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Baton (law enforcement)

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"Nightstick" redirects here. For the sludge metal band, see  Nightstick (band). For the

Transformers character, see  Nightstick (Transformers). 

"Billy Club" redirects here. For the 2013 film, see  Billy Club (film). 

 For other uses, see  Baton. 

Baton

A baton or truncheon (also called a cosh, billystick , billy club, nightstick , sap,

blackjack , stick ) is essentially a club of less than arm's length made of wood, rubber,

 plastic or metal. They are carried for  forced compliance and self-defense  by law-

enforcement officers, correctional staff, security-industry employees and (less often)

military personnel. Other uses for truncheons and batons include crowd control or the

dispersal of belligerent or non-compliant people.

A truncheon or baton may be used to strike, jab, block, bludgeon and aid in the application

of  armlocks. The usual striking or bludgeoning action is not produced by a simple and

direct hit, as with an ordinary blunt object, but rather by bringing the arm down sharply

while allowing the truncheon to pivot nearly freely forward and downward, so moving its

tip much faster than its handle –  effectively a slingshot action, only without releasing.

Sometimes, they also are employed as weapons by criminals and other law-breakers

 because of their easy concealment. As a consequence, they are illegal for non-authorized

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civilian use in many jurisdictions around the world. They have a common role to play, too,

in the rescuing of trapped individuals — for instance, people caught in blazing cars or

 buildings —  by smashing windows or even doors.

Contents

[hide] 

  1 History 

  2 Target areas 

  3 Comparison with other weapons 

  4 Designs 

o  4.1 Straightstick  

o  4.2 Sap 

o 

4.3 Blackjack  

o 

4.4 Side-handle baton 

o 

4.5 Expandable baton   4.5.1 Advantages 

  4.5.2 Disadvantages 

o 

4.6 Stun baton 

o 

4.7 Improvised impact weapons 

  4.7.1 Flashlights 

  5 Legality 

  6 See also 

  7 References 

  8 External links 

History[edit] 

19th-century police truncheons in the Edinburgh Police Centre Museum

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 A modern wooden baton

In the Victorian era, police in London carried truncheons about one-foot long called billy

clubs. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, this name is first recorded in 1848 as

slang for a burglars' crowbar . The meaning "policeman's club" is first recorded 1856. The

truncheon acted as the policeman's 'Warrant Card' as the Royal Crest attached to it

indicated the policeman's authority. This was always removed when the equipment left

official service (often with the person who used it). Earlier on the word was used in vulgar

Latin (bastο  –  a stick helping walking,[1] from basta  –  hold).

The Victorian original has since developed into the several varieties available today. The

typical truncheon is a straight stick made from wood or a synthetic material, approximately

1.25 inches (32 mm) in diameter and 18 – 36 inches (460 – 910 mm) long, with a fluted

handle to aid in gripping. Truncheons are often ornamented with their organizations' coats

of arms. Longer truncheons are called "riot batons" because of their use in riot control. 

Truncheons probably developed as a marriage between the club or military mace and the

staff of office/sceptre[citation needed ].

Straight batons of rubber have a softer impact. Some of the kinetic energy bends and

compresses the rubber and bounces off when the object is struck. The Russian police

standard-issue baton is rubber, except in places such as Siberia, cold enough that the rubber

can become  brittle and break if struck.

The traffic baton is red to make it more visible as a signaling aid in directing  traffic. In

Russia traffic batons are striped in black and white for the same reason.

Until the mid-1990s, British police officers carried traditional wooden truncheons of a sort

that had changed little from Victorian times. Since the late 1990s, the collapsible baton is

issued except for public order duties, where a fixed, acrylic baton is used. Side handled

 batons were issued for a while, but fell out of favour.

The NYPD used to use two kinds of batons depending on the time. The one for daytime

was called a day-stick and was 11 inches in length. Another baton, that was used at night,

was 26 inches long and called a night-stick, which is the origin of the word "nightstick".

The night-stick was longer so it could provide extra protection which was thought to be

necessary at night.[2] 

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Target areas[edit]

This section does not cite any references (sources). Please help improve this

section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be

challenged and removed. (November 2014) 

Before the 1970s, the most common use of the police baton was to simply "brain" suspects

(strike their heads with a full-force overhand motion) in order to stun them or knock them

unconscious via cerebral concussion, similar to the pre-baton practice of   buffaloing with

the barrel of a revolver . However, this practice was both unreliable and periodically lethal:

resistance to cerebral concussion varies widely between individuals, and the difference in

force between that required to concuss a suspect into non-resistance and that which would

fracture their skull tends to be narrow and unpredictable.

As such, civil lawsuits and claims of police brutality resulted in revised training for

officers. In modern police training, it is not permitted to hit the skull, sternum, spine, orgroin unless such an attack is unavoidable and conducted in defense of life. The primary

targets now are large nerve clusters, such as the common peroneal nerve in the mid-thigh

and large, easily targetable muscle groups, such as the quadriceps or   biceps. The approved

method of swinging the baton has also changed, with the full-force "bludgeoning" strike

 being proscribed in non-life critical circumstances and replaced with a lighter  sidearm 

"whipping" motion in which only the tip of the baton actually strikes the target.

Taken together, these changes are intended to produce compliance via transitory

neurapraxia (temporary muscle pain, spasm and paralysis due to nerve injury) instead of the

 bone fractures and cerebral concussion which characterized their earlier use.

Comparison with other weapons[edit]

Hand-held impact weapons have some advantages over newer less lethal weapons. Batons

are less expensive than Tasers to buy or to use, and carry none of the risk of cross-

contamination of OC aerosol canisters ( pepper spray) in confined areas. Tasers and OC

canisters have limited ammunition, whereas batons use none.

Like Tasers and OC, batons are referred to as "less-lethal" rather than "non-lethal". These

items are not designed to be fatal, but they can be: allergic reaction to pepper spray, blood

clots from baton strikes, and heart stoppage after being shocked by a Taser.

Designs[edit]

Batons in common use by  police around the world include many different designs, such as

fixed-length straight batons, blackjacks, fixed-length side-handle batons, collapsible

straight batons, and other more exotic variations. All types have their advantages and

disadvantages.

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The design and popularity of specific types of baton have evolved over the years and are

influenced by a variety of factors. These include inherent compromises in the dual (and

competing) goals of control effectiveness and safety (for both officer and subject).

Straightstick [edit]

LAPD riot officers with straightsticks during a protest in Los Angeles. 

A straight, fixed-length baton (also commonly referred to as a "straightstick") is the oldest

and simplest police baton design, known as far back as ancient Egypt.[3] It consists of little

more than a long cylinder with a molded, turned or wrapped grip, usually with a slightly

thicker or tapering shaft and rounded tip. They are often made of hardwood, but in modern

times are available in other materials such as aluminium, acrylic, and dense plastics and

rubber. They range in size from short clubs less than a foot in length to long 36-inch

(91 cm) "riot batons" commonly used in civil disturbances or by officers mounted on

horseback.

Straightsticks tend to be heavier and have more weight concentrated in the striking end than

other designs. This makes them less maneuverable, but theoretically would deliver morekinetic energy on impact. Most agencies have replaced the straightstick with other batons

 because of inconvenience to carry, and a desire for their officers to look less threatening to

the community they serve. Despite having been replaced by side-handle and expandable

 batons in many (if not most) law enforcement agencies, straightsticks remain in use by

many major departments in the US, such as the Baltimore, Denver , Sacramento, Long

Beach, Santa Ana, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Riverside Police Departments. They

also are used by  NYPD Auxiliary Police officers, as well as many Military Police forces

around the world.

Sap[edit] 

A sap is a flat-profiled, leather-covered lead rod, fitted with a spring handle.[4] It is also the

name for a weapon of similar design (also called a slapper,  slap jack  or beavertail sap). A

sap has a flat profile as opposed to a cylindrical  profile of a blackjack, and spreads its

impact out over a broader area, making it less likely to break bone. It was primarily used

for head strikes, intended to stun an opponent or render them unconscious.

Blackjack [edit] 

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 Two blackjacks and a hinged club on display at Bedford Museum 

A blackjack  (American English), or cosh (British English), is a small, easily concealed

club consisting of a leather -wrapped lead weight attached to the end of a leather-wrapped

coil spring or rigid shaft, with a lanyard or strap on the end opposite the weight.[5] 

Materials other than lead and leather are sometimes used to construct these weapons, but

the design principle (a soft covering over a dense weighted core) stays the same. Some

were weighted with a heavy lead ball wrapped in woven or plaited sailor's line ( marline or

codline) and then varnished over .[6] Some carefully made examples were likely to have been

used by a  boatswain or ship's master-at-arms or  ship's mate as a badge of office and

discipline-enforcer.

This weapon works by creating kinetic energy in the dense core, via the spring handle,

during the swing. When directed at the head, it works by concussing the brain without

cutting the scalp. This is meant to stun or knock out the subject, although head strikes from

 blackjacks have a high risk of causing a  permanent, disabling brain injury or being fatal.

Blackjacks were popular among law enforcement for a time due to their low profile, small

size, and suitability for knocking a suspect unconscious. Coshes have also been used by the

military for example by Special Forces such as the Special Operations Executive during the

Second World War. Currently, however, they are all but prohibited in most municipalities

due to liability issues stemming from their potential to cause permanent brain injury or

death when used as a compliance device. A blackjack is sometimes wrongly referred to as a

sap; the weapon actually called a sap is covered above.

"Blackjack" is also American English slang referring to an improvised weapon composed

of a heavy object placed inside a sock. The same improvised weapon is referred to in

British English slang as a "slungshot" or "cosh."

The word "cosh" is sometimes used loosely for any blunt instrument.

Side-handle baton[edit] 

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A pair of tonfa

Side-handle batons (sometimes referred to as T-batons or nightsticks) are batons with a

short side handle at a right angle to the shaft, about six inches from one end. The main shaft

is typically 61 centimetres (24 in) in length. They are derived from the tonfa, an Okinawan

kobudō weapon, and are used with a similar technique (although Tonfas are usually used in pairs, whereas side-handle batons are not). The best-known example is the Monadnock  PR-

24, which has become a genericized trademark  within the law enforcement and security

communities for this type of product.

It can be held by:

  One end, and the intersection between the shaft and the handle used to catch a long

swung blunt or sharp weapon.

  The side handle, and the long shaft held against the hand and forearm to splint and

shield the arm against an expected blow from an attacker.

Side-handle batons are made in both fixed and collapsible models, and may be constructed

from a range of materials including wood, poly-carbonate, epoxy, aluminum, or

combination of materials.

Some side-handle batons are one-piece in design; the side-handle component and primary

shaft are permanently fused together during manufacturing. One-piece designs are

 potentially stronger than two-piece designs, and have no risk of having a locking screw

loosen from its threads.

Other side-handle batons are two-piece in design (common among cheaper makes); the

side-handle component is screwed into the primary shaft. The side handle may be removed

from the shaft by the end-user, converting the side-handle into a straight baton. Also, some

two-piece designs function as a pivot to swing the side-handle baton in an arc without

loosening the grip, thereby increasing the speed and damage inflicted.

The advantages of a side-handle baton over a straight baton are numerous:

  There is a far greater number of defensive techniques/manoeuvres that may be used

with the side-handle baton in contrast with the straight baton.

  The side-handle component may aid in weapon retention, making it more difficult

for a suspect to take the baton away from the officer in a struggle.

  The side-handle component prevents the baton from rolling far away if

inadvertently dropped, unlike a straight baton.

  Subjectively, some officers may be able to deliver a strike of greater power with the

side-handle baton (when used in conjunction with a "power stroke") over a straight

 baton.

  Due to its design, a side handle baton is generally used in a more defensive and less

offensive manner than a straight baton, and thus it is less likely for an officer to

"instinctively" use a side-handle baton as a simple bludgeon and direct

indiscriminate strikes against a suspect. Also, the typically defensive stance the

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side-handle baton is used with is generally believed to present a more community-

friendly image than a straight baton.

Side-handle batons have a few disadvantages:

 

More training is required for an officer to fully utilize the potential of a side-handle baton compared to a straight baton.

  The side-handle slightly increases overall weight and bulk of the baton compared to

a straight baton of identical length.

  When the side-handle baton is used as a simple bludgeon (without gripping the side-

handle), it is less effective than a straight baton.

Side-handle batons have been involved in high-profile incidents of alleged  police brutality, 

such as in New Zealand's 1981 Springbok Tour [7][8] and the Rodney King  beating.

Expandable baton[edit]

ASP 21-inch (53 cm) expandable baton in expanded and collapsed state.

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Swedish riot police with expandable baton.

An expandable baton (also referred to variously as a collapsible baton, telescopic [or

telescoping] baton, tactical baton, spring cosh, ASP, Extendable, or extendo [slang]) is

typically composed of a cylindrical outer shaft containing telescoping inner shafts

(typically 2 or 3, depending on the design) that lock into each other when expanded. Theshafts are usually made of steel, but lightweight baton models may have their shafts made

from other materials such as aluminium alloy.

Expandable batons may have a solid tip at the outer end of the innermost shaft; the purpose

of the solid tip is to maximize the power of a strike when the baton is used as an impact

weapon.

Expandable batons are made in both straight and side-handle configurations, but are

considerably more common in the straight configuration.

The best-known example of the straight expandable baton is the ASP Baton, fromArmament Systems and Procedures; so much so that it has become a genericized trademark  

within the law enforcement and security communities for this type of product.

Depending on the holster or scabbard design, it may be possible to carry an expandable

 baton in either collapsed or expanded position, which would be helpful if an officer needed

to holster an expanded baton and it was not possible or convenient to collapse it at the time.

An expandable baton is opened by being swung in a forceful manner while collapsed, using

inertia to extend and lock the segments by friction. Some mechanical-lock versions can also

 be opened by simply pulling the segments apart. Depending on the design, expandable

 batons may be collapsed either by being brought down (inverted) on a hard surface, or by

depressing a button lock and manually collapsing the shafts.

Additionally, the baton, in collapsed configuration, may be used as a control device against

non-compliant subjects in conjunction with pain-compliance control techniques, such as to

remove a driver refusing to exit his or her vehicle. It can be used as a large kubotan. 

The extendable baton is provided to most officers in the British police forces. The idea

 being that should violence suddenly escalate the baton can be easily deployed but can be

stowed neatly away so as not to affect movement due to its mounting point on the officer's

clothing. It's also commonly used in the UK and many other countries as a means of

gaining entry quickly to a vehicle that contains offenders. In such a situation the baton is

deployed and, due to the solid end of the device, is used to strike the side windows or

windscreen of the vehicle to either gain entry or to stop the driver seeing where they are

going in circumstances where the officer has hit the screen while the vehicle is still in

motion.

Advantages[edit] 

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The advantages of a collapsible baton over a fixed baton are numerous:

  The collapsible shaft makes it easier for the officer to carry it and to sit in a car seat

wearing it, since when collapsed it is between six and ten inches (15 to 25 cm) long.

This is contrasted with non-collapsible batons, which the officer may, as a measure

of convenience, often resort to removing from his or her belt when seatingthemselves in a vehicle.

   Non-collapsible batons are typically carried in a ring type belt attachment. Fixed

 batons carried in such holders work themselves out of the holder when the wearing

 police officer sprints. Two answers are to hold the baton down in the ring with a

hand, or have the baton in the hand; neither is desirable. The typical collapsible

straight baton and its scabbard do not suffer this, and remain secure regardless of

the wearing officer's movement.

  In theory, the mere display of extending the baton may in some instances be

terrifying to an aggressive person (due to both the sight and sound of the action,with a similar intimidation technique as used with  pump-action shotguns), and may

thus escalate to violently force submission or incapacitation of the target. It could

also deescalate the situation through fear-motivated submission of the target without

 physical violence.

  A collapsible baton may be deployed against a suspect whether expanded or

collapsed; expanded, the baton's reach is extended, but collapsed, the baton is

handier in close quarters. This provides greater versatility in a wider range of

environments over the fixed-length baton.

Disadvantages[edit] 

However, expandable batons are not without some disadvantages:

  Some police may prefer to carry a fixed baton due to the greater intimidation it may

 provide. Similarly, a fixed baton serves better as a conspicuous symbol of authority

(i.e., 'badge of office') than a collapsed expandable baton.

  Fixed batons may often be less expensive than their collapsible counterparts of

identical or similar quality. Because of this, some law enforcement departments,

such as the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, may issue a fixed-length

 baton, but have their officers/deputies purchase expandable batons at the option and

expense of the individual officer.

  Fixed batons may be inherently faster to bring into action, due to the fact that they

do not need to be extended before usage as an impact weapon (unless one wishes to

use a collapsible baton in collapsed form). It is, however, possible to deliver a strike

whilst opening the baton in one fluid motion if the officer is correctly trained. This

is called a 'rapid response strike'.

  If an expandable baton is of friction-lock design, as most are, there is an inherent

risk that the baton may inadvertently close at an inopportune moment while being

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used to strike a suspect. This also prevents expandable batons from being used to

 prod or strike with the tip.

  In a situation in which stealth is required, a collapsed baton may rattle, giving away

the officer's position.

  Most expandable batons have most of their weight concentrated at the grip and the

tip tends to be the lightest part since it is the thinnest part of the baton. As such itmay deliver less forceful blows than a fixed baton.

Stun baton[edit] 

 Main article:  Electroshock weapon 

Stun batons are an unusual modern variation designed to administer an electric shock in

order to incapacitate the target. They consist of an insulated handle and guard, and a rigid

shaft usually a foot or more in length for delivering a shock. Many designs function like an

elongated stun gun or a cattle prod, requiring the tip to be held against the target and then

manually triggering a shock by a switch in the handle. Some more sophisticated designscarry a charge along the shaft's entire surface, administering a shock on contact. This later

design is especially useful in preventing the officer from having his weapon grabbed and

taken away by an assailant.

Most batons of this design were not intended to be used as impact weapons and will break

if used in this way, though a few were built to withstand occasional lighter impacts. They

are rarely issued to patrol officers in modern times due to their price and the other

associated problems with electroshock weapons.

Improvised impact weapons[edit] 

A homemade blackjack can be made using several techniques. Putting a bar of soap, rocks

or some wet sand in a sock, then tying off the end makes a blackjack out of common items.

Some non-purpose-built items have been used by law enforcement over the centuries as

impact weapons. Examples are:

  Pickaxe handles. These have been used in the British Army as an official guard

 baton.[citation needed ] 

  Baseball bat 

Flashlights[edit] 

Although the Kel-Lite in the 1970s appears to have been the third flashlight designed

specifically to be useful as an emergency defensive weapon,[9] the best-known example is

the D-cell Maglite, still in use by some law enforcement and security personnel.

Use of such flashlights as a club or baton is generally officially discouraged by the

manufacturers and law enforcement officials, but its use is an option. As with all police

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weapons, there have been many allegations of misuse, such as in the Malice Green  beating

in Detroit. However, it should be noted that the use of flashlights as improvised impact

weapons is subject to the same use of force regulations as the use of purpose-designed

impact weapons like batons.

Peace officers may often choose to use such flashlights because they are viewed primarilyas illumination devices; thus, if a peace officer carries one in his hands during nighttime

encounters with potentially violent subjects, it would be less likely to escalate the situation

(by making the subject feel threatened) than if the officer were to be equipped with a baton

or   pepper spray canister instead. This permits the officer to appear less threatening while

having an impact weapon in hand and ready for instantaneous action, should the situation

indeed turn violent.

Characteristic of a flashlight used as a baton or club is the grip employed. Flashlights are

commonly held with the bulb end pointing from the thumb side of the hand, such that it is

 pointing outward from the body when held palm upward. When wielded as a club, the bulb

end points inward when the hand is palm upward, and the grip is closely choked to the bulb

end.

Another advantage to using a flashlight as a club is that in poorly lit situations it can be

used to initially dazzle the eyes of an opponent. Law enforcement officers often

deliberately shine flashlight beams into the eyes of suspects at night to cause temporary

night-blindness as a preemptive defensive measure, whether or not the individual is likely

to behave violently.

Legality[edit] 

Batons are legal for sworn law enforcement and military in most countries around theworld. However, the legality of civilian carry for purpose-built batons varies greatly by

country, and by local jurisdictions.

In the United States, legality is determined by the laws of the individual states. Some such

as Vermont or Arizona allow for legal carry in the absence of unlawful behavior or criminal

intent. Others such as California have general prohibitions against the carrying of all " club" 

weapons by non-law enforcement. Such jurisdictions will sometimes make exceptions for

 persons employed as security guards or bodyguards, will provide for permits to be obtained

for legal carry, or make exceptions for persons who complete an appropriate training

course.[10][11] 

In the UK, batons are considered to be offensive weapons (as they are "made or adapted for

use for causing injury to the person"), which prohibits their possession in a public place

under the Prevention of Crime Act 1953.[12] In addition, manufacturing, selling, lending and

importing fixed[13] and telescopic[14]  batons are all prohibited under section 141 of the

Criminal Justice Act 1988.[15] 

See also:  Police uniforms and equipment in the United Kingdom: Batons 

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In Canada, there is no specific law that prohibits batons; except for spring-loaded batons,

which are defined as a prohibited weapon under a regulation entitled 'Regulations

Prescribing Certain Firearms and other Weapons, Components and Parts of Weapons,

Accessories, Cartridge Magazines, Ammunition and Projectiles as Prohibited or Restricted'

(also capable of being referred to by its registration number: SOR 98 – 462). However, it is a

crime under section 90 of the Criminal Code to carry any weapon, including a baton, in aconcealed fashion.

In Sweden, all types of batons can be owned but not carried in public spaces by private

citizens according to law (1988:254).

In Brazil, there are no restrictions about batons to general public, but private security

guards can only carry wooden or rubber batons (no length is specified) according Law

7102/83. They may also carry electric shock batons if they have a Less-Lethal Certification

course. There is a general belief in Brazil that rubber batons are less prone to break bones

than the wooden ones.

See also[edit]

Law enfor cement portal  

  Espantoon 

  Flexible baton round 

  Jitte 

  Knobkierie 

 

Lathi   Sjambok  

  Tonfa 

  Weighted-knuckle gloves 

References[edit] 

1. 

Jump up ^ "baton".  Dictionary.com.2.

 

Jump up ^  Brunisholz, Corey. "NYPD History" . Retrieved 22 March 2012. 3.  Jump up ^ Thorpe, Nick; James, Peter (1995). Ancient inventions.  New York City: 

 Ballantine Books.  ISBN  0-345-40102-6 . 

4. 

Jump up ^ Campbell, Robert K.; Jack Lewis; David Steele (2007). "Chapter 3: From BillyClubs to Pepperballs". The Gun Digest Book of Assault Weapons. Gun Digest . p. 42.

 ISBN  0-89689-498-3. Back in the days when head blows were standard procedure, some

officers preferred a sap or blackjack to the wood baton. The sap was a leather-covered flator round piece of lead with a spring handle, although it could contain lead shot rather thana solid piece of metal. 

5.  Jump up ^  Farwell, Byron (2001). The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Land Warfare:

 An Illustrated World View. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 109.  ISBN  0-393-04770-9. Aweapon with a short shaft and weighted end used as a bludgeon. 

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  Police weapons 

  Riot control weapons 

  Crime 

  Blunt weapons 

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