Burnham-Moores Center for Real Estate

University of San Diego Master of Science in Real Estate

Presentation

Batteries and Energy

Storage 3/4/2013

Nikolas Parrish

Please do not quote or use this presentation without appropriate recognition. Thank you!

Purpose • Energy storage affects the grid, individual buildings, cell

phones to pace makers

• Power generated from renewable energy/ reactors must be

saved for off peak times

• 33% renewable efficiency in CA by 2020 will not be

achieved without energy storage

– Needed to manage up and down demand

– Constant electrical needs with decreased dependence on

fossil fuels, more on efficient cars, handle population

increases and energy crisis

– Technology to solutions outlook

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Research Plan

• Evolution horizon for battery technology

– When will breakthroughs happen?

– Who is working on them?

– Speed to store/release

– Quantity

– Cost

• Potential implications

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Battery Technology

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Types of Batteries

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Lithium-Ion Battery • Popular in all consumer electronics and electric cars

• Non-rechargeable Lithium battery invented in 1970, Isidor Buchmann

• 1991 - commercialization of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries

• 1997 - graphite used as negative electrode

– Positive- lithium cobalt oxide (industrial scale), lithium iron

phosphate (medical/EV/hobbyist), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum

oxide (EV/grid storage), lithium titanate (EV, grid storage), lithium

and carbon with a metallic fluid

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Lithium-Ion Storage

• Stores 150 watt hours of electricity in 1 kg of

battery

• Nickel-metal hydride battery pack stores 60 to 100

watt hours per 1 kg (Toyota Hybrid)

• Lead-acid battery stores 25 watt hours per 1 kg

– Takes 6 kg to store same amount of energy as 1

kg lithium-ion battery

– Typical car battery

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Lithium-Ion Battery

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Pros Cons

High commercial energy density Safety- Reactive/Fire/Fragile

Rechargeable (thousands of cycles) Last 2-3 years used or not

Slow loss of Charge (5%/Mo.) Temperature fluctuations

Lighter and smaller than NiCd Ruined if completely discharged

No memory effect-charge anytime Must have computer management

Limitless shape Expensive

Lithium-ion Transportation

Market • Global market for electric vehicles rising

– Lithium-ion technology of choice

• Hybrids and electric vehicles require larger battery packs

• Pike Research estimates Lithium- ion battery industry will grow

to $8 billion in sales worldwide by 2015, up from $878 million

in 2010.

• Battery cost causes high price premiums on batteries. Li-ion

prices due to fall 50% over next few years from $940 per

kilowatt hour (kWh) in 2010 to $470 per kWh by 2015.

• Government incentives and subsidies are winding down

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Nissan Leaf

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

73 Mi Range

4-8 hrs charge

$21,000-$27,000

24 kWh lithium-ion

battery

Battery 50% of cost

Boeing 787 Li-ion Battery Issues

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

BBC January 17, 2013

Overheating

5 incidents in 5 days

In service since Oct. 2011

Had small space/large energy

demand

GM Co. Volt caught fire in 2011

Future Lithium Batteries • November 16, 2009 University of Dayton Research

Institute- lithium air battery reacts with O2

– Carbon based cathode is cheaper/ Lithium anode

– Lightweight

– 3x energy density than conventional batteries

– Store 3,400 watt hours of energy than lithium cobalt of 1,450 watt hours

– 1,000 mi range for electric vehicles

• IBM- prototype in 1 year, 5-10 years to commercialization

• MIT- catalyst research

• GM and Toyota

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Future Lithium Batteries Cont. • Lithium-sulfur battery developed by Stanford professor

Yi Cui

– Higher energy density

– Sulfer component is much cheaper

– Loss of capacity on each recharge

– Promising for future electric vehicles

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Liquid Battery • Donald Sadoway-MIT, Materials Chemist

• Electrodes are molten medals

• Electrolyte conductor between them is molten salt and magnesium-

10x higher electrical currents

– Absorb large amounts of electricity

– Cost less than 1/3 of Li-ion and last longer

– Recharge infinitely

– Hopefully ready in 5 years

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Liquid Battery Cont. • Energy storage on a massive scale for power grid

• Renewable collector from solar panels or wind

• Wiring together large battery cells to meet energy demands

in cities

– NYC needs 13,000 megawatts, 645,835 Sq. Ft.

• Huge solar farms to meet energy demands during day and

excess for battery usage at night

• Lower need for power plants

• “invent our way out”

– To sustainability

– Lower fossil fuel use

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Other Grid Storage

• Aquion Energy- lithium manganese oxide

– Saltwater, cotton, charcoal and dirt

– Cheap materials

• Shipping container size storage cells for:

– Solar, wind and other renewable energy producers who

need to store the electricity they make before selling it

to the grid.

• Carnegie Mellon University’s school of engineering.

• Augment diesel generators in remote areas or back up the

power supply of homes and businesses.

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Battery Development • Bill Gates and Total (oil company) in sodium battery

• Lonex- Lithium-ion phosphate for 1-2 megawatt battery in

a shipping container

• A123- nanophosphate lithium-ion for transportation and

the grid

• Amprius- silicon nanostructure to replace carbon anode

systems (10x)

• Leyden Energy- Lithium-ion with electrolyte made of salts

• Tokyo Electrical Power Company- (NAS)-Sodium sulfer

• Car makers, electronics, commercial companies, etc.

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Carbon Nanotubes

• MIT research funded by USAF, NSF

– Powerful thermopower waves

– Rare occurrence

• Nanotech Institute at the University of Texas

• Can be used in engineering to medicine

• Yi Cui- nanotechnology to create paper batteries

and fabrics

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Bendable Batteries

• Yonggang Huang and John Rogers at the University of

Illinois

• Bendable for pacemakers to bouncing cell phones

• Stretched 300%, coil system

• Wireless power charging

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Future Technology

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Solid state li-ion (EV)

Magnesium-ion (2020)

Graphine supercapacitors

Recommendations

• Obama goals in 2009

– 1 million EV cars on road by 2015

– Fewer than 50,000 sold to date

– 1 in 600 car sales were electric in the $2 trillion global market last

year

• Need mass market adoption (Tesla)

– Better storage

– Cheaper

– Harmless materials and better recycling

– Lower dependence on expensive power stations

– Government funding/ incentives in the private sector

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Summary

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

•Batteries run out of juice, die, are environmentally harmful,

expensive and can be huge

•Our ticket to a sustainable way of life

•Technology beyond lithium ion will provide huge

advancements

•Batteries double in performance every 10 years

Resources suggested for further reading

1. http://www.ted.com/talks/donald_sadoway_the_missing_link_to_renewable_e

nergy.html

2. http://www.slideshare.net/linda3395/batteries-9442097

3. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-21/lithium-air-battery-gives-ibm-

hope-of-power-without-fires.html

4. http://extreme.mobile.msn.com/video/watch/a6cfdbed-74cd-4924-abdf-

69cead0754ef

5. http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy-Voices/2012/1024/Liquid-

metal-battery-Can-we-invent-our-way-out-of-climate-trouble

6. http://www.ngk.co.jp/english/products/power/nas/index.html

7. http://www2.technologyreview.com/article/412190/tr10-liquid-battery/

8. http://www.pv-

tech.org/editors_blog/energy_storage_the_missing_link_in_evolution_of_solar

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

References 1. SlideShare.net http://www.slideshare.net/linda3395/batteries-9442097

2. TED Donald Sadoway: The missing link to renewable energy

http://www.ted.com/talks/donald_sadoway_the_missing_link_to_renewable_energy.html

3. Energy storage: the missing link in evolution of solar By: Felicity Carus

http://www.pvtech.org/editors_blog/energy_storage_the_missing_link_in_evolution_of_s

olar

4. How Lithium-ion Batteries Work By: Marshall Brain

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/everyday-tech/lithium-ion-battery.htm

5. The History of Lithium Ion Batteries By: Christina Hadley

http://www.ehow.com/about_6114119_history-lithium-ion-batteries.html

6. Lithium-Ion Batteries for Off-Grid Systems Are They a Good Match? By: Randy

Richmond http://www.homepower.com/articles/lithium-ion-batteries-grid-systems

7. Lithium Prices By: Dave Brown http://lithiuminvestingnews.com/1727/lithium-prices/

8. Lithium-Ion Batteries for EVs to Grow from $878 Million Market in 2010 to $8 Billion

in 2015 By: Michael Graham Richard http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-

responsibility/lithium-ion-batteries-for-evs-to-grow-from-878-million-market-in-2010-

to-8-billion-in-2015.html

9. Lithium Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles to Approach $8 Billion in Sales By: 2015

http://www.pikeresearch.com/newsroom/lithium-ion-batteries-for-electric-vehicles-to-

approach-8-billion-in-sales-by-2015

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

References 10. Nissan Website http://www.nissanusa.com/electric-

cars/leaf/index?dcp=ppn.63023881.&dcc=0.240189299

11. Dreamliner: Boeing 787 planes grounded on safety fears

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21054089

12. Lithium Air Battery Gives IBM Hope of Power Without Fires By: Christopher Martin

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-21/lithium-air-battery-gives-ibm-hope-of-

power-without-fires.html

13. Scientists increase lithium-sulfur battery lifetime by a factor of 10 February 25, 2013

By: Lisa Zyga http://phys.org/news/2013-02-scientists-lithium-sulfur-battery-lifetime-

factor.html

14. MIT Working on More Powerful, Lightweight Batteries http://www.alternative-energy-

news.info/more-powerful-lightweight-batteries/

15. Using Carbon Nanotubes to Produce Electricity http://www.alternative-energy-

news.info/carbon-nanotubes-produce-electricity/

16. Lights Up Batteries and Clothing http://www.alternative-energy-

news.info/nanotechnology-lights-batteries-clothing/

17. Supercharged! Battery Power for the Future http://news.discovery.com/tech/gear-and-

gadgets/super-charged-batteries-120201.htm

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

References 18. Lithium-Sulfer Battery With Life Span of Lithium-Ion, Invented at Stanford By: Benji

Jerew http://www.greenoptimistic.com/2013/02/25/lithium-sulfur-battery-

stanford/#.UTWYw1dht8E

19. TR10: Liquid Battery By: Kevin Bullis

http://www2.technologyreview.com/article/412190/tr10-liquid-battery/

20. http://chinaenergysector.com/tag/power-grid/

21. The Battery of the Future By: Eric Wesoff

http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/the-battery-of-the-future

22. 12 Volt 10 ah LiFePO4 LFP12V10 Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery

http://www.apexbattery.com/12-volt-10-ah-lifepo4-lfp12v10-lithium-iron-phosphate-

battery.html?utm_source=googlepepla&utm_medium=adwords&id=41536836546&utm

_content=pla&gclid=CPf1rbWu5rUCFexaMgodc1QAmQ

23. NAS Batteries http://www.ngk.co.jp/english/products/power/nas/index.html

24. How BENDABLE batteries of the future will power pacemakers and bouncing cell

phones By: Daily Mail Reporter http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-

2285118/Bendable-batteries-future-help-power-pacemakers-bouncing-cell-phones.html

25. Charge Your Cell Phone In 5 Seconds

http://extreme.mobile.msn.com/video/watch/a6cfdbed-74cd-4924-abdf-69cead0754ef

26. Liquid metal battery: Can we invent our way out of climate trouble? By: Laurent Belsie

http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy-Voices/2012/1024/Liquid-metal-

battery-Can-we-invent-our-way-out-of-climate-trouble

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Author Bio

Burnham-Moores Center, MSRE

Program, University of San Diego

Donald R. Sadoway

Professor of Materials Chemistry at MIT. He has done

extensive research in the fields of energy storage,

nanotechnology and structural and environmental materials.

He seeks to establish scientific underpinnings for

technologies that make efficient use of energy and natural

resources in an environmentally sound manner.

http://dmse.mit.edu/faculty/profile/sadoway (Contact Info.)

http://www2.technologyreview.com/article/412190/tr10-

liquid-battery/ (Liquid Batteries Article/ Video)