battery world – mid-term forecast - tau world...ver 1 - 26/12/2006 1 battery world – mid-term...
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Battery World – Mid-TermForecast
Advance power sources Conference –Batteries & Fuel Cells – Tel-Aviv University
- 24/12/2006
Samuel [email protected]
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We start from here - Clay jar – with iron rod surrounded by coppercylinder and when filled with vinegar+an electrolytic solution
produces 1.1 volts DC. AROUND: 250 BC to 640 ADO
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TECHNOLOGICL TRENDS FORTHE NEXT DECADE
• Energy Demand – The need for portableenergy sources is the main drive for
Electro-Chemical power sources energy densityimprovements.
• Lithium Ion Technology – Penetrates newapplications especially with large
batteries/cells in place of other technologies. TheEnergy density gap to primary cells will decrease.
• New chemistries – probably no new chemistry. We willsee a new type of Li-ion rechargeable cells and smallenergy density improvements in primary cells.
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TECHNOLOGICL TRENDS FORTHE NEXT DECADE
• Portable Small Fuel Cells – will take the place ofniche markets, mainly expensive applications, and military useswith portable commercial uses like Laptops if there is going to be acost reduction.
• Hybrid Systems – more and more Hybrid -integrate the good performance of differentapplications like battery + capacitor, battery + fuel cell,
primary cell + rechargeable cell etc.
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Energy demands in the next decade
• Increasing demands for Hybrid Cars, Electric scooters,Electric Bikes because of gasoline high cost and needsfor a "Green" environment
Vectrixscooter
Electric Bike
Hybridcar
More batteries
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Energy demands in the next decade• Increasing demands for portable communications –
more Laptops, PDA’S, Cellular phones, Video cameras,Power tools and integrated applications like PDA withintegrated Cellular phone. More batteries
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Lithium-Ion Technology
• Proved technology.
• Wide spread in different sizes, stainless steel,Aluminum packaging and different internalconstructions.
• Main development in Western world, Japan and Korea.
• Main production in China.
• Increase in energy density because of new materialsdevelopments.
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Li-Ion Materials Improvements• New materials for cathodes like Nanostructure metallic
alloy will increase energy density up to 30% with aintent not to decrease the cycle life.
• Sony new technology – "NEXLION" for video cameras -15% more energy density with fast charge buy cycle life
decrease from 600 to 300 cycles.
General expectation for 15-20% energyimprovements
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The current gap Li-Ion VSPrimary
605 WH/L927 WH/L
230 WH/KG444 WH/KG
2.9 AH7 AH
PANASONICNCR18650 – LONG A
SIZE
ELECTROCHEM 3B30
C - SIZE
LITHIUM IONLITHIUM SULFURYLCHLORIDE
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Tadiran new primary Li-Ion cells• New technology with best power density for aprimary system, higher voltage and no passivation.
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The target - to increase performancewithout decreasing safety
• Sony Li-Ion safety problems lead to a huge economicdamage to the company – as has been learned by the worldbattery industry – Safety! Safety! Safety!
• According to Sony, at the packing phase during themanufacturing process, particles of Cu, Al, Fe and Ni getmixed in and generated the possibility of an internal shortcircuit .
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Lithium Ion Polymer as areplacement of Li-Ion
• Li-Ion energy density improvements lead to more safetyrisks , short circuits and fires.
• Lithium polymer batteries use lithium as an activeingredient with no liquids. Lithium Ion Polymer isconsidered safer than Li-Ion as the polymer is notflammable in comparison to organic electrolyte in Li-Ion.
• many technology improvements has taken place in lastyears.
• As a result of Sony Li-Ion safety problem SonyPresident has declared that within 2 years Sony plans toreplace Li-Ion by Lithium Polymer for Laptops.
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SION – LITHIUM-S RECHARGABLE• New promised technology development from SION-
Rechargeable li-sulfur with weight energy densityhigher then Li-ION.
• 2.1-2.2V Working voltage.
• Current Cells with energy densities of 315WH/KG and210WH/L in comparison to 230 WH/KG and 600 WH/L inLi-Ion.
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Primary Cell Improvements• more lithium prismatic cells in order to gain
volume energy density improvements.
• Decrease in self discharge.• Increasing operating temperature range.• Decrease in passivation.
Expectation for up to 5% energyimprovements
Industrial market
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Primary cell safety improvements
- Shut down separator
- Internal vent
- Internal fuse
- Cell level protection circuit board
EVE SafePlus PCB
Industrial market
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Trends in primary cells for
consumer markets• Increased demands for Alkaline cells drive capacity
improvements.• More Alkaline prismatic cells.
• Alkaline market increase could be even higher - butconsumer Ni-Mh rechargeable cells catch somemarket share.
Consumer market
500 cells of Dry
cells→ WASTE
1 cell of Ni-MH→
Reuse by recharge
USBCELL
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Trends in primary cells forconsumer markets
• New Chinese manufacturers for Lithium Iron spiralcells – Energizer is not the only one.
• Lithium iron market will expand with competition.
CHINA SHANDONG HIHON
Consumer market
Energizer energy togo with Lithium Iron
Cells
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Trends in primary cells for
consumer markets• Li-Mno2 CR123 and CR2 replacements with Li-ION
rechargeable cells with control board under the sleeve.
• More rechargeable Li-Ion power packs for chargingLi-Ion batteries.
Consumer market
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• Li-ion batteries and Zinc-Air batteries will replace part ofthe lithium primary batteries market share.
• Li-Mno2and Li-Soci2 will replace part of the Li-So2 marketshare due to better energy density and cost reduction +competition. There are many Li-Mno2 manufacturers(more than 50) and Li-Soci2 manufacturers (more than 27)but only 3 Li-So2 manufacturers (US, Canada, China))
Military market
UltralifeLi-Mno2
UltralifeLi-Ion Electric- Fuel
Zinc-Air
VitzroLi-Soci2
Trends in Military Batteries Market
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• Li-CFX seem do be a possible candidate for a newchemistry battery for military batteries.
• 3 manufacturers, Eagle-Picher Energy, Quallion, SpectrumBrands (formerly Ray-O-Vac) have developed a D-size Li-CFX Cells with around 15ah capacity for military batteries.
Military market
Trends in Military Batteries Market
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Fuel Cells• Fuel cells produce energy from chemical materials and
not a storage device like batteries.
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Portable Fuel Cells• The technological and economical challenges are about
to penetrate the market with a is cost reduction in Li-Ioncells and performance, cost, reliability competition.
• Potential energy densities up to 5 times higher thanbatteries.
• Intensive development world wide-spread.• Intended for payable markets!!!.• Are more expensive than batteries.• Use batteries for start-up or power peaks.
Fuel cells and batteries are complementary products.
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Portable fuel cells – reachingcommercial phase
• Single use Fuel cell Power Pack from Medis Israelicompany.
• Cartridge replaceable Fuel cell Power Pack fromUltracell USA company.
First commercial fuel cells in the market are power packsfor charging Li-Ion batteries
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HybridsHybridsFuel Cells
LithiumBattery
Lead-AcidBattery
NiCdBattery
Aluminum-ElectrolyticCapacitors
Double-LayerCapacitors
Ultra-Capacitors
1 HR
0.1 HR
36 sec
3.6 sec
0.36 sec
36 msec
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
En
erg
yD
en
sit
y(W
h/k
g)
10010 1000 10,000Power Density (W/kg)
Hybrid Systems -Why Hybrids?
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Hybrid SystemsDifferent technologies integrate basic idea
• Primary Lithium cells in parallel to capacitors – capacity, nopassivation, pulses.
• Rechargeable Lithium cells in parallel to capacitors – powerand pulses.
• Primary Lithium cells in parallel to rechargeable Li-Ion –capacity and power pulses, no passivation.
• Rechargeable Lithium cells in parallel to Fuel Cells –capacity and power pulses, no passivation.
• Capacitors in parallel to Fuel Cells – energy and pulses
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Tadiran Oceanographic Hybrid Battery:14KWh , 960Ah, 14.4 Volt, 19.5 Kg
96 DD Lithium Thionyl Chloride Cells +12HLC1550 Super capacitor,
