movement

In 1909, Tirtoadisurjo, a graduate of OSVIA (Training School for Native Officials), founded the Islamic

Commercial Union (Sarekat Dagang Islamiyah) in Batavia to support Indonesian merchants. Branches in

other areas followed. In 1920, Tjokroaminoto and Agus Salim set up a committee in Batavia to support

the Ottoman caliphate.[38]

In 1926, espionage warned the Dutch of a planned revolt and PKI leaders were arrested. Andries C. D.

de Graeff replaced Fock as governor-general and uprisings in Batavia, Banten, and Priangan were

quickly crushed.[38] Armed Communists occupied the Batavia telephone exchange for one night before

being captured. The Dutch sent prisoners to Banden and to a penal colony at Boven Digul in West Irian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boven_Digulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_C._D._de_Graeffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_caliphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agus_Salimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjokroaminotohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Commercial_Union&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OSVIA&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirtoadisurjo&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentenghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampunghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksraad_(Dutch_East_Indies)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Husni_Thamrinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Indonesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Ethical_Policyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota,_Jakartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranakan


10/13



Sketch of the Japanese entry into

Batavia

(West New Guinea) where many died of malaria.[38] On July 4, 1927 Sukarno and the Study Club

founded the Indonesian Nationalist Association which became the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI)

and later joined with the Partai Sarekat Islam, Budi Utomo, and the Surabaya Study Club to form the

Union of Indonesian Political Associations (PPPKI).[38] A youth congress was held in Batavia on

October 1928 and the groups began referring to the city as Jakarta. They demanded Indonesian

independence, displayed the red-and-white flag, and sang the Indonesian national anthem written by W.

R. Supratman. The Dutch banned the flag, the national anthem, and the terms Indonesia and

Indonesian.[38]

Japanese occupation and national revolution era (1942-1949)

On March 5, 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch

formally surrendered to the Japanese occupation forces on March

9, 1942, and rule of the colony was transferred to Japan. The city

was renamed Jakarta.

The economic situation and the physical condition of Indonesiancities deteriorated during the occupation. Many buildings were

vandalized, as metal was needed for the war, and many iron

statues from the Dutch colonial period were taken away by the

Japanese troops. Civil buildings were converted into internment

camps where Dutch people were imprisoned.

After the collapse of Japan in 1945, the area went through a period of transition and upheaval during the

Indonesian national struggle for independence. During the Japanese occupation and from the perspective

of the Indonesian nationalists who declared independence on August 17, 1945, the city was renamed

Jakarta.[2] In 1945, the city was briefly occupied by the Allies and then was returned to the Dutch. TheDutch name, Batavia, remained the internationally recognized name until full Indonesian independence

was achieved and Jakarta was officially proclaimed the national capital (and its present name

recognized) on December 27, 1949.[2]

Mayors

The city of Batavia had a mayor (burgemeester ) from 1916 to 1947.

GJ Bishop (1916-1920)H. van Breen (1920-1920) ActingA. Meij Roos (1920-1933)EA Voorneman (1933 to 19 ??)A.Th. Boogaardt (Acting in 1941)EA Voorneman (1941 to 1942)A.Th. Boogaardt (1945-1947)

Born in Batavia

Reinout Willem van Bemmelen, geologistBen Bot, Dutch diplomat and government minister Huibert Boumeester, rower Tonke Dragt, writer and illustrator of children's literatureBoudewijn de Groot, singer/songwriter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudewijn_de_Groothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonke_Dragthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huibert_Boumeester_(rower)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinout_Willem_van_Bemmelenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._R._Supratmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_Rayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Political_Associations&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surabaya_Study_Club&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budi_Utomohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partai_Sarekat_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Nationalist_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Nationalist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schets_van_de_Japanse_intocht_in_Batavia_zoals_de_Japanners_het_zich_voorstelden_TMnr_10001766.jpg


11/13



Michel van Hulten, politicianYvonne Keuls, writer Taco Kuiper, investigative journalist and publisher Pieter Mijer, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, 1866–1872Carel Jan Schneider, known by the pseudonym F. Springer, a Dutch foreign service diplomat andwriter Francis Steinmetz, officer in the Royal Netherlands Navy who escaped from Colditz

Frans Tutuhatunewa, president of the Republic of South Maluku (internationally unrecognized)Eddy de Neve, member of the first Netherlands national football team

See also

Kota Tua JakartaList of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta

References

1. Vickers A. A History of Modern Indonesia Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0521542626

2. Waworoentoe WJ. Jakarta Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc; accession date August 30, 2015. [1]

(http://www.britannica.com/place/Jakarta)

3. Ricklefs MC. A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200 Palgrave Macmillan, 4th edition, Sep 10, 2008.

ISBN 9781137149183

4. Liebenberg, Elri; Demhardt, Imre (2012). History of Cartography: International Symposium of the ICA

Commission, 2010. Heidelberg: Springer. p. 209. ISBN 978-3-642-19087-2. "The United Dutch East India

Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in Dutch, literally "United East Indian

Company")..."

5. Drakeley S. The History of Indonesia. Greenwood, 2005. ISBN 9780313331145

6. de Vries J, van der Woude A. The First Modern Economy. Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch

Economy, 1500–1815. Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 9780521578257

7. Ricklefs MC. A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200. MacMillan, 2nd edition, 1991ISBN 0333576896

8. Gimon CA. Sejarah Indonesia: An Online Timeline of Indonesian History. gimonca.com 2001. [2]

(http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah02.shtml)

9. Ricklefs MC. A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200 Palgrave Macmillan, 3rd edition, 2001. ISBN

9780804744805

10. Cribb R, Kahin A. Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2nd edition ISBN

9780810849358

11. Kanumoyoso, B. Beyond the city wall : society and economic development in the Ommelanden of Batavia,

1684-1740 Doctoral thesis, Leiden University 2011 [3] (https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/17679)

12. "Batavia". De VOCsite (in Dutch). de VOCsite. 2002–2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.

13. de Haan 1922, p. 44-5.

14. Lucassen J, Lucassen L. Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th-21st Centuries).

Brill, 2014. ISBN 9789004271364

15. de Haan 1922, p. 46-7.

16. Bollee, Kaart van Batavia 1667.

17. Gunawan Tjahjono 1998 113.

18. Knight GR. Sugar, Steam and Steel: The Industrial Project in Colonial Java, 1830-1885 University of

Adelaide Press, 2014. ISBN 9781922064998

19. Ward K. Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company. Cambridge University

Press, 2009. ISBN 9780521885867

20. Vaisutis, Justine; Martinkus, John; Batchelor, Dr. Trish (2007). Indonesia. Lonely Planet. p. 101.

ISBN 9781741798456. Retrieved December 11, 2014.

21. van der Brug PH. Malaria in Batavia in the 18th century. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 1997;

volume 2, issue 9, pages 892–902. PMID 9315048

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9315048?dopt=Abstracthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741798456https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=eoMYUd6FsSkC&pg=PA897&dq=Indonesia+lonely+planet+%26+Patrick+Witton&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPA101,M1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521885867https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781922064998https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004271364http://www.vocsite.nl/geschiedenis/handelsposten/batavia.htmlhttps://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/17679https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810849358https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804744805http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah02.shtmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521578257https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313331145https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-19087-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.nl/books?id=v0CYuQbTcOQC&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209&dq=%22united+east+indian+company%22&source=bl&ots=um6KtorW_d&sig=puJbNI10gJnrsjRfbZ592xl0NNo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCUQ6AEwATgKahUKEwiQk6OAxYjIAhUE1hQKHUbxBU0#v=onepage&q=%22united%20east%20indian%20company%22&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137149183http://www.britannica.com/place/Jakartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521542626https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_buildings_and_structures_in_Jakartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tua_Jakartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_de_Nevehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_South_Malukuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Tutuhatunewahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colditz_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Steinmetzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Springerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Mijer_(governor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco_Kuiperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Keulshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_van_Hulten


12/13



22. Pols H. Notes from Batavia, the Europeans' graveyard: the nineteenth-century debate on acclimatization in

the Dutch East Indies J Hist Med Allied Sci 2012; volume 67, issue 1, pages 120–148. DOI

10.1093/jhmas/jrr004 PMID 21317422

23. van Emden,, F. J. G.; W. S. B. Klooster (1964). Willem Brandt, ed. Kleurig memoriaal van de Hollanders

op Oud-Java. A. J. G. Strengholt. p. 146.

24. Blussé, L. Strange Company. Chinese settlers, mestizo women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia. Dordrecht:

Floris Publication, 1986.

25. de Haan 1922, p. 469.

26. Hiroyoshi Kano, Growing Metropolitan Suburbia: A Comparative Sociological Study on Tokyo and(https://books.google.com/books?id=w1lRf5kNH4QC&pg=PA5), Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2004, pp. 5-6

27. Robson-McKillop R. (translator) The Central Administration of the VOC Government and the Local

Institutions of Batavia (1619-1811) – an Introduction. Hendrik E. Niemeijer HE. [4] (http://www.sejarah-

nusantara.anri.go.id/media/userdefined/pdf/brillvocinventaris_niemeijeren.pdf)

28. Gunawan Tjahjono 1998 109.

29. Hannigan T. A Brief History of Indonesia: Sultans, Spices, and Tsunamis: The Incredible Story of Southeast

Asia's Largest Nation. Tuttle Publishing, 2015. ISBN 9780804844765

30. Hannigan T. Raffles and the British Invasion of Java. Monsoon Books, 2013. ISBN 9789814358859

31. National Information Agency. Indonesia 2004; an official handbook . Republic of Indonesia.

32. Dobbin C. Asian Entrepreneurial Minorities : Conjoint Communities in the Making of the World-Economy

1570–1940. Richmond: Curzon. 1996 ISBN 978070070404033. Gunawan Tjahjono 1998 116.

34. Teeuwen, Dirk (2007). Landing stages of Jakarta/Batavia.

35. Nordholt, Henk Schulte; M Imam Aziz (2005). Outward appearances: trend, identitas, kepentingan (in

Indonesian). PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara. p. 227. ISBN 9789799492951. Retrieved August 20, 2011.

36. Teeuwen, Dirk Rendez Vous Batavia (Rotterdam, 2007) (http://www.rendez-vous-

batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa.pdf) Archived

(https://web.archive.org/web/20110724163711/http://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-

kelapa.pdf) July 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.

37. Oosthoek's Geïllustreerde Encyclopaedie (1917)

38. Beck S. South Asia 1800-1950: Indonesia and the Dutch 1800-1950 (http://www.san.beck.org/20-11-

Indonesia1800-1950.html)

Works cited

de Haan, F. (1922). Oud Batavia 1. Batavia: G. Kolff & Co, Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van

Kunsten en Wetenschappen.

Gunawan Tjahjono, ed. (1998). Architecture. Indonesian Heritage 6. Singapore: Archipelago Press.

ISBN 981-3018-30-5.

Kaart van het Kasteel en de Stad Batavia in het Jaar 1667 [ Map of the Castle and the City Batavia in year

1667 ] (Map) (Den Haag ed.). 50 rhijnlandsche roeden (in Dutch). Cartography by J.J. Bollee. G.B. Hooyer

and J.W. Yzerman. 1919.

Further reading

Batavia: Queen City of the East G. Kolff & Company, 1925The Social World of Batavia: European and Eurasian in Dutch Asia(https://books.google.com/books?id=geKdIDLcUvUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Batavia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAWoVChMIqKewjty8xwIVgiYeCh2ZTADd#v=onepage&q=Batavia&f=false) by Jean Gelman Taylor,University of Wisconsin Press, January 1, 1983

The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia, edited by Lâeonard Blussâe, Menghong Chen, Brill,January 1, 2003 - accounts of the Chinese Indonesian experience in BataviaJakarta-Batavia: socio-cultural essays (https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9067181390) C. D.Grijns, P. NasLombard, Denys. Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9067181390https://books.google.com/books?id=geKdIDLcUvUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Batavia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAWoVChMIqKewjty8xwIVgiYeCh2ZTADd#v=onepage&q=Batavia&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-3018-30-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.san.beck.org/20-11-Indonesia1800-1950.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttps://web.archive.org/web/20110724163711/http://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa.pdfhttp://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789799492951https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=oxiFaXuOI_YC&pg=PA227&dq=totok+batavia&hl=en&ei=1V9PTvn4JsjQrQe5yfGsAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=totok&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700704040https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814358859https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804844765http://www.sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id/media/userdefined/pdf/brillvocinventaris_niemeijeren.pdfhttps://books.google.com/books?id=w1lRf5kNH4QC&pg=PA5https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317422?dopt=Abstract


13/13


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&oldid=709140347"

Categories: Dutch East Indies History of Indonesia Jakarta

This page was last modified on 9 March 2016, at 10:32.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional termsmay apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttps://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jakartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Indonesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dutch_East_Indieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&oldid=709140347

batavia, dutch east indies - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Documents