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Battle of KarbalaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from Battle of Karbela)

For the battles in the Iraq War, see Battle of Karbala (2003) and Battle of Karbala (2007).

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Battle of Karbala

Abbas Al-Musavi's Battle of Karbala, Brookln Museum

Date !" Muharram #!, $ctober !", #%" A&Location arbala

Result(maad militar victor

•

)ncident is mourned b *hia Muslims to date

Belligerents

The (maads +ussain o  Banu +ashim

Commanders and leaders

(bad Allah ibn iad

(mar ibn *a'ad

*himr ibn Thil-a/shan

Al-+urr ibn 0a1id al

Tamimi (left his army and

 joined Hussein during the

battle)  A

+ussein ibn Ali 

Al-Abbas ibn Ali 

+abib ibn Mu1ahir  

uhar ibn 2an 

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!trength

3,"""[!] or 4,"""[5] 6at least7 -

8","""[5] or !"","""[8][3] 6at

most7

9"-!4" 6:eneral consensus

!!"; includin: six-month-old

 bab7.[4][#]The common number

'95' comes rom the number o

heads severed.

Casualties and losses

%% killed, plus some /ounded.

[9]

95 casualties o +ussain's arm

"# +urr /as ori:inall one o the commanders o )bn iad's arm

 but chan:ed alle:iance to +ussein alon: /ith his son, slave and

 brother on !" Muharram #! A+, $ctober !", #%" A&

[sho/]

• < 

• T 

• = 

!econd $slamic Civil %ar

The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10, in the year 1  !" of the #$lamiccalendar  (%ctober 10, &0 !') in Karbala, $ituated in pre$ent day #ra*1+ The battle a$ beteen a$mall -roup of $upporter$ and relati.e$ of  Muhammad/$ -rand$on "u$$ein ibn !li, and a much lar-er military detachment from the force$ of aid #, the2mayyad caliph, to hom "u$$ein had refu$ed to-i.e an oath of alle-iance "u$$ein and all hi$ $upporter$ ere killed, includin- "u$$ein/$ $i34month4old infant $on, !li al4!$-har ibn "u$ayn, ith the omen and children taken a$ pri$oner$ The deadare re-arded a$ martyr$ by both 5unni *&+*6+ and 5hia Mu$lim$, and the battle ha$ a central place in5hia hi$tory and tradition, and ha$ freuently been recounted in 5hia #$lamic literature*10+

The Battle of Karbala i$ commemorated durin- an annual 104day period held e.ery Muharram by5hia, and !le.i culminatin- on it$ tenth day, knon a$ the 'ay of !$hura 5hia Mu$lim$

commemorate the$e e.ent$ bymournin-, holdin- public proce$$ion$, or-aniin- ma7li$, $trikin- theche$t and in $ome ca$e$ $elf4fla-ellation*10+

Contents

  *hide+

• 1 8olitical back-round

• 9 Muhammad/$ prophecy

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• : ;.ent$ before the battle

• < The e.ent$ of the battle

o <1 The day of the battle

o <9 "u$ayn/$ 5ermon on thi$ 'ay

o <: The battle be-in$

o << 'eath of !l4!bba$ ibn !li

o <= 'eath of "u$$ein ibn !li

• = !ftermath

• 5ermon$ durin- the 7ourney from Karbala to 'ama$cu$

o 1 5ermon of >aynab bint !li in Kufa

o 9 5ermon of !li ibn "o$$ein in Kufa

o : 5ermon of >aynab bint !li in aid/$ ?ourt

o < 5ermon of !li ibn "u$$ein in aid/$ ?ourt

• @ "i$torio-raphy of the battle of Karbala

o @1 8rimary $ource$

o @9 5econdary $ource$

o @: 5hia rit in-$

o @< "i$tory di$tortion

• & #mpact on literature

o &1 8er$ian literature

o &9 !eri and Turki$h literature

o &: 5indhi literature

o &< 2rdu literature

o &= Ben-ali literature

• 6 5hia ob$er.ance$

• 10 5ee al$o

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• 11 Footnote$

• 19 Reference$

• 1: Biblio-raphy

• 1< ;3ternal link$

o 1<1 5unni link$

o 1<9 5hia link$

Political background*edit+

See also: Suession to !uha""ad 

The rule of the third ?aliph, 2thman ibn !ffan, concluded ith a .iolent upri$in- Thi$ upri$in- endedith the a$$a$$ination of 2thman and for many day$ rebel$ $eied and occupied the city of  Medina2nder the o.erhelmin- pre$$ure of the 2mmah,  !li (!li ibn !bu Talib) a$ elected a$ the fourth

caliph ith ma$$i.e number$ of people $earin- their alle-iance to him "i$ immediate $tep$ ereto en$ure the unity of Mu$lim$ "e i$$ued the order$ of not attackin- the rebel$ until order a$re$tored The -o.ernor of 5yria, Muaiyah, kin$man to the murdered caliph 2thman, refu$edalle-iance to !li and re.olted a-ain$t him, u$in- hi$ cou$in/$ unpuni$hed murder a$ a prete3t Thi$re$ulted in armed confrontation$ beteen the #$lamic ?aliph !li ibn !bu Talib and Muaiyah8ractically, the Mu$lim orld became di.ided !t the death of !li ibn !bu Talib, hi$ elder $on "a$anibn !li $ucceeded him but $oon $i-ned a treaty ith Muaiyah to a.oid further blood$hed *11+

%ne of Muaiyah/$ mo$t contro.er$ial and endurin- le-acie$ a$ hi$ deci$ion to de$i-nate hi$ $onaid a$ hi$ $ucce$$or

The appointment of aid a$ unpopular in Medina

 !ccordin- to 5ahih !l Bukhari Aolume , Book 0, umber :=9, narrated by u$uf bin MahakC

Maran had been appointed a$ the -o.ernor of "i7a by Muaiya "e deli.ered a $ermon andmentioned aid bin Muaiya $o that the people mi-ht take the oath of alle-iance to him a$ the$ucce$$or of hi$ father (Muaiya) Then /!bdur Rahman bin !bu Bakr told him $omethin-hereupon maran ordered that he be arre$ted But /!bdur4Rahman entered /!i$ha/$ hou$e andthey could not arre$t him maran $aid, D#t i$ he (/!bdurRahman) about hom !llah re.ealed thi$Aer$eC /!nd the one ho $ay$ to hi$ parent$C /Fie on youE 'o you hold out the promi$e to me/D %nthat, /!i$ha $aid from behind a $creen, D!llah did not re.eal anythin- from the Gur/an about u$e3cept hat a$ connected ith the declaration of my innocence (of the $lander)D

#bn Katheer rote in hi$ book the !l4Bidayah an4ihayah *19+ that Din the year = !" Muaiyahcalled on the people includin- tho$e ithin the outlyin- territorie$ to pled-e alle-iance to hi$ $on,aeed, to be hi$ heir to the ?aliphate after him !lmo$t all the $ub7ect$ offered their alle-iance, iththe e3ception of !bdur Rahman bin !bu Bakr (the $on of !bu Bakr), !bdullah ibn 2mar  (the $on of

2mar), al4"u$ain bin !li (the $on of !li), !bdullah bin !4>ubair (The -rand$on of !bu Bakr) and !bdullah ibn !bba$ (!li/$ cou$in) Becau$e of thi$ Muaiyah pa$$ed throu-h al4Madinah on hi$ ayback from Makkah upon completion of hi$ 2mrah 8il-rima-e here he $ummoned each one of thefi.e aforementioned indi.idual$ and threatened them The $peaker ho addre$$ed Muaiyah$harply ith the -reate$t firmne$$ amon-$t them a$ !bdurrahman bin !bu Bakr, hile !bdullah bin2mar bin a$ the mo$t $oft $poken amon-$t them

 !bdur Rahman bin !bu Bakr and  !bdullah ibn 2mar  ere mid le.el Mu$lim commander$ atthe Battle of armouk that took 5yria !bdur Rahman bin !bu Bakr/$ $i$ter   !$mH/ bint !bu Bakr  al$ofou-ht in the Battle of armouk and a$ oppo$ed to aid*1:+ !bdur Rahman bin !bu Bakr had been

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one of the fir$t to duel in that battle, after takin- a $ord to hand o.er to a Gay$ bin "ubayrah hohad lo$t hi$ $ord, hile in a duel ith the Roman !rmy/$ be$t hor$eman To more Romanhor$emen then came forard $ayin- DWe $ee no 7u$tice hen to of you come a-ain$t one of u$D

 !bdur Rahman bin !bu Bakr repliedC D# only came to -i.e my companion a $ord and then returnWere 100 of you to come out a-ain$t one of u$ e ould not be orried ou are no three men #am enou-h to take on all three of youD !fter hich he took don the Roman hor$emen on hi$ on*1<+

 !fter $eein- thi$, Banne$ the Roman -eneral $aid D?ae$ar really kne the$e people be$t # nokno that a difficult $ituation i$ to come on you #f you do not attack them ith -reat number$, youill ha.e no chanceD !bdullah ibn 2mar had al$o been a mid le.el commander in the Battle ofarmouk 5ome Roman $oldier$ ent to the hou$e of !bu al4Iaid a local ?hri$tian in a4>ura ah andafter eatin- all the food, raped hi$ ife and killed hi$ $on *1=+ "i$ ife complained to the Roman-eneral and he i-nored her !bu al4Iaid then ent to the Mu$lim$ and told them that he kno$ thelocal area and if the Mu$lim$ e3empt him and hi$ de$cendant$ from ta3e$ for e.er he ill help themdefeat the Roman army*1=+ "e then took hor$emen led by !bdullah ibn 2mar to the Roman camp atni-ht and attacked them and then ran aay The Roman$ cha$ed them and in the dark ten$ ofthou$and$ of them fell don a cliff at the an4au$ah ?reek into a ri.er *1+  !bdullah bin !4>ubairhad al$o been a commander in .ariou$ battle$ includin- in orth !frica and a$ al$o in.ol.ed inthe $ie-e of ?on$tantinople

Muaiyah then deli.ered a $ermon, ha.in- $tood the$e fi.e men belo the pulpit in full .ie of thepeople after hich the people pled-ed alle-iance to aeed a$ they $tood in $ilence ithoutdi$playin- their di$a-reement or oppo$ition for fear of bein- humiliated 5aeed bin 2thman bin !ffan,the $on of 2thman al$o criticied Muaiyah for puttin- forard aeedD*19+ They tolerated Muaiyahbut did not like aeed

#n hi$ ritten in$truction$ to aid, Muaiyah $u--e$ted $pecific $trate-ie$ for each one of themMuaiyah arned aid $pecifically about "u$$ein ibn !li, $ince he a$ the only blood relati.e ofMuhammad*1@+ J!bd !llah ibn J!bba$ and !bdullah ibn 2mar did not ant to $tart another ci.il arand anted to ait !bd !llah ibn al4>ubayr challen-ed them and ent to Mecca ith "u$$ein5ome people claim that "u$$ein ibn !li re7ected the appointment of aid a$ the heir ofthe ?aliphatea$ he a$ a tyrant and ould de$troy #$lam Therefore, he re$ol.ed to confront aid*1&+

Muhammad's prophecy *edit+ !ccordin- to the hadith book complied by the 5unni $cholar !l4Tabarani, Muhammad told hi$ife 2mm 5alama "ind bint !bi 2mayyaC

abriel informed me that my -rand$on "u$$ain4ibne4!li ill be killed after me in the land of al4Taffand brou-ht me thi$ Turbah (mudL$oil) and informed me that thi$ i$ the $oil of the place he ill bemartyred*16+

 !nother .er$ion $imilar to the abo.e hadith reported by 5almaaC 5he ent to 2mm 5alama andfound her eepin- 5he a$ked her hat made her eep 5he $aidC # $a !llah/$ Me$$en-er in mydream There a$ du$t on hi$ head and beard # a$ked him, hat i$ ron- ith you, % Me$$en-er of 

 !llah "e $aidC # ha.e 7u$t itne$$ed "u$ain murder*&+

Events before the battle*edit+

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Before the battle near Karbala %ttoman miniature

Muaiyah # died on Ra7ab 99, 0 !" (&0 !') #n .iolation of #$lamic tradition and hi$ on rittena-reement ith "a$an ibn !li,*itation needed + Muaiyah # appointed hi$ $on aid a$ hi$ $ucce$$or,con.ertin- the caliphate into a dyna$ty Fe notable$ of the #$lamic community ere crucial tolendin- $ome le-itimacy to thi$ con.er$ion of the caliphate into a dyna$ty,*90+*91+ e.en people like 5aidibn 2thman*90+ and !hnaf ibn Gai$*91+ denounced hi$ caliphate*1@+ "u$$ein ibn !li a$ the mo$t$i-nificant threat to thi$ dyna$tic rule, $ince he a$ the only li.in- -rand$on of the #$lamicprophet Muhammad aid in$tructed hi$ o.ernor Walid in Medina to force "u$$ein ibn !li topled-e alle-iance to aid "u$$ein refu$ed it and $aid that D!nyone akin to me ill ne.er acceptanyone akin to aid a$ a rulerD "u$$ein departed Medina on Ra7ab 9&, 0 !" (&0 !'), to day$after Walid/$ attempt to force him to $ubmit to aid #/$ rule "e $tayed in Mecca from the be-innin-$of the month of 5ha/aban and all of the month$ of Ramadan, 5haal, a$ ell a$ 'hu al4Gi/dah

#t i$ mainly durin- hi$ $tay in Mecca that he recei.ed many letter$ from Kufa a$$urin- him their$upport and a$kin- him to come o.er there and -uide them "e an$ered their call$ and$ent Mu$lim ibn !eel, hi$ cou$in, to Kufa a$ hi$ repre$entati.e in an attempt to con$ider the e3act$ituation and public opinion

"u$$ein/$ repre$entati.e to Kufa, Mu$lim ibn !eel a$ elcomed by the people of Kufa, and mo$tof them $ore alle-iance to him !fter thi$ initial ob$er.ation, Mu$lim ibn !eel rote to "u$$ein ibn

 !li that the $ituation in Kufa a$ fa.orable "oe.er, after the arri.al of the ne o.ernor ofKufa, 2bayd !llah ibn >iyad, the $cenario chan-ed Mu$lim ibn !eel and hi$ ho$t, "ani ibn 2ra,ere e3ecuted on 'hu al4"i77ah 6, 0 !" (5eptember 10, &0 !') ithout any real re$i$tance of thepeople Thi$ $hifted the loyaltie$ of the people of Kufa, in fa.or of aid and a-ain$t "u$$ein ibn !li*99+ "u$$ein ibn !li al$o di$co.ered that aid had appointed J!mr ibn 5aJad ibn al !a$ a$ the head ofan army, orderin- him to take char-e of the pil-rima-e cara.an$ and to kill al "u$$ein ibn !li

here.er he could find him durin- "a77,*9:+*9<+

and hence decided to lea.e Mecca on &th 'hu al4"i77ah 0 !" (6 5eptember &0 !'), 7u$t a day before "a77 and a$ contented ith 2mrah, due to hi$ concernabout potential .iolation of the $anctity of the Kaaba*9=+*9+

"e deli.ered a $ermon at the Kaaba hi-hli-htin- hi$ rea$on$ to lea.e, that he didn/t ant the $anctityof the Kaaba to be .iolated, $ince hi$ opponent$ had cro$$ed any norm of decency and ere illin-to .iolate all tenet$ of #$lam

When "u$$ein ibn !li a$ makin- up hi$ mind to lea.e for Kufa, J!bd !llah ibn J!bba$ and !bd !llahibn al4>ubayr held a meetin- ith him and ad.i$ed him not to mo.e to #ra, or, if he a$ determined

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to mo.e, not to take omen and children ith him in thi$ dan-erou$ 7ourney "u$$ein ibn !li,hoe.er, had re$ol.ed to -o ahead ith hi$ plan "e -a.e a $peech to people the day before hi$departure and $aidC

D The death i$ a certainty for mankind, 7u$t like the trace of necklace on the neck of youn- -irl$ !nd # am enamored of my ance$tor$ like ea-erne$$ of Iacob to Io$eph  ;.eryone, ho i$ -oin- tode.ote hi$ blood for our $ake and i$ prepared to meet !llah, mu$t depart ith u$D*9@+

%n their ay to Kufa, the $mall cara.an recei.ed the ne$ of the e3ecution of Mu$lim ibn !eel andthe indifference of the people of Kufa *9&+*96+*:0+ #n$tead of turnin- back, "u$$ein decided to continue the

 7ourney and $ent Gay$ ibn Mu$ahir !l 5aidai a$ me$$en-er to talk to the noble$ of Kufa Theme$$en-er a$ captured in the .icinity of Kufa but mana-ed to tear the letter to piece$ to hidename$ of it$ recipient$ Iu$t like Mu$lim ibn !eel, Gay$ ibn Mu$ahir !l 5aidai a$ e3ecuted

The events of the battle*edit+

Battle of Karbala, #ranian paintin-, oil on can.a$, 16th century from theTropenmu$eum !m$terdam

"u$$ein and hi$ folloer$ ere to day$ aay from Kufa hen they ere intercepted by the.an-uard of aid/$ army about 1,000 men led by "urr ibn Riahy "u$$ein a$ked the army, DWith u$or a-ain$t u$D They repliedC D%f cour$e a-ain$t you, oh !ba !bd !llahED "u$ain ibn !li $aidC D#f youare different from hat # recei.ed from your letter$ and from your me$$en-er$ then # ill return tohere # came fromD Their leader, "urr, refu$ed "u$$ein/$ reue$t to let him return to Medina Thecara.an of Muhammad/$ family arri.ed at Karbala on Muharram 9, 1 !" (%ctober 9, &0 !')*:1+ They ere forced to pitch a camp on the dry, bare land and "urr $tationed hi$ army nearby

2bayd !llah ibn >iyad appointed 2mar ibn 5a/ad to command the battle a-ain$t "u$$ein ibn !li !tfir$t 2mar ibn 5a/ad re7ected the leader$hip of the army but accepted after #bn >iyad threatened totake aay the -o.ernor$hip of Rey city and put 5himr ibn Thil4Ia$han in hi$ place*:9+ #bn >iyad al$our-ed 2mar ibn 5a/ad to initiate the battle on the $i3th day of Muharram*::+ 2mar ibn 5a/ad mo.edtoard$ the battlefield ith an army and arri.ed at Karbala on Muharram :, 1 !" (%ctober :, &0

 !')

#bn >iyad $ent a brief letter to 2mar ibn 5a/d that commanded, D8re.ent "u$ain and hi$ folloer$from acce$$in- ater and do not allo them to drink a drop *of ater+ #bn 5a/ad folloed the order$,and =,000 hor$emen blockaded the ;uphrate$ %ne of "u$$ein/$ folloer$ met 2mar ibn 5a/ad andtried to ne-otiate $ome $ort of acce$$ to ater, but a$ denied The ater blockade continued up tothe end of the battle on Muharram 10th (%ctober 10, &0 !')*:<+

2mar ibn 5a/ad recei.ed an order from #bn >iyad to $tart the battle immediately and not to po$tponeit further The army $tarted ad.ancin- toard "u$$ein/$ camp on the afternoon of Muharram 6th !tthi$ point "u$$ein $ent  !l4!bba$ ibn !li to a$k #bn 5a/ad to ait until the ne3t mornin-, $o that heand hi$ men could $pend the ni-ht prayin- #bn 5a/ad a-reed to the re$pite*:9+*:=+*:+

%n the ni-ht before the battle, "u$$ein -athered hi$ men and told them that they ere all free tolea.e the camp in the middle of the ni-ht, under co.er of darkne$$, rather than face certain death ifthey $tayed ith him one of "u$$ein/$ men defected and they all remained ith him "u$$ein andhi$ folloer$ held a .i-il and prayed all ni-ht *:@+

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The day of the battle*edit+

%n Muharram 10th, al$o called !$hura, "u$$ein ibn !li completed the mornin- prayer$ ith hi$companion$ "e appointed >uhayr ibn Gayn to command the ri-ht flank of hi$ army, "abib ibnMuahir  to command the left flank and hi$ half4brother !l4!bba$ ibn !li a$ the $tandard bearer"u$$ein ibn !li/$ companion$ numbered :9 hor$emen and <0 infantrymen *:&+ "u$$ein rode on hi$hor$e >ul7anah

"u$$ein ibn !li called the people around him to 7oin him for the $ake of od and to defendMuhammad/$ family "i$ $peech affected "urr , the commander of theTamim and "amdan tribe$ hohad $topped "u$$ein from hi$ 7ourney "e abandoned 2mar ibn 5a/ad and 7oined "u$$ein/$ $mallband of folloer$*:6+

%n the other $ide, aid had $ent 5himr ibn Thil4Ia$han (hi$ chief commander) to replace 2maribn 5a/ad a$ the commander*:6+*<0+*<1+

There i$ contro.er$y re-ardin- the date for the day of !$hura in the ?hri$tian calendar 5uchdi$crepancie$ may ari$e becau$e a $ource may be u$in- a date in the tabular #$lamic calendar,hich i$ not nece$$arily the date if the month be-in$ ith the fir$t .i$ibility of the cre$cent %ne$ource may be u$in- the Iulian calendar , another the re-orian calendar  The day of the eek maybe mi$calculated The date$ in thi$ article are all Iulian !ccordin- to the book !aqtal al#$usa%n, Muharram 6th a$ a Thur$day (ie %ctober 11, &0) if that $ource i$ correct Muharram 10th a$Friday %ctober 19, &0 !'

Husayn's Sermon on this Day*edit+

Before the fire of the battle broke out, "u$ayn mounted hi$ hor$e, and took the Guran and laid itbefore him, and, comin- up to the people, in.ited them to the performance$ of their duty addin-, &'od, thou are "% onfidene in eer% trouble, and "% hoe in all adersit%* N "e continued +eole,indeed llah, the !ost $i-h, reated this orld and "ade it the abode of annihilation and anishin-.It han-es its inhabitants fro" state to state, so the oneited one is he ho" it deludes, and the"iserable one is he ho" it har"s. So let not this orld delude %ou beause it uts off the hoe ofhi" ho has onfidene in it and desairs the -reediness of hi" ho desires for it. I see that %ouhae unani"ousl% a-reed on an affair throu-h hih %ou hae "ade llah an-r% ith %ou... Satan

has holl% en-a-ed %ou, so he has "ade %ou for-et the re"e"brane of llah, the l"i-ht%. Sooe to %ou and to hat %ou ant* /o llah e belon- and to $i" is our return. /hese are eoleho hae disbelieed after their belief. So aa% ith the oressie eole*  "e ne3t reminded themof hi$ e3cellency, the nobility of hi$ birth, $ayin- " I not the son of the dau-hter of %our +rohet, ofhis testa"entar% trustee and  his ousin, the first of the belieers in llah Was not  $a"1a, the lordof the "art%rs, "% unle Was not afar , the one ho flies in $eaen, "% unle $ae %ou notheard the ords of the ostle of 'od, "a% 'od bless hi" and his fa"il%, onernin- "%self and "% brother: /hese are the to lords of the %ouths of the inhabitants of heaen4 If %ou ill beliee "e,hat I sa% is true, for b% 'od, I neer told a lie in earnest sine I had "% understandin-5 for 'odhates a lie. If %ou do not beliee "e, as6 the o"anions of the aostle of 'od  *here he namedthem+, and the% ill tell %ou the sa"e They a$ked, What hindered him from bein- ruled by the re$tof hi$ relation$ "e an$ered, 'od forbid that I should set "% hand to the resi-nation of "% ri-htafter a slaish "anner. I hae reourse to 'od fro" eer% t%rant that doth not beliee in the da% ofaount.*<9+*<:+

The battle begins*edit+

The Battle of Karbala

2mar ibn 5a/ad ad.anced and fired an arro at "u$$ein ibn !li/$ army, $ayin-C Di.e e.idencebefore the -o.ernor that # a$ the fir$t throerD #bn 5a/ad/$ army $tarted $hoerin- "u$$ein/$ armyith arro$*<<+*<=+ "ardly any men from "u$$ein ibn !li/$ army e$caped from bein- $hot by an arro*<=+

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*<+ Both $ide$ be-an fi-htin- 5ucce$$i.e a$$ault$ re$ulted in the death of a -roup of "u$$ein ibn !li/$companion$*<=+*<@+

The fir$t $kirmi$h a$ beteen the ri-ht flank of "u$$ein/$ army and the left of the 5yrian army !couple of doen men under the command of  >uhayr ibn Gayn repul$ed the initial infantry attack andde$troyed the left flank of the 5yrian army hich in di$array collided ith the middle of the army The5yrian army retreated and broke the pre4ar .erbal a-reement of not u$in- arro$ and lance$ Thi$a-reement a$ made in .ie of the $mall number of "u$$ein ibn !li/$ companion$ 2mar ibn 5a/adon ad.ice of /!mr ibn al "a77a7 ordered hi$ army not to come out for any duel and to attack "u$$einibn !li/$ army to-ether *<&+*<6+

J!mr ibn al4"a77a7 attacked "u$$ein ibn !li/$ ri-ht in-, but the men ere able to maintain their-round, kneelin- don a$ they planted their lance$ They ere thu$ able to fri-hten the enemy/$hor$e$ When the hor$emen came back to char-e at them a-ain, "u$$ein/$ men met them ith theirarro$, killin- $ome of them and oundin- other$*<6+*=0+ J!mr ibn al4"a77a7 kept $ayin- the folloin- tohi$ men, DFi-ht tho$e ho abandoned their creed and ho de$erted the 7amJaED "earin- him $ay $o,"u$$ein ibn !li $aid to him, DWoe unto you, % J!mrE !re you really in$ti-atin- people to fi-ht meE

 !re e really the one$ ho abandoned their creed hile you your$elf uphold itE !$ $oon a$ our$oul$ part from our bodie$, you ill find out ho i$ mo$t orthy of enterin- the fireE *<6+*=1+

#n order to pre.ent random and indi$criminate $hoerin- of arro$ on "u$$ein ibn !li/$ camp hichhad omen and children in it, "u$$ein/$ folloer$ ent out to $in-le combat$ Men like Burayr ibnKhudhayr ,*=9+ Mu$lim ibn !$a7a*<&+*=:+ and "abib ibn Muahir *=<+*==+ ere $lain in the fi-htin- They ereattemptin- to $a.e "u$$ein/$ life by $hieldin- him ;.ery ca$ualty had a con$iderable effect on theirmilitary $tren-th $ince they ere .a$tly outnumbered by aid #/$ army "u$$ein/$ companion$ erecomin-, one by one, to $ay -oodbye to him, e.en in the mid$t of battle !lmo$t all of "u$$ein/$companion$ ere killed by the on$lau-ht of arro$ or lance$

 !fter almo$t all of "u$$ein/$ companion$ ere killed, hi$ relati.e$ a$ked hi$ permi$$ion to fi-ht Themen of Banu "a$him, the clan of Muhammad and !li, ent out one by one  !li al4!kbar ibn "u$ayn,the middle $on of "u$$ein ibn !li, a$ the fir$t one of the "a$hemite ho recei.ed permi$$ion fromhi$ father *=<+*=+*=@+

?a$ualtie$ from Banu "a$him ere $on$ of !li ibn !bi Talib, $on$ of "a$an ibn !li, a $on of "u$$ein

ibn !li, a $on of !bdullah ibn Ia/far  ibn !bi4Talib and >aynab bint !li, $on$ of   !eel ibn !bi Talib, a$ell a$ a $on of Mu$lim ibn !eel There ere $e.enty4to "a$hemite$ dead in all (includin-"u$$ein ibn !li)*=&+

Death of Al-Abbas ibn Ali*edit+

The  !l !bba$ Mo$ue in Karbala

 !l4!bba$ ibn !li ad.anced toard$ a branch of the ;uphrate$ alon- a dyke !l4!bba$ ibn !licontinued hi$ ad.ance into the heart of ibn 5a/ad/$ army*=6+ "e a$ under a hea.y $hoer of arro$but a$ able to penetrate them and -et to the branch lea.in- hea.y ca$ualtie$ from the enemy "eimmediately $tarted fillin- the ater $kin #n a remarkable and immortal -e$ture of loyalty to hi$brother and Muhammad/$ -rand$on he did not drink any ater de$pite bein- e3tremely thir$ty "eput the ater $kin on hi$ ri-ht $houlder and $tarted ridin- back toard their tent$ 2mar ibn 5a/ad

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ordered an outri-ht a$$ault on !l4!bba$ ibn !li $ayin- that if !l4!bba$ ibn !li $ucceeded in takin-ater back to hi$ camp, they ould not be able to defeat them till the end of time ! ma$$i.e enemyarmy blocked hi$ ay and $urrounded him "e a$ ambu$hed from behind a bu$h and hi$ ri-ht arma$ cut off !l4!bba$ ibn !li put the ater $kin on hi$ left $houlder and continued on hi$ ay but hi$left arm a$ al$o cut off !l4!bba$ ibn !li no held the ater $kin ith hi$ teeth The army of ibn5a/ad $tarted $hootin- arro$ at him, one arro hit the ater $kin and ater poured out of it, no he

turned hi$ hor$e back toard$ the army and char-ed toard$ them but one arro hit hi$ eye$ and$omeone hit a -ur on hi$ head and he fell off the hor$e #n hi$ la$t moment$ hen !l4!bba$ ibn !lia$ ipin- the blood in hi$ eye$ to enable him to $ee "u$$ein/$ face, *itation needed + !l4!bba$ ibn !li $aid notto take hi$ body back to the camp$ becau$e he had promi$ed to brin- back ater but could not and$o could not face Bibi 5akinah, the dau-hter of "u$$ein ibn !li Then he called "u$$ein DbrotherD forthe fir$t time in hi$ life Before the death of !bba$, "u$$ein ibn !li $aidC D!bba$ your death i$ like thebreakin- of my backD*itation needed +

Death of Hussein ibn Ali*edit+

5hrine to tho$e killed at the battle of Karbala

"u$$ein ibn !li told aid/$ army to offer him $in-le battle, and they -a.e him hi$ reue$t "e killede.erybody that fou-ht him in $in-le battle$*0+ "e freuently forced hi$ enemy into retreat, killin- a-reat number of opponent$ "u$$ein and earlier hi$ $on !li al4!kbar ibn "u$ayn ere the toarrior$ ho penetrated and di$per$ed the core of ibn 5a/ad/$ army, a $i-n of e3treme chao$ intraditional arfare

"u$$ein ad.anced .ery deep in the back rank$ of the 5yrian army When the enemie$ $toodbeteen him and the tent$ he $houtedC

DWoe betide you oh folloer$ of !bu 5ufyan ibn "arb/$ dyna$tyE #f no reli-ion ha$ e.er beenaccepted by you and you ha.e not been fearin- the re$urrection day then be noble in your orld,that/$ if you ere !rab$ a$ you claimD*1+

Then hi$ enemie$ in.aded back toard him They continuou$ly attacked each other,*9+ until hi$numerou$ in7urie$ cau$ed him to $tay a moment !t thi$ time he a$ hit on hi$ forehead ith a $tone"e a$ cleanin- blood from hi$ face hile he a$ hit on the heart ith an arro and he $aidC D#n thename of !llah, and by !llah, and on the reli-ion of the me$$en-er of !llahD Then he rai$ed hi$ headup and $aidC D%h my odE ou kno that they are killin- a man that there i$ $on of dau-hter of aprophet on the earth e3cept himD "e then -ra$ped and pulled the arro out of hi$ che$t, hich

cau$ed hea.y bleedin-*:+

"e became .ery eak and $topped fi-htin- The $oldier$ approachin- him -a.e up confrontation,$eein- hi$ po$ition %ne $oldier, hoe.er, alked up to "u$$ein and hit him on hi$ head ith hi$$ord

The enemie$ he$itated to fi-ht "u$$ein, but they decided to $urround him !t thi$ time !bdullah ibn"a$an, an undera-e boy, e$caped from the tent$ and ran to "u$$ein When a $oldier intended to$lay "u$$ein, !bdullah ibn "a$an defended hi$ uncle ith hi$ arm, hich a$ cut off "u$$einhu--ed !bd4!llah, but the boy a$ already hit by an arro*<+

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"u$$ein -ot on hi$ hor$e and tried to lea.e, but aid/$ army continued pur$uit !ccordin- to 5hiatradition, a .oice came from the $kie$ $tatin-C DWe are $ati$fied ith your deed$ and $acrifice$D *itation

needed + "u$$ein then $heathed hi$ $ord and tried to -et don from the hor$e but a$ tremendou$lyin7ured and $o the hor$e let him don "e then $at a-ain$t a tree*=+

2mar ibn 5a/ad ordered a man to di$mount and to fini$h the 7ob Khoali ibn aid al4!$bahiypreceded the man but became afraid and did not do it Then 5himr ibn 'hil7a$han di$mounted fromhi$ hor$e and cut "u$$ein/$ throat ith hi$ $ord hil$t "u$$ein a$ pro$tratin- to od Iu$t beforehi$ throat a$ about to be cut, "u$$ein a$ked 5himr ibn 'hil7a$han, D"a.e you done your prayer$todayD and thi$ $hocked 5himr becau$e he did not e3pect anyone in the po$ition of "u$$ein to a$k$uch a ue$tion Then #mam "u$$ain a$ked for the permi$$ion to do !$r prayer$ (becau$e it a$ thetime of :rd prayer) 5himir -a.e the permi$$ion to $ay the prayer$ and #mam "u$$ain $tarted prayerand hen he ent into 5a7da 5himr ibn 'hil7a$han betrayed and $aidC D# $ear by od that # amcuttin- your head hile # kno that you are -rand$on of the me$$en-er of !llah and the be$t of thepeople by father and motherD "e cut off the head of "u$$ein ibn !li ith hi$ $ord and rai$ed thehead*+ Then ibn 5a/ad/$ men looted all the .aluable$ from "u$$ein/$ body

 Aftermath*edit+

2mar ibn 5a/ad $ent "u$$ein/$ head to ibn >iyad on !$hura afternoon and ordered the army to $e.er the head$ of hi$ comrade$ and to $end them to Kufa The head$ ere di$tributed to .ariou$ tribe$enablin- them to -ain the fa.or of ibn >iyad #bn 5a/ad remained in Karbala until the ne3t noon *@+

 !fter ibn 5a/ad/$ army ent out of Karbala, $ome people from Banu !$ad tribe came there andburied their dead, but did not mark any of the -ra.e$, ith the e3ception of "u$$ain/$ hich a$marked ith a $imple plant Oater !li ibn "u$$ain returned to Karbala to identify the -ra.e $ite$ "urra$ buried by hi$ tribe a di$tance aay from the battlefield *&+ The pri$oner$ ere held in 'ama$cu$for a year 'urin- thi$ year, $ome pri$oner$ died of -rief, mo$t notably 5ukayna bint "u$ayn Thepeople of 'ama$cu$ be-an to freuent the pri$on, and >aynab and !li ibn al4"u$ayn u$ed that a$ anopportunity to further propa-ate the me$$a-e of "u$$ein and e3plain to the people the rea$on for"u$$ein/$ upri$in- !$ public opinion a-ain$t aid be-an to foment in 5yria and part$ of #ra, aidordered their relea$e and return to Medina, here they continued to tell the orld of "u$$ein/$

cau$eFolloin- the Battle of Karbala, "u$$ein/$ $econd cou$in  !bd !llah ibn al4>ubayr  then confrontedaid !bd !llah ibn al4>ubayr a$ the $on of a al4>ubayr ibn al4!am a cou$in of !li andMuhammad and the $on of !$ma bint !bu Bakr , !bu Bakr/$ dau-hter

 !$maP$ $on, !bdullah, and hi$ cou$in, Ga$im ibn Muhammad ibn !bu Bakr , ere both -rand$on$ of !bu Bakr and nephe$ of !i$ha When "u$$ein ibn !li a$ killed in Karbala, !bdullah, ho hadbeen "u$$einP$ friend, collected the people of Mecca and made the folloin- $peechC

Q% peopleE o other people are or$e than #rai$ and amon- the #rai$, the people of Kufaare the or$t They repeatedly rote letter$ and called #mam "u$$ein to them andtook ba%4at  (alle-iance) for hi$ caliphate But hen #bn >eyad arri.ed in Kufa, they ralliedaround him and killed #mam "u$$ein ho a$ piou$, ob$er.ed the fa$t, read the Guran andde$er.ed the caliphate in all re$pect$*6+

 !fter hi$ $peech, the people of Mecca al$o 7oined !bdullah to take on aid When he heardabout thi$, aid had a $il.er chain made and $ent to Mecca ith the intention of ha.in- Walidibn 2tbah arre$t !bdullah ibn al4>ubayr ith it*6+ #n Mecca and Medina "u$$einP$ family had a$tron- $upport ba$e, and the people ere illin- to $tand up for them "u$$einP$ remainin-family mo.ed back to Madina ;.entually !bdullah con$olidated hi$ poer by $endin- a-o.ernor to Kufa 5oon !bdullah e$tabli$hed hi$ poer in #ra, $outhern !rabia, the -reater partof 5yria and part$ of ;-ypt

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aid tried to end !bdullahP$ rebellion by in.adin- the "e7a, and he took Medina after thebloody Battle of al4"arrah folloed by the $ie-e of Mecca But hi$ $udden death ended thecampai-n and thre the 2mayyad$ into di$array, ith ci.il ar e.entually breakin- out Thi$e$$entially $plit the #$lamic empire into to $phere$ !fter the 2mayyad ci.il ar ended,

 !bdullah lo$t ;-ypt and hate.er he had of 5yria to Maran # Thi$, coupled iththe Khari7ite rebellion$ in #ra, reduced hi$ domain to only the "e7a

Folloin- the $udden death of aid and hi$ $on Mu/aiya ## took o.er and then abdicated anddied in &:, #bn al4>ubayr e3pelled aid/$ force$ from mo$t of !rabia #n 5yria Maran ibn"akim, a cou$in of Mu/aiya #, a$ then declared caliph Maran had a $hort rei-n dyin- in &=but he a$ $ucceeded by hi$ able $on !bd al4Malik The Khari7ite in #ra eakened !bd !llah ibnal4>ubayr and after a battle ith the 2mayyad$ in 5yria, he a$ i$olated in the Tihamah and the"e7a re-ion$ *@0+ the Khari7ite rebel$ then e$tabli$hed an independent $tate in central !rabia in&<

 !bdullah ibn al4>ubayr a$ finally defeated by  !bd al4Malik ibn Maran, ho $ent !l4"a77a7 ibnu$uf  "a77a7 a$ from TaPif, a$ ere tho$e ho had killed "u$$ein #n hi$ la$t hour, !bdullaha$ked hi$ mother !$ma hat he $hould do !$ma replied to her $onC *@1+

Qou kno better in your on $elf that if you are upon the truth and you are callin- toard$

the truth -o forth, for people more honourable than you ere killed and ha.e been killed, andif you are not upon the truth, then hat an e.il $on you are, you ha.e de$troyed your$elf andtho$e ho are ith you #f you $ay hat you $ay, that you are upon the truth and you ill bekilled at the hand$ of other$ then you ill not truly be free, for thi$ i$ not the $tatement of$omeone ho i$ free "o lon- ill you li.e in thi$ orld, death i$ more belo.ed to me thanthi$ $tate you are on, thi$ $tate of eakne$$

Then !bdullah $aid to hi$ mother after $he had told him to -o forth and fi-htC Q# am afraid #ill be mutilated by the people of 5ham # am afraid that they ill cut up my body after theyha.e killed me 5he $aidC Q!fter $omeone ha$ died, it onPt make any difference hat theydo to you if you ha.e been killed !bdullah $aid to hi$ motherC

Q# did not come to you e3cept to increa$e my$elf in knoled-e Oook and pay attention to thi$day, for .erily, # am a dead man our $on ne.er drank ine, nor a$ he fornicator, nor did he

ron- any Mu$lim or non4Mu$lim, nor a$ he un7u$t # am not $ayin- thi$ to you to $ho offor $ho ho pure # am but rather a$ an honour to you

 !bdullah then left by him$elf on hi$ hor$e to take on "a77a7 "a77a7P$ army defeated !bdullah on the battlefield in 69 "e beheaded him and crucified hi$ body "e $aid, Qoone mu$t take don hi$ body e3cept !$ma 5he mu$t come to me and a$k mypermi$$ion, and only then ill hi$ body be taken don !$ma refu$ed to -o and a$kpermi$$ion to take don her $on/$ body #t a$ $aid to her, D#f you donPt -o, hi$ body illremain like that 5he $aid, QThen let it be ;.entually "a77a7 came to her and a$ked,DWhat do you $ay about thi$ matter 5he replied, QAerily, you ha.e de$troyed him andyou ha.e ruined hi$ life, and ith that you ha.e ruined your hereafter

The defeat of !bdullah ibn al4>ubayr re4e$tabli$hed 2mayyad control o.er the ;mpire

 ! fe year$ later the people of Kufa called >ayd ibn !li, the -rand$on of "u$$ein, o.erto Kufa >aydi$ belie.e that in >aydP$ la$t hour, he a$ al$o betrayed by the people ofKufa, ho $aid to himC QMay od ha.e mercy on youE What do you ha.e to $ay on thematter of !bu Bakr and 2mar ibn al4Khattab >ayd ibn !li $aid, Q# ha.e not heardanyone in my family renouncin- either of them, nor $ayin- anythin- but -ood aboutthem When they ere entru$ted ith -o.ernment, they beha.ed 7u$tly ith the peopleand acted accordin- to the Gur/an and the Sunnah*@9+*@:+*@<+*@=+

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Sermons during the ourney from Karbala to!amascus*edit+

This section lends undue weight to certain ideas relative to the article as a whole . Pleto discuss andresolve the dispute beore removin: this messa:e. (January 2015)

This article or section relies e&cessively on partisan sources.

Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk pa:e.(January 2015)

'urin- the 7ourney from Karbala to Kufa, and from Kufa to 'ama$cu$, "u$$ein/$ $i$ter>aynab bint !li and 2mm Kulthum bint !li, and $on !li ibn al4"u$ayn -a.e .ariou$$peeche$ about aid and told the Mu$lim orld of the .ariou$ atrocitie$ committed inKarbala

Sermon of Zaynab bint Ali in Kufa*edit+

%n Muharram 11 (%ctober 11, &0 !'), all capti.e$ includin- all omen and childrenere then loaded onto camel$ ith neither $addle nor $hade and ere mo.ed toardKufa !$ they approached Kufa, it$ people -athered to $ee them 5ome omen of Kufa

-athered .eil$ for them after learnin- that they ere relati.e$ of Muhammad !mon- thecapti.e$ ere !li ibn al4"u$ayn >ayn al4/!bidin, ho a$ -ra.ely ill, a$ ell a$ "a$$anibn "a$$an al4Muthanna, ho a$ $eriou$ly in7ured in the battle of Karbala*@+

>aynab bint !li pointed at the people to be uiet Then $he addre$$ed the people ofKufaC

DThe prai$e i$ e3clu$i.ely attributed to !llah !nd -reetin-$ to my father (-randfather), Muhammad, and to hi$ pure and bene.olent family !nd then, %h peopleof KufaE %h deceitful and rene-er peopleE 'o you eep 5o let tear$ not bedried and let -roan$ not be fini$hed Beare, $uch a bad preparation youha.e made for your$elf that !llah became furiou$ of you and you ill be atpuni$hment fore.er 'o you eep and cry e$, by !llah, do eep numerou$lyand do lau-h le$$E 5ince you brou-ht it$ $hame and fault on your$elf and youill not be able to clean$e it fore.er D*@@+

Sermon of Ali ibn Hossein in Kufa*edit+

When the pri$oner$ ere brou-ht into Kufa, !li ibn "u$$ein deli.ered a $ermonaddre$$in- the people of Kufa "e be-an by prai$in- and -lorifyin- !llah and $alutedthe 8rophet Thereafter, he $aidC

Q% peopleE Whoe.er reco-nie$ me kno$ me and hoe.er doe$ not, let me tellhim that #/m !li $on of "u$$ein $on of !li bin !bi Talib #/m the $on of the manho$e $anctity a$ .iolated, ho$e ealth a$ plundered and ho$e childrenha.e been $eied #/m the $on of the one ho a$ $lau-htered by the ;uphrate$in or$t manner Thi$ $uffice$ me to be proud

'id you not rite to my father to in.ite to Kufa and then decei.e him 'id younot $ear an oath of alle-iance to him and then fou-ht him May you be ruined"o ill you face the me$$en-er of !llah hen he tell$ youC ou killed mypro-eny, .iolated my $anctity, $o you do not belon- to my nation

The effect of thi$ $ermon a$ $uch that the people of Kufa be-an to cry loudly and $aidto each other, Qou are peri$hed yet you are not aare of it*@&+

Sermon of Zaynab bint Ali in Yazid's Court *edit+

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 !fter bein- brou-ht to aid/$ court, >aynab denounced aid/$ claim to the caliphateand eulo-ied "u$$ein/$ upri$in- When aid recited the poem about hi$ .ictory,>aynab ro$e and after prai$in- od and blamin- aid for hi$ poem $aidC

D % aidE 'o you think that e ha.e become humble and de$picable oin- tothe martyrdom and capti.ity 'o you think that by killin- the -odly per$on$ youha.e become -reat and re$pectable and the !lmi-hty look$ at you ith $pecial-race and kindne$$ o thi$ i$ ron- ou ha.e, hoe.er, for-otten hat !llah$ay$C

The di$belie.er$ mu$t not think that our re$pite i$ for their -ood We only -i.ethem time to let them increa$e their $in$ For them there ill be a humiliatin-tormentD (5urah !le #mran, :C 1@&)D

Then $he addre$$ed aid 5on of freed in conue$t of Mecca and blamed hi$ forde$ecration omen of !hl al4Bayt >aynab continued her $peech by cur$in- aid ThenaddedC

D ot happy for killin- "o$$ein and hi$ fello$hip$ becau$e !llah $ay$C 'o notthink of tho$e ho are $lain for the cau$e of !llah a$ dead They are ali.e iththeir Oord and recei.e $u$tenance from "im (5urah !le #mran, :C 16)

#n the end of her $peech $he arned aid about hi$ fate in hereafter and finally $heprai$ed !llah and fini$hed her $peech*@6+

Sermon of Ali ibn Hussein in Yazid's Court*edit+

When >aynab/$ $ermon fini$hed and $he e3chan-ed ord$ ith aid, aid a$ked anorator to a$cend the pulpit and ordered him to rebuke "u$ayn ibn !li and !li ibn !blitalib and report their ta$k$ in front of the men !fter prai$in- !llah, he prolon-ed prai$in-MuPaiyah and aid Meanhile, !li ibn "u$ayn interrupted the $peech and a$kedaid to let him ha.e a lecture !lthou-h aid a$ not content to let !li ibn "u$ayn$peak, he -a.e the permi$$ion due to the in$i$tence of the people "e initiated hi$$peech and after due prai$e and -lorification of the !lmi-hty $aidC Q% peopleE The oneho kne me ha$ knon !$ for the one ho did not reco-nie me # am introducin-

my$elf to them # am !li, $on of "u$ain, $on of !li, $on of !bi Talib (Sa) # am the $on ofthe one ho ha$ been $lau-htered by ri.er ;uphrate$ thou-h he ne.er a$ked for bloodor inheritance from the killer$ # am the $on of tho$e honorable ladie$ of the harem hoha.e been di$re$pected, ho$e ealth and bounty ha$ been plundered, and ho$echildren ha.e been arre$ted # am the $on of the one ho a$ cau-ht and killed and thi$i$ enou-h for me to be proud of *@6+*&0+*&1+

"istoriography of the battle of Karbala*edit+

See also: !aqtal al#$usa%n

rimary sour!es*edit+

The fir$t hi$torian to $y$tematically collect the report$ of eyeitne$$e$ of thi$ e.enta$ !bu Mikhnaf  (died in 1=@ !"L@@< !') in a ork titled Kitab !aqtal l#$usa%n*&9+ !biMikhnaf/$ ori-inal $eem$ to ha.e been lo$t and that hich ha$ reached today ha$ beentran$mitted throu-h hi$ $tudent "i$ham #bn !l4Kalbi (died in 90< !") There are fourmanu$cript$ of the Matal, located at otha (o 1&:), Berlin (5pren-er, o$ 1=610), Oeiden (o @69), and 5aint 8eter$bur- (!m o @&) librarie$ *&:+

Ra$ul Iafarian ha$ counted fi.e primary $ource$ that are no a.ailable !mon- theori-inal ork$ on maHtil (pl of matal or place of death L martyrdom and hence u$edfor book$ narratin- the incident of Karbala) the one$ that could be relied upon for

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re.iein- the Karbala happenin-$ are fi.e in number !ll the$e fi.e matal$ belon- tothe period beteen the 9nd century !" (&th century !') and the early <th century !"(10th century !') The$e fi.e $ource$ are the Matal al4"u$ayn of !bu Mikhnaf theMatal al4"u$ayn of #bn 5a/d al4Ba-hdadi, 5unni hi$torian the Matal al4"u$ayn of !l4Baladhuri, 5unni "i$torian the Matal al4"u$ayn of !bU "Vanfa 'naar , and theMatal al4"u$ayn of !hmad ibn !/ham*&<+

"oe.er, $ome other hi$torian$ ha.e reco-nied $ome of the$e a$ $econdary $ource$For e3ample Oaura Aeccia Aa-lieri ha$ found that !l4Baladhuri (died 9@6 !"L&694&6:

 !') like Tabari ha$ u$ed !bu Mikhnaf but ha$ not mentioned hi$ name*&=+ %n the ba$i$ of the article of D!bi MikhnafD in Dreat #$lamic ;ncyclopediaD !hmad ibn !/ham ha$mentioned !bu Mikhnaf in D!l4FutuhD thu$ he $hould be reco-nied a$ a $econdary$ource*&+

Se!ondary sour!es*edit+

Then latter Mu$lim hi$torian$ ha.e ritten their hi$torie$ on the ba$i$ of the former one$e$pecially Matal !l4"u$ayn of !bu Mikhnaf "oe.er they ha.e added $ome narration$throu-h their on $ource$ hich ere not reported by former hi$torian$

Muhammad ibn Iarir al4Tabari narrated thi$ $tory on the ba$i$ of !bu Mikhnaf/$ reportthrou-h "i$ham #bn !l4Kalbi in hi$ hi$tory, "i$tory of the 8rophet$ and Kin-$*&@+  !l$othere i$ a fabricated .er$ion of !bu Mekhnaf/$ book in #ran and #ra*&9+ Then other 5unniMu$lim hi$torian$ includin- !l4Baladhuri and #bn Kathir narrated the e.ent$ of Karbalafrom !bu Mikhnaf !l$o amon- 5hia !l45haykh !l4Mufid u$ed it in #r$had*&&+ "oe.er,folloer$ of !li later to be knon a$ 5hia Mu$lim$ attached a much -reaterimportance to the battle and ha.e compiled many account$ knon a$ Matal !l4"u$ayn

Shia "ritings*edit+

5ala !l4!md ha$ cla$$ified 5hia ritin-$ in three -roup$C *&6+

1 The le-endary character of thi$ cate-ory a$$ociate$ the chronolo-ical hi$tory of"u$$ein ibn !li ith notion$ relatin- to the ori-in of life and the 2ni.er$e, that

ha.e preoccupied the human mind $ince the be-innin- of creation, and in hich !l4"u$ayn i$ eternally pre$ent Thi$ cate-ory of ritin- hold$ that a per$on/$$tance toard "u$$ein ibn !li and  !hl al4 Bayt i$ a criterion for reard andpuni$hment in the afterlife #t al$o tran$form$ the hi$torical boundarie$ of"u$$ein ibn !li/$ birth in < !" and hi$ martyrdom in 1 !" to an eternalpre$ence embracin- the boundarie$ of hi$tory and le-end

9 Thi$ cate-ory compri$e$ the literary ork$ common in ritual$ and lamentation$(poetic and pro$e) and i$ characteried by it$ melodramatic $tyle, hich aim$ toarou$e pity and pa$$ion for !hl al4 Bayt/$ mi$fortune$, and char-e feelin-$durin- tempe$tuou$ political circum$tance$ on the memory of !$hura

: Thi$ cate-ory i$ the neare$t to 5unni ritin-$ becau$e it fully cheri$he$ thehi$torical per$onality of "u$$ein ibn !li and re-ard$ the Karbala incident a$ are.olt a-ain$t oppre$$ion di$mi$$in- the le-endary treatment, hile u$in- thelan-ua-e of re.olt a-ain$t tyranny and de$potic $o.erei-nty ! model riter ofthi$ cate-ory i$ Mohamed Mahdi 5ham$ !l4'in

History distortion*edit+

 !$ Iafarian $ay$ DThe holdin- of mournin- ceremonie$ for "u$$ein ibn !li a$ .erymuch in .o-ue in the ea$tern part$ of #ran before the 5afa.id$ came to poer Ka$hefi

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rote the DRaah al45huhadaD for the predominantly 5unni re-ion$of "erat and Khura$an at a time hen the 5afa.id $tate a$ bein- e$tabli$hed ine$tern #ran and had no $ay in the ea$tD *60+

 !fter the con.er$ion of 5unni #ran to the 5hia faith, many #ranian author$ compo$edpoem$ and play$ commemoratin- the battle *61+ Mo$t of the$e compo$ition$ are onlyloo$ely ba$ed upon the knon hi$tory of the e.ent*60+

5ome 90th4century 5hia $cholar$ ha.e prote$ted the con.er$ion of hi$tory intomytholo-y 8rominent critic$ includeC

• Mortea Motahhari *69+*6:+*6<+

•  !bba$ Gomi, author of 8afas al#!ah"ou"*6=+

• 5ayyid !bd4al4Raa !l4Muarram, author of Matalul4"u$ayn*6+

 !l$o $e.eral book$ ha.e been ritten in the 8er$ian lan-ua-e about politicalback-round$ and a$pect$ of the battle of Karbala *6@+

#mpact on literature*edit+

'ourning of 'uharram

(vents

• Battle of Karbala

)igures

• )mam +usan

• Ali Akbar ibn +usan

• Ali As:har ibn +usan

• al-Abbas ibn Ali

• anab bint Ali

• *ukana bint +usan

• Muslim ibn A>eel

*laces

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• )mam +usan *hrine

• +ussainia

Times

• &a o Ashura

• Arba'een

Customs

• Ma?lis-e-A1a

• Marsia

•  @oha

• *oa1

• Ta'1ieh

• Tabuik 

• +osa

• hup Ta1ia

The theme of $ufferin- and martyrdom occupie$ a central role in the hi$tory of reli-ionfrom the earlie$t time 5acrifice$ are a mean$ for reachin- hi-her and loftier $ta-e$ oflife to -i.e aay part$ of one/$ fortune or to $acrifice member$ of one/$ family enhance$one/$ reli-iou$ $tandin- Takin- into account the importance of $acrifice and $ufferin- for the de.elopment of man, 5hia literature ha$ -i.en a central place to the death on thebattlefield of Muhammed/$ -rand$on "u$$ein ibn !li*itation needed + The de.elopment of thehole -enre of  mar$ia poetry and ta/ieh theatre in the 8er$ian and #ndo48er$ian orld,or in the popular Turki$h tradition i$ in thi$ ay*itation needed +

ersian literature*edit+

The name of "u$$ein ibn !li appear$ $e.eral time$ in the ork of the fir$t-reat 5ufi 8er$ian*6&+ poet, 5anai "ere, the name of the martyred hero can be found noand then in connection ith bra.ery and $elfle$$ne$$, and 5anai $ee$ him a$ theprototype of theshahid  (martyr), hi-her and more important than all the other martyr$ho are and ha.e been in the orld *66+

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The tendency to $ee "u$$ein ibn !li a$ the model of martyrdom and bra.ery continue$in the poetry ritten in the 'i.an of !ttar 

When 5hii$m became the official reli-ion of #ran in the 1=th century, 5afa.id ruler$ $ucha$ 5hah Tahma$p #, patronied poet$ ho rote about the tra-edy of Karbala, and the-enre of mar$ia, accordin- to 8er$ian $cholar Wheeler Thack$ton, Da$ particularlyculti.ated by the 5afa.id$D*100+

The mo$t ell4knon 1=th4century 8er$ian mar$iya riter a$ Mohta$ham Kaa$haani,*101+ ho$e ork$ con$euently became a $ource of ele-y emulation for #ranian$

Azeri and Tur#ish literature*edit+

Turki$h tradition, e$pecially in the later Bekta$hi %rder , i$ deeply indebted to 5hia #$lamBut it $eem$ that already in $ome of the earlie$t popular 5ufi $on-$ in Turkey, tho$ecompo$ed by unu$ ;mre in the late 1:th or early 1<th century, Muhammed/$-rand$on$ played a $pecial role*109+

Sindhi literature*edit+

 !$ in many other field$ of  5indhi poetry, 5hah !bdul Oatif Bhittai of Bhit$hah (1&6

1@=9) i$ the fir$t to e3pre$$ idea$ hich ere later taken up by other poet$ "e de.otedD5ur KedaroD in hi$ 5hah Io Ri$alo to the martyrdom of the -rand$on of Muhammed,and $a the e.ent of Karbala a$ embedded in the hole my$tical tradition of #$lam

 ! number of poet$ in 5indh ha.e al$o compo$ed ele-ie$ on Karbala The mo$t famou$of them i$ 5ayed 5abit !li 5hah (1@<01&10), ho$e $pecialty a$ the -enre ofD$uariD Thi$ -enre, a$ ell a$ the more common form$, per$i$t$ in 5indhipoetry throu-hout the hole of the 1&th and 16th centurie$, and e.en into our ontime$ 5achal 5arma$t, Bedil, Mir "a$$an, 5hah a$er, Mira Baddhal Be-, MiraKalich Be- their de.otion to "u$$ein ibn !li i$ ell knon and deeply embedded in their5ufi teachin-$*66+

$rdu literature*edit+

The mo$t famou$ corpu$ of 2rdu poetry on Karbala a$ produced by to poet$of Ouckno named Mir Babar !li !ni$ and Mira 5alaamat !li 'abeer  Both the$e poet$li.ed in the 16th century and they ere the contemporarie$ of the 'elhi ba$edpoet Mira halib The -enre of poetry that tho$e to poet$ produced i$ knona$ Mar$iya 8rofe$$or 'a.id Matthe$ of the 5chool of %riental and !frican 5tudie$,Oondon, ha$ tran$lated a full len-th (16@ $tana$ of $i3 line$ each) Mar$iya of !ni$ into;n-li$h .er$e*10:+ Thi$ a$ publi$hed by Rupa and ?o, e 'elhi, #ndia

The le-acy of 2rdu Mar$iya ha$ la$ted to thi$ day and many poet$ are $till ritin- thatkind of poetry Both Io$h Malihabadi and Muhammad #bal folloed the -enre of $i34line$tana and ha.e produced -reat poetry

But there a$ al$o another ay to under$tand the role of "u$$ein ibn !li in the hi$tory of the #$lamic people, and importantly, the ay a$ $hon by Muhammad #bal, ho a$

a 5unni poet and philo$opherThe  !dil 5hahi and Gutb 5hahi dyna$tie$ of 5outh #ndia ('eccan),predominantly Tel.er  5hia in reli-iou$ per$ua$ion, patronied 'akhini (an early 5outh#ndian dialect of 2rdu) mar$ia !lthou-h 8er$ian mar$ia of Muhta$ham Ka$hani ere$till recited, the !dil 5hahi and Gutb 5hahi ruler$ felt the need to render the Karbalatra-edy in the lan-ua-e of ordinary Mu$lim$ #n the !dil 5hahi and Gutb 5hahi kin-domof 'eccan, mar$ia flouri$hed, e$pecially under the patrona-e of !li !dil5hahand Muhammad Guli Gutb 5hah, mar$ia riter$ them$el.e$, and poet$ $uch a$

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 !$hraf Biyabani 2rdu mar$ia ritten durin- thi$ period are $till popular in 5outh #ndian.illa-e$*10<+

halib de$cribed the DKin- of Martyr$D, "u$$ein ibn !li, by u$in- metaphor$, $imilar tothe one$ he u$ed in hi$ ode$ halib u$ed re-al ima-ery to under$core the .irtue$ of"u$$ein ibn !li The mar$ia of Mir Tai Mir  and Mira Rafi 5auda are $imilar to tho$e ofhalib in that they perform their pane-yric function for the martyr$ of Karbala but the$epoet$ al$o rote mar$ia in hich the narration of the Karbala tra-edy a$ $aturated ithcultural and ceremonial ima-ery of orth #ndia*10<+

Io$h Malihabadi renoned a$ D5hair4i inilabD, or the poet of re.olution, u$ed themedium of mar$ia a$ a mean$ to propa-ate the .ie that Karbala i$ not a patho$4ladene.ent of a by-one era, but a prototype for contemporary re.olutionary $tru--le$ Io$h/$ritin-$ durin- the late 16:0$ and the early 16<0$, hen nationali$t feelin-$ ererunnin- hi-h in 5outh !$ia, had a momentou$ impact upon hi$ -eneration Io$hattempted to -al.anie the youth of hi$ day by intertinin- their contemporary $tru--leof liberation from coloniation ith "u$$ein ibn !li/$ battleC

D% Io$h, call out to the 8rince of Karbala *"u$ain+,ca$t a -lance at thi$ tentieth century,

look at thi$ tumult, chao$, and the earthuake !t thi$ moment there are numerou$ aid$, and ye$terday there a$ only oneFrom .illa-e to .illa-e mi-ht ha$ a$$umed the role of truth,%nce a-ain, "uman feet are in chain$D*10<+

Aahid !khtar, formerly 8rofe$$or and ?hairman, 'ept of8hilo$ophy at !li-arh Mu$lim 2ni.er$ity,*10=+ ha$ been crucial inkeepin- the tradition of mar$ia dynamic in pre$ent4day 5outh

 !$ia "i$ mar$ia rely on the ima-e$, metaphor$, and nuance$inherited from 16th century ma$ter$, and on the .alue$in.e$ted in thi$ -enre by $ocio4reli-iou$ reformer$ like Io$hMalihabadi %n the back co.er of hi$ recently*hen+ publi$hedmar$ia antholo-y, for e3ample, i$ the !rabic $ayin-C D;.ery

place i$ Karbala e.ery day i$ !$huraD By po$itin- a $imilaritybeteen "u$$ein ibn !li/$ hi$toric battle and the pre$ent day$tru--le of human kind a-ain$t reneed form$ of aidianoppre$$ion, !khtar deflect$ the interpretation of the martyr$ ofKarbala a$ mere in$i-nia of #$lamic hi$tory they are in$teadpo$ed a$ the $ine$ for the re.i.al of an ideal #$lamic $tate ofbein-*10+

Bengali literature*edit+

Mir Mo$harraf "o$$ain rote the no.el BishadShindhu and Kai arul #$lam rote many poem$ on thi$incident Mar$ia$ are $till $un- on 10th Muharram*itation needed +

Shia observances*edit+

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The #mam "u$ayn 5hrine durin- !rba/een

Tabuik, in #ndone$ia

5hia Mu$lim$ commemorate the Battle of Karbala e.ery year inthe #$lamic month of Muharram The mournin- ofMuharram be-in$ on the fir$t day of the #$lamic calendar andthen reache$ it$ clima3 on Muharram 10, the day of the battle,knon a$ !$hurah #t i$ a day of Ma7li$, public proce$$ion$, and-reat -rief #n the #ndian $ub4continent !uharra" in the conte3tof remembrance of the e.ent$ of Karbala mean$ the period ofto month$ X ei-ht day$ ie & day$ $tartin- from the e.enin-of 96 >ill4"i77ah and endin- on the e.enin- of & Rabi4al4!al*10@+ Men and omen chant and eep, mournin- "u$$ein ibn !li,hi$ family, and hi$ folloer$ 5peeche$ empha$ie theimportance of the .alue$ the $acrifice$ "u$$ein ibn !li made for #$lam 5hia mourner$ in countrie$ ith a $i-nificantma7ority $elf4fla-ellate ith chain$ or hip$, hich in e3tremeca$e$ may cau$in- bleedin-*10&+ Thi$ mainly take$ place incountrie$ $uch a$ #ra, #ran, #ndia, 8aki$tan, and  !f-hani$tanMo$t 5hia$ $ho -rie.ance$, hoe.er, throu-h eepin- andbeatin- their che$t$ ith their hand$ in a proce$$called 9attu"L!ata" hile one recite$ a 9at"%ahL8auha*106+Forty day$ after !$hurah, 5hia$ mourn the death of "u$$einibn !li in a commemoration called !rba/een*110+

#n 5outh !$ia, the Battle of Karbala ha$ in$pired a number ofliterary and non4mu$ical -enre$, $uch a$ the mar$ia, noha,and $oa #n #ndone$ia, the Battle of Karbala i$ remembered inthe Tabuik ceremony

See also*edit+

•  !l4Mukhtar 

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• 8er$ecution of 5hia Mu$lim$

• 5ahabah

• iki$ourceCThe 5ermon of !li ibn "u$ayn in 'ama$cu$

• Mokhtarnameh

• The "u$$aini ;ncyclopedia

$ootnotes*edit+

1 Y Iump up toC a b DBattle of Karbala/ (#$lamic hi$tory)D n%loediaBritannia

9 Y Iump up toC a b DKarbala, the ?hain of ;.ent$D  l#Isla".or- 

: %um& u&  $a"ish /ath6irat al Khaass

< %um& u&  !aqtal al $usain # /he $osts p 10

= %um& u&  'atoo, Mahmood D!t KarbalaD Karbala: /he ;o"lete+iture p 1@

%um& u&  KarbalaC The ?omplete 8icture 4 ?hapter &:

@ %um& u&  Tabari, /he $istor% of al#/abari , .olume 16, tran$lated by #K!"oard, pub 5tate 2ni.er$ity of e ork 8re$$, p1:

& Y Iump up toC a b  !dmini$trator DMartyrdom of #mam al4"u$$ain(R!)D  hlus Sunnah

6 %um& u&  faeela (901:41141=) DThe ;3cellence$ of the #mam "u$aynin 5unni "adith Tradition 4 #$lam uidanceD 5ibtayncomRetrie.ed 901<40&491

10 Y Iump up toC a b DBattle of KarbalaD e World ;ncyclopediaRetrie.ed 901<40&491

11 %um& u&  DKarbalaC ?hain of e.ent$ 5ection 4 8eace !-reementbeteen #mam !l4"a$an and Mu/aiyaD !l4#$lamor- Retrie.ed 9019411490

19 Y Iump up toC a b The ?aliphate of Banu 2mayyah the fir$t 8ha$e, #bnKatheer, Taken from !l4Bidayah an4ihayah by #bn Katheer, #$mail #bn%mar @@= "#5B 6@&40:4=0040&049 Tran$lated by oo$uf !l4"a77

 !hmad p &9

1: %um& u&  #$lamic ?onue$t of 5yria ! tran$lation of Fatuhu$ham by al4#mam al4Waidi Tran$lated by Malana 5ulayman al4Kindi 8a-e :=94:=: *1+

1< %um& u&  #$lamic ?onue$t of 5yria ! tran$lation of Fatuhu$ham by al4#mam al4Waidi Tran$lated by Malana 5ulayman al4Kindi 8a-e :1: *9+

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1= Y Iump up toC a b #$lamic ?onue$t of 5yria ! tran$lation of Fatuhu$hamby al4#mam al4Waidi Tran$lated by Malana 5ulayman al4Kindi 8a-e:=& *:+

1 %um& u&  #$lamic ?onue$t of 5yria ! tran$lation of Fatuhu$ham by al4#mam al4Waidi Tran$lated by Malana 5ulayman al4Kindi, p :=6 *<+

1@ Y Iump up toC a

 b

 !aqtal al $usain # l $usain<s =risin-  pp 91::

1& %um& u&  DKarbalaC ?hain of e.ent$ 5ection 4 aid Become$ RulerD !l4#$lamor- Retrie.ed 9019411490

16 %um& u&  D5ome Tradition$ on #mam al4"u$ayn (a$)D  l#Isla".or- 

90 Y Iump up toC a b ibn "abib, Mohammad D(the 5i3th Oetter deal$ itha$$a$$inated per$onalitie$)D 8aadir al !a6htutat  p 1=

91 Y Iump up toC a b DAolume 1 (1:9& !"L1610 !'C !l42mma 8re$$,;-ypt)D l I"a"ah al Si%asah p 1<1

99 %um& u&  The Tra-edy of Karbala, p- 9:

9: %um& u&  al ulpay-ani, 5haykh Outfullah !unta6hab al thar fi 6hbar al I"a" al /hani shar, >adi%addin al ?a1ini  pp :0<, 10thi-ht

9< %um& u&  !aqtal al $usain # /he ourne% to Iraq p 1:0

9= %um& u&  ama, ibn !uthir al h1an p &6

9 %um& u&   !l4Tabari /ari6h () p 1@@

9@ %um& u&  Oohouf, by 5ayyid ibn Taoo$, Tradition o@9

9& %um& u&   !l4Tabari /ari6h ) p 66=

96 %um& u&  !aqtal al $usain # @arud  p 1<1

:0 %um& u&  Kathir, #bn l Bida%a (* p 1&

:1 %um& u&  DKarbalaC ?hain of e.ent$ 5ection %n the Way to KarbalaD  !l4#$lamor- Retrie.ed 901040@40@

:9 Y Iump up toC a b DKarbalaC ?hain of e.ent$ 5ection KarbalaD !l4#$lamor- Retrie.ed9019411490

:: %um& u&  al Gaini, Radiyaddin ibn abi /a1allu" al @ahra p 101

:< %um& u&  DMatal al "u$ain 4 The Waterin- placeD p 19

:= %um& u&  Tabari, !l /ari6h () p ::@

: %um& u&  DMatal al "u$ain 4 'ay ineD p 16

:@ %um& u&  DMatal al "u$ain 4 Tho$e Who$e ?on$cience i$ FreeDp 1@0

:& %um& u&  Oohouf, Tradition o 1<0

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:6 Y Iump up toC a b DMatal al "u$ain 4 !l4"urr Repent$D p 1&6

<0 %um& u&  Tabari, !l /ari6h () p 9<<

<1 %um& u&  Book DMartyrdom %f "u$$ainD

<9 %um& u&  5harif al4Gara$hi, BHir (9000) /he 9ife of I"A" @a%n al# bidin (as) Tran$lated by IH$im al4Ra$heed #raC !n$ariyan8ublication$, nd 8rint

<: %um& u&  %ckley, 5imon (1&6<) /he $istor% of the Saraens Oondonpp <0<<0=

<< %um& u&  Marii, !l Khutat  (+ p 9&@

<= Y Iump up toC a b c  DMatal al "u$ain 4 The Fir$t ?ampai-nD p 160

< %um& u&  al Bahraini, !bdullah urallah !aqtal al ali" p &<

<@ %um& u&  Ma7li$i, !l Bihar al nar  Mohammad ibn !butalib

<& Y Iump up toC a b Tabari, !l /ari6h () p 9<6

<6 Y Iump up toC a b c  DMatal al "u$ain 4 The Ri-ht Win- Remain$ FirmD p 16:

=0 %um& u&  al Kathir, #bn l#Ka"il  (, p 9@

=1 %um& u&  al Kathir, #bn l#Bida%a (* p 1&9

=9 %um& u&  DMatal al "u$ain 4 Burayr ibn KhudayrD p 901

=: %um& u&  DMatal al "u$ain 4 Mu$lim ibn !$a7ahD p 16:

=< Y Iump up toC a b Tabari, !l /ari6h () p 9=1

== %um& u&  DMatal al "u$ain 4 "abib ibn MaahirD p 16

= %um& u&  al4Tabari, ibn4Ta.oo$, et al

=@ %um& u&  DMatal al "u$ain 4 !li al !kbarD p 90

=& %um& u&  DMatal al "u$ain 4 Martyrdom of !hl al BaytD pp 909:=

=6 %um& u&  Oohouf, Tradition 1@< and 1@=

0 %um& u&  Oohouf, Tradition o1@@

1 %um& u&  Oohouf, Tradition o1@6

9 %um& u&  Oohouf, Tradition o1&1

: %um& u&  Oohouf, Tradition o1&9

< %um& u&  Oohouf, Tradition o1&<, 1&=

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= %um& u&  Oohouf, Tradition o1&&

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6 Y Iump up toC a b a7eebabadi, !kbar 5hah (9001) /he $istor% ofIsla" .ol 9, p 110 RiyadhC 'aru$$alam #5B 660&69&&:

@0 %um& u&   !bU "Vanfa 'naar, al4akhbZr al4tiZl, .ol 1, p 9<

@1 %um& u&  DThe !d.ice of !$maa bint !bu Bakr (ra) to her $on !bdullah#bn >ubair (ra)D 2mmahcom Retrie.ed 901<40&491

@9 %um& u&  Isla" re#defined: an intelli-ent "an4s -uide toardsunderstandin- Isla", p =<*=+

@: %um& u&  >ebellion and iolene in Isla"i 9a 

@< %um& u&   !l4Tabari, /he anin- of the ="a%%ad ;alihate, ?arole"illenbrand, 16&6, pp :@, :&

@= %um& u&  The ;ncyclopedia of Reli-ion Aol1, Mircea ;liade, ?harle$I !dam$, Macmillan, 16&@, p9<: C/he% ere alled C>afida b% thefolloers of @a%dD 

@ %um& u&  Oohouf, Tradition o 99@, 99&, 996, 9:0

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&0 %um& u&  'un-er$i, Mohammed Raa (166)  Brief Bio-rah% ofI"a" li ibn $usa%n (a.s.): @a%n al#bidin Bilal Mu$lim Mi$$ion ofTanania #5B 6@&466@46=46&4

&1 %um& u&  Gummi, 5haykh /!bba$ 8afasul !ah"u", >elatin- to theheart rendin- tra-ed% of Karbala<  #$lamic 5tudy ?ircle

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&: %um& u&  5yed "u$ayn M Iafri, DThe %ri-in$ and ;arly 'e.elopmentof 5hi/a #$lamD, %3ford 2ni.er$ity 8re$$, 25! (!pril <, 9009), #5B 6@&404164=@6:&@41

&< %um& u&   ! lance #nto The 5ource$ %n The #ncident %f [$hUrH

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&6 %um& u&  %n 'ifference X 2nder$tandin-C !l4"u$aynC the 5hiite Martyr,the 5unni "ero

60 Y Iump up toC a b  !l4i$lamor- Iafarian, Ra$ool, ! lance at"i$torio-raphy in 5hiite ?ulture, chapter 1:

61 %um& u&  DTable of ?ontent$ and ;3cerpt, !-haie, The Women ofKarbalaD uteEas.edu

69 %um& u&  D/!$hura 4 Mi$repre$entation$ and 'i$tortion$ part 1D l#Isla".or- 

6: %um& u&  DFir$t 5ermonC /!$hura 4 "i$tory and 8opular Oe-endD  l#Isla".or- 

6< %um& u&  D/!$hura 4 Mi$repre$entation$ and'i$tortion$D i"a"alinet.net 

6= %um& u&  Dafa$ul Mahmum, Relatin- to the heart rendin- tra-edy ofKarbala/D l#Isla".or- 

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6@ %um& u&  eamor-, Ma7le$ekhobre-anir 4\ Ma-aine$ 4\ #$lamico.ernment

6& %um& u&  ;ncyclop]dia Britannica 900& ;ncyclop]dia Britannica%nline 1@ Iul 900&5anH  ʾ

66 Y Iump up toC a b DKarbala and the #mam "u$ayn in 8er$ian and #ndo4Mu$lim literatureD l#Isla".or- 

100 %um& u&  Wheeler Thack$ton, ! Millennium of ?la$$ical 8er$ian 8oetry(Bethe$daC #ranbook$, 166<), p@6

101 %um& u&  D5ham$ !l$hoara Mohta$ham ka$haniD triod.o"

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10 %um& u&  DKarbala an ;ndurin- 8aradi-m of #$lamic Re.i.ali$mD  l#Isla".or- 

10@ %um& u&  The Time$ of #ndia, MuharramC Mehndi proce$$ion$ to betaken out tomorro, Time$ of #ndia, 9 'ecember 9011

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10& %um& u&  D5ulekhacom 4 For all your Oocal eed$ X 8roperty'etail$D Sule6ha

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110 %um& u&  5hiite$ thron- Karbala for !rbaeen de$pite threat$*dead lin6 +

%eferences*edit+

•  !l4Tabari, Muhammad ibn Iarir  (1660) $istor% of the+rohets and Kin-s, translation and o""entar% issuedib% I. K. . $oard  52 8re$$ #5B 04:6=4=9:@4= (.olume ^#^)

Bibliography *edit+

• al4Tabari, Muhammad ibn Iarir , "i$tory of the 8rophet$ andKin-$ Aolume ^#^ /he ;alihate of a1id b. !uai%ah,

tran$lated by #K! "oard, 52 8re$$, 1661, #5B 04@61<400<046

• Kennedy, "u-h, /he r"ies of the ;alihs: !ilitar% andSoiet% in the arl% Isla"i State, Routled-e, 9001

• al4Muarram, !bd al Raa, !aqtal al#$usa%n,!art%rdo" i of I"a" al#$usa%n, tran$lated by a$in T

 !l4Iibouri, pub !l4Khar$an Foundation for 8ublication$,ori-inally publi$hed Gum, circa 1660 (al4Muarram a$born in 1&66 and died in 16@1 4 author/$ bio-raphy Thi$ i$a 90th ?entury book 4 $eeIsla"i $istorio-rah% , by ?ha$e

F Robin$on, p:=)

E&ternal links*edit+

ikimedia ommons has

media related to  Battle of

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• Oi$t of the ca$ualtie$ of Karbla

Sunni lin#s*edit+

• Karbala ! Oe$$on For Mankind

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Shia lin#s*edit+

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• 5acred4te3t$com, Battle of Karbala .nglish/

• Battle of Karbala

Battle of hudFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Battle of +hud

Part o the Muslim C 2uraish ars

Date March !D, #54 A& 68 *ha//al, 8 A+7Location <alle b Mount (hud

Result Eailure o sie:e; Meccans retreated

Belligerents

Muslims o  Medina 2uraish o Mecca

Commanders and leaders

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Muhammad

(mar ibn al-hattab

+am1a ibn Abdul-Muttalib ⱶ

Musab ibn (mar  ⱶ

Abu *uan

halid ibn al-alid

'Amr ibn al-'As

!trength

9"" inantr; 4" archers, 3

cavalr

8,""" inantr; 8,""" camels,

5"" cavalr

Casualties and losses

9"-94 killed Fi:ht

[sho/]

• < 

• T 

• = 

List of battles of 'uhammad

The Battle of $hud ( !rabicC _`  Ga1at =h  Hud ) a$ fou-ht on 5aturday, March 16, 9=(: 5haal : !" in the #$lamic calendar ) at the .alley located in front of Mount 2hud, in hat i$ no

northe$tern  !rabia*1+

 #t occurred beteen a force from the Mu$lim community of  Medina led bythe #$lamic prophet Muhammad, and a force led by  !bu 5ufyan ibn "arb from Mecca, the ton fromhich many of the Mu$lim$ had pre.iou$ly emi-rated The Battle of 2hud a$ the $econd militaryencounter beteen the Meccan$ and the Mu$lim$, preceded by the Battle of Badr  in 9<, here a$mall Mu$lim army had defeated a lar-er Meccan army

Marchin- out from Mecca toard$ Medina on March 11, 9= !', the Meccan$ de$ired to a.en-etheir lo$$e$ at Badr and $trike back at Muhammad and hi$ folloer$ The Mu$lim$ readied for ar$oon afterard$ and the to armie$ fou-ht on the $lope$ and plain$ of Mount 2hud

Whil$t outnumbered, the Mu$lim$ -ained the early initiati.e and forced the Meccan line$ back, thu$lea.in- much of the Meccan camp unprotected When the battle looked to be only one $tep aayfrom a deci$i.e Mu$lim .ictory, a $eriou$ mi$take a$ committed by a part of the Mu$lim army, hichaltered the outcome of the battle ! breach of Muhammad/$ order$ by the Mu$lim archer$, ho left

their a$$i-ned po$t$ to de$poil the Meccan camp, alloed a $urpri$e attack from theMeccan ca.alry, led by Meccan ar .eteran Khalid ibn al4Walid, hich brou-ht chao$ to the Mu$limrank$ Many Mu$lim$ ere killed, and e.en Muhammad him$elf a$ badly in7ured The Mu$lim$ hadto ithdra up the $lope$ of 2hud The Meccan$ did not pur$ue the Mu$lim$ further, but marchedback to Mecca declarin- .ictory

For the Mu$lim$, the battle a$ a $i-nificant $etbackC althou-h they had been clo$e to routin- theMeccan$ a $econd time, their breach of Muhammad/$ order$ in fa.or of collectin- Meccan $poil$

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reaped $e.ere con$euence$ The to armie$ ould meet a-ain in 9@ !' at the Battle of theTrench*9+

Contents

  *hide+

•

1 Back-round

o 11 Rea$on for battle

• 9 Meccan force $et$ out

• : ;ncounter at 2hud

• < !ftermath

o <1 Mu$lim reaction

o <9 Further conflict

• = #$lamic primary $ource$

o =1 Guran

o =9 "adith

o =: Bio-raphical literature

• Battle of 2hud in arfare

• @ Modern reference$

• & 5ee al$o

• 6 ote$

• 10 Reference$

• 11 ;3ternal link$

Background*edit+

Muhammad had preached the reli-ion of  #$lam in Mecca from 1: to 99 "e had attracted a $mall

community of folloer$, but al$o dre $taunch oppo$ition from the re$t of the Guray$h, the tribe thatruled Mecca and to hich he belon-ed The Mu$lim$ fled Mecca in 99 after year$ of per$ecutionand e$tabli$hed them$el.e$ at Medina (formerly knon a$ athrib Medina mean$ ;it% ) TheGuray$h had $eied the propertie$ and familie$ of Mu$lim$ in Mecca and di$patched cara.an$to'ama$cu$ hich the Mu$lim$ intercepted and raided The Meccan$ $ent out a $mall army topuni$h the Mu$lim$ and $top their raidin- !t the Battle of Badr  in 9<, a $mall Mu$lim force defeatedthe much lar-er Meccan army*:+

Many Mu$lim$ con$idered thi$ une3pected .ictory a proof that they had been fa.ored by od andbelie.ed they ere a$$ured $uch .ictorie$ in the future*<+  ! number of the leadin- tribe$men of

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Guray$h had been killed at Badr and $o leader$hip pa$$ed to !bu 5ufyan "e forbade the mournin-of the lo$$e$ at Badr, for he a$ ea-er to e3act re.en-e upon Muhammad, .oin- to conduct aretaliatory raid on the city of Medina 5e.eral month$ later, !bu 5ufyan accompanied a party of 900men to the city, obtainin- temporary re$idence ith the chief of the Iei$h tribe Banu adir  andlearnin- more of the current $ituation in Medina "e and hi$ party then left Medina, burnin- don tohou$e$ and layin- a$te to $ome field$ in fulfillment of hi$ .o Further $kirmi$he$ beteen the

Meccan$ and the Mu$lim$ ould occur thereafter *=+

0eason for battle*edit+

The rea$on for the battle a$ to -et back at the Mu$lim$ for the battle of badar  *+

Meccan force sets out*edit+

Ra.ine of Mount 2hud (bifurcated mount 7u$t $een belo in line of toer $tructure) here Muhammed a$ taken for re$t after in7ury

The folloin- year on March 11, 9=, ith !bu 5ufyan at the helm, the Meccan$an3iou$ to a.en-etheir defeat at Badrrai$ed another force numberin- :,000 and $et out for the Mu$lim ba$e inMedina Rather than attackin- Medina it$elf, hich a$ populated by numerou$ $tron-hold$ thatould ha.e reuired lon- $ie-e$ to o.ercome, they camped on the pa$ture$ north of the city, hopin-that the Mu$lim$ ould come out to meet them*@+*&+ !ccordin- to the early Mu$lim hi$torian #bn #$ha,a number of Meccan omen are $aid to ha.e accompanied !bu 5ufyan/$ army to pro.ide .ocal

$upport, includin-"ind bint 2tbah, hi$ ife*6+

 ! $cout alerted Muhammad of the Meccan army/$ pre$ence and number$ late on Thur$day March91 The ne3t mornin-, a Mu$lim conference of ar con.ened, and there a$ di$pute o.er ho be$tto repel the Meccan$ Muhammad and many of the $enior fi-ure$ $u--e$ted that it ould be $afer tofi-ht ithin Medina and take ad.anta-e of it$ hea.ily fortified $tron-hold$ oun-er Mu$lim$ ar-uedthat the Meccan$ ere de$troyin- their crop$, and that huddlin- in the $tron-hold$ ould de$troyMu$lim pre$ti-e Muhammad e.entually conceded to the i$he$ of the latter, and readied the Mu$limforce for battle

Encounter at hud*edit+

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Map of the battle, $hoin- the Mu$lim and Meccan line$ re$pecti.ely

 ! -roup of appro3imately 1,000 Mu$lim men $et out on late Friday from Medina and mana-ed tocircle around the Meccan force$ ;arly the ne3t mornin-, they took a po$ition on the loer $lope$ ofthe hill of 2hud 5hortly before the battle commenced, / !bd4!llah ibn 2bayy (the chief ofthe Khara7 tribe) and hi$ folloer$ ithdre their $upport for Muhammad and returned to Medina,ith report$ $u--e$tin- #bn 2bayy/$ di$content ith the plan to march out from Medina to meet theMeccan$ #bn 2bayy and hi$ folloer$ ould later recei.e cen$ure in the Gur/an for thi$ act*10+

What ye $uffered on the day the to armie$ Met, a$ ith the lea.e of !llah, in order that "e mi-htte$t the belie.er$,4

 !nd the "ypocrite$ al$o The$e ere toldC D?ome, fi-ht in the ay of !llah, or (at lea$t) dri.e (The

foe from your city)D They $aidC D"ad e knon ho to fi-ht, e $hould certainly ha.e folloed youDThey ere that day nearer to 2nbelief than to Faith, $ayin- ith their lip$ hat a$ not in their heart$but !llah hath full knoled-e of all they conceal(They are) the one$ that $ay, (of their brethren $lain), hile they them$el.e$ $it (at ea$e)C D#f onlythey had li$tened to u$ they ould not ha.e been $lainD 5ayC D!.ert death from your on $el.e$, ifye $peak the truthD

Gur/an, $ura : ( !l4i4#mran), ayat 141&*11+

The Mu$lim force, no numberin- around @00, a$ $tationed on the $lope$ of 2hud, facin- Medinaith the rear bein- protected by the toerin- mount it$elf Before the battle, Muhammad hada$$i-ned =0 archer$ on a nearby rocky hill at the We$t $ide of the Mu$lim camp Thi$ a$ a $trate-icdeci$ion in order to $hield the .ulnerable flank$ of the outnumbered Mu$lim army the archer$ on the

hill ere to protect the left flank, hile the ri-ht flank a$ to be protected by the Mount of 2hud$ituated on the ea$t $ide of the Mu$lim camp 8rotectin- the flank$ of the Mu$lim army meant thatthe Meccan army ould not be able to turn around the Mu$lim camp, and thu$ the Mu$lim armyouldn/t be $urrounded or encircled by the Meccan ca.alry, keepin- in mind that the Meccan ca.alryoutnumbered the Mu$lim ca.alry ith a =0C1 ratio

Muhammad ordered the Mu$lim archer$ to ne.er under any circum$tance$ lea.e their po$ition$ onthe hill unle$$ ordered to do $o by him only, he made thi$ order .ery clear by utterin- the$e ord$ tothe archer$, D#f you $a u$ pre.ail and $tart to take $poil$, do not come to a$$i$t u$ !nd if you $au$ -et .anui$hed and bird$ eat from our head$, do not come to a$$i$t u$D*19+

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The Meccan army po$itioned it$elf facin- the Mu$lim line$, ith the main body led by !bu 5ufyan,and the left and ri-ht flank$ commanded by #krimah ibn !bi4Iahland Khalid ibn al4Walidre$pecti.ely /!mr ibn al4/!$ a$ named the commander of ca.alry and hi$ ta$k a$ to coordinateattack beteen the ca.alry in-$ *1:+*1<+

The Meccan$ attacked ith their initial char-e led by the Medinan e3ile !bu S!mir Tharted by a$hoer of $tone$ from the Mu$lim$, !bu S!mir and hi$ men ere forced to retire and tend to thecamp$ behind the Meccan line$ The Meccan $tandard4bearer , Talhah ibn !bi Talhah al4S!bdari,ad.anced and challen-ed the enemy to a duel !li (!li ibn !bi Talib), the youn- cou$in ofMuhammad, ru$hed forth and $truck Talhah don in a $in-le blo Talhah/$ brother, J2thman, ranforard to pick up the fallen banner the Meccan omen illin- him on ith $on-$ and the loudbeatin- of timbrel$ "ama ibn S!bd al4Muttalib emer-ed from the Mu$lim rank$, brin-in- him to a$imilar fate a$ Talhah #t a$ their family that a$ re$pon$ible for the Meccan army/$ $tandard4bearin-, and thu$ one by one, Talhah/$ brother$ and $on$ ent to retrie.e the Meccan banner andfi-ht un$ucce$$fully, until they all e.entually peri$hed *1=+

Folloin- the duel$, -eneral en-a-ement beteen the to armie$ commenced Meccan confidenceuickly be-an to di$$ol.e a$ the Mu$lim$ $ept throu-h their rank$ The Meccan army a$ pu$hedback, and repeated attempt$ by it$ ca.alry to o.errun the left Mu$lim flank ere ne-ated by theMu$lim archer$*1+ ;n7oyin- the be$t of the$e early encounter$, the Mu$lim$ pierced throu-h the

Meccan line$, ith .ictory appearin- certain "oe.er, it a$ the detachment of the Mu$lim archer$,di$obeyin- Muhammad/$ $trict order$ to remain $tationary, that ould $hift the outcome of the battle,a$ they ran donhill to 7oin in the ad.ance and de$poil the Meccan camp, lea.in- the flank.ulnerable*@+*1<+

ra.e of "ama, Mount 2hud, Medina

 !t thi$ critical 7uncture, the Meccan ca.alry led by Khalid ibn al4Walid e3ploited thi$ mo.e andattacked the remainin- minority of Mu$lim archer$ ho refu$ed to di$obey Muhammad/$ order$ andere $till po$itioned on the hill From there, the Meccan$ ere then able to tar-et and o.errun theMu$lim flank and rear ?onfu$ion en$ued, and numerou$ Mu$lim$ ere killed *@+*1<+ Mo$t notably a$"ama, ho had been thron don in a $urpri$e attack by the 7a.elin of the ;thiopian $la.e of"ind, Wah$hi ibn "arb While the Meccan ripo$te $tren-thened, rumor$ circulated that Muhammadtoo had peri$hed #t emer-ed, hoe.er, that Muhammad had only been oundeddue to mi$$ile$ of $tone hich re$ulted in a -a$h on hi$ forehead and lip #t i$ recorded that !li ibn !bi Talib alone

remained, fendin- off the a$$ault$ of Khalid/$ ca.alrymen !ccordin- to #bn !theer, C/he +rohetbea"e the obet of the atta6 of arious units of the ar"% of ?uraish fro" all sides. li atta6ed, ino"liane ith !uha""ad<s orders, eer% unit that "ade an atta6 uon hi" and disersed the"or 6illed so"e of the", and this thin- too6 lae a nu"ber of ti"es in =hud.C *1@+

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Mu$lim archer$ po$itioned on a hill durin- the Battle of 2hud, a$ depicted in Mou$tapha !kkad/$ 16@ film /he !essa-e

 !fter fierce hand4to4hand combat, mo$t of the Mu$lim$ mana-ed to ithdra and re-roup hi-her upon the $lope$ of 2hud ! $mall faction a$ cut off and tried to make it$ ay back to Medina, thou-hmany of the$e ere killed The Meccan$/ chief offen$i.e arm, it$ ca.alry, a$ unable to a$cend the$lope$ of 2hud in pur$uit of the Mu$lim$, and $o the fi-htin- cea$ed "ind and her companion$ are$aid to ha.e mutilated the Mu$lim corp$e$, cuttin- off their ear$ and no$e$ and makin- the relic$ intoanklet$ "ind i$ reported to ha.e cut open the corp$e of "ama, takin- out hi$ li.er hich $he thenattempted to eat*1&+ !bu 5ufyan, after $ome brief .erbal e3chan-e$ ith Muhammad/$companion, 2mar  (2mar ibn al4Khattab),*16+decided to return to Mecca ithout pre$$in- hi$ad.anta-e*@+*1<+

The battle i$ -enerally belie.ed by $cholar$ to be a defeat for the Mu$lim$, a$ they had incurred

-reater lo$$e$ than the Meccan$ ?ha$e F Robin$on, ritin- in the n%loaedia of Isla", $tate$the notion that Dthe Mu$lim$ $uffered a di$heartenin- defeat i$ clear enou-hD*@+ %ther $cholar$ $ucha$ William Mont-omery Watt di$a-ree, notin- that hile the Mu$lim$ did not in, the Meccan$ hadfailed to achie.e their $trate-ic aim of de$troyin- Muhammad and hi$ folloer$ and that theMeccan$/ untimely ithdraal indicated eakne$$ on their part *90+ The battle i$ al$o noted for theemer-ence of the military leader$hip and tactical military -eniu$ of Khalid ibn al4Walid, ho ouldlater become the mo$t famou$ of all !rab -eneral$ durin- the #$lamic e3pan$ion era, in conuerin-the 5a$$anid ;mpire and Byantine held 5yria*91+

 Aftermath*edit+

Muhammad and the Mu$lim$ buried the dead on the battlefield, returnin- home that e.enin- The

Meccan$ retired for the e.enin- at a place called $a"ra al#sad , a fe mile$ aay from MedinaThe ne3t mornin-, Muhammad $ent out a $mall force to harry the Meccan army on their ay home !ccordin- to Watt, thi$ a$ becau$e Muhammad realied that a $ho of force a$ reuired to $peedthe Meccan$ aay from Medinan territory The Meccan$, not antin- to be percei.ed a$ bein-cha$ed aay, remained nearby for a fe day$ before lea.in- *99+

1uslim rea!tion*edit+

For the Mu$lim$, the battle held a reli-iou$ dimen$ion a$ ell a$ a military one They had e3pectedanother .ictory like at Badr, hich a$ con$idered a $i-n of od/$ fa.or upon them !t 2hud,hoe.er, they had barely held off the in.ader$ and had lo$t a -reat many men ! .er$e of the Gur/anre.ealed $oon after the battle cited the Mu$lim$/ di$obedience and de$ire for loot a$ the cau$e forthi$ $etbackC*9+*9:+

 !llah did indeed fulfil "i$ promi$e to you hen ye ith "i$ permi$$ion Were about to annihilate yourenemy,4until ye flinched and fell to di$putin- about the order, and di$obeyed it after "e brou-ht youin $i-ht (of the booty) hich ye co.et !mon- you are $ome that hanker after thi$ orld and $omethat de$ire the "ereafter Then did "e di.ert you from your foe$ in order to te$t you but "e for-a.eyouC For !llah i$ full of -race to tho$e ho belie.e

Gur/an, $ura : (!l4i4#mran), ayah 1=9 *9<+

 !ccordin- to the Gur/an, then, the mi$fortune$ at 2hud lar-ely the re$ult of the rear -uardabandonin- their po$ition in order to $eek booty ere partly a puni$hment and partly a te$t for

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$teadfa$tne$$*9:+ Fire$tone ob$er.e$ that $uch .er$e$ pro.ided in$piration and hope to the Mu$lim$,$acraliin- future battle$ that they ould e3perience "e add$ that rather than demoraliin- theMu$lim$, the battle $eemed to reinforce the $olidarity beteen them*9=+

2urther !onfli!t*edit+

 !bu 5ufyan, ho$e po$ition a$ leader a$ no lon-er undi$puted, $et about for-in- alliance$ ith

$urroundin- nomadic tribe$ in order to build up $tren-th for another ad.ance on Medina The$ucce$$ of the Meccan$/ rou$in- of tribe$ a-ain$t Muhammad reaped di$a$trou$ con$euence$ forhim and the Mu$lim$ ith to main lo$$e$C one a$ here a Mu$lim party had been in.ited by achieftain of the Ma/unah tribe, ho ere then killed a$ they approached by the tribe of 5ulaym hilethe other a$ hen the Mu$lim$ had $ent out in$tructor$ to a tribe hich $tated it anted to con.ertto #$lam the in$tructor$ had been led into an ambu$h by the -uide$ of the ould4be Mu$lim tribe,and ere $ub$euently killed*9+ 5oon thereafter, Muhammad became con.inced that the Iei$htribe Banu adir harbored enmity toard$ him and ere plottin- to kill him The Banu adir eree3pelled from Medina after a fifteen4day $ie-e, ith $ome relocatin- to the oa$i$ of Khaybar andother$ to 5yria*9@+  !bu 5ufyan, alon- ith the allied confederate tribe$, ould attack Medina in theBattle of the Trench, to year$ after the e.ent$ at 2hud (in 9@) *9+

#slamic primary sources*edit+3uran*edit+

The e.ent i$ mentioned in the Guran .er$e *Guran &C:+ accordin- to the Mu$lim $cholar  5afiur RahmanMubarakpuri,*9&+ a$ ell a$ *Guran :C199+, *Guran :C1@+*96+

The Mu$lim Mufa$$ir #bn Kathir /$ commentary on thi$ .er$e in hi$ book Taf$ir ibn Kathir  i$ a$ follo$C

,Muhammad bin )sha> narrated that A1-uhri, Muhammad bin 0aha bin +ibban, GAsim bi

bin Ishaq said !"his #yah $as re%ealed about them a&&ording to Ibn '#bbas

6<eril, those /ho disbelieve spend their /ealth...7 until,

6the /ho are the losers. 7 ujahid a'id bin Jubayr #l*Ha+am bin ',yaynah -atadah #

hate it He $ill gi%e aid to His religion ma+e His 4ord dominant and His religion $ill /re

Hadith*edit+

5afiur Rahman Mubarakpuri mention$ that thi$ incident i$ al$o mentioned in the 5unni "adithcollection 5ahih al4Bukhari*:1+ 5ahih al4Bukhari, <C=9C9@ mention$C

,The Prophet appointed 'Abdullah bin ubair as the commander o the inantr men 6archers6i.e. the enem7 and collect our share rom the /ar boot.I But /hen the /ent to them, th

#t i$ al$o mentioned in 5ahih al4Bukhari, :C:0C10& that Guran .er$e*Guran <C&&+

 a$ re.ealed about thi$e.entC

,hen the Prophet /ent out or 6the battle o7 (hud, some o his companions 6hpocrites7 r

The e.ent i$ al$o mention in 5ahih Mu$lim, <C90=0

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Biogra&hi!al literature*edit+

Thi$ e.ent i$ mentioned in #bn #$ha/$ bio-raphy of Muhammad *:0+ Mo$t of the information a.ailableabout the e.ent$ i$ deri.ed from the siraJ"a-ha1i  tradition$ (bio-raphical narrati.e$ anddocumentation of military campai-n$) of the early centurie$ of #$lam The -eneral $euence of thee.ent$ -ained con$en$u$ early on, a$ demon$trated in the te3t of #bn #$ha, an early bio-rapher ofMuhammad !ccount$ of the battle are deri.ed mainly from de$cendant$ of the participant$ Much of the ba$ic narrati.e and chronolo-y, accordin- to Robin$on, i$ rea$onably authentic, althou-h $omeof the more elaborate detail$ $uch a$ the e3act $cale of the Mu$lim defeat may be doubtful ordifficult to a$certain*@+

Battle of hud in (arfare*edit+

Thou-h $trate-ically indeci$i.e, the conduct of the battle a$ $ufficient proof of the militaryaarene$$ of the !rab$ e.en before their campai-n$ in 8er$ia and 5yria The ba$ic a$$umption that

 !rab$ ere -enerally raider$ and learned arfare from the 8er$ian$ and 5yrian$ i$ pro.ed ron-here !bu 5ufyan made full u$e of hi$ ca.alry by deployin- them a$ to mobile in-$ The infantryba$ed centre pro.ided the ba$e upon hich the ca.alry ould operate "e intended to pull thecelebrated D'ouble ;n.elopmentD maneu.er "e deployed hi$ force$ in the $ame manner a$ a

8er$ian or Byantine -eneral ould ha.e doneMuhammad on the other hand $hoed hi$ ability a$ a -eneral by choo$in- the battlefield of 2hud"e decided accordin- to the ill of Mu$lim$ to fi-ht in open country but he a$ aare of the $uperior mobility of the Meccan$ "e kne an encounter in open country ould e3po$e the infantry in-$ toen.elopment, $o to neutralie the Meccan mobility factor, he decided to hold hi-h -round ith Mount2hud in their rear, hich pro.ided $ecurity from any attack from the rear Moreo.er a$ the front a$of appro3imately of &00 to 600 yd (@:0 to &90 m)*:9+ and on one flank he re$ted Mount ;inein and onother flank ere the defile$ of Mount 2hud $o in military lan-ua-e he refu$ed both in-$ to theMeccan ca.alry The only approach from hich they could be taken from the rear a$ protected bythe deployment of archer$ Thi$ battle i$ a $pecimen of ho an infantry ba$ed entity $hould fi-hta-ain$t a ca.alry dominated arm The compari$on of thi$ battle ith the Battle of uadalete fou-htby Tari ibn >iyad a-ain$t the Ai$i-othic Kin-dom i$ indeed $trikin-

Modern references*edit+

The battle of 2hud i$ the $econd of the to main battle$ featured in Mou$tapha !kkad/$ 16@ filmcenterin- on the life of Muhammad, !oha""ad, !essen-er of 'od  The other battle featured i$ thebattle of Badr*::+ The battle of 2hud i$ al$o depicted in the 900< animated film, !uha""ad: /he 9ast +rohet , directed byRichard Rich,*:<+ and in the 9019 TA $erie$ Farouk %mar  The ca.e in Mount2hud here Muhammad re$ted temporarily durin- the battle ha$ al$o recei.ed recent mediaattention in the li-ht of propo$al$ by $ome #$lamic $cholar$ for it to be de$troyed*:=+

See also*edit+

• Battle of Badr 

•  !bu 'u7ana

• 2mm "akim

• "ammanah bint Iah$h

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• u$aybah bint Ka/ab

• Oi$t of 5ahaba

• Oi$t of battle$ of Muhammad

• 2mm !yman (Barakah) the oman ho a$ pre$ent at the Battle of 2hud

)otes*edit+

1 %um& u&  Watt (16@<) p 1:

9 Y Iump up toC a b c  ?ambrid-e "i$tory of #$lam 1! (16@@) pp <@4<&

: %um& u&  8eter$ (166<) pp 91191<

< %um& u&  Watt (16@<) pp 1<91<:

= %um& u&  Watt (16@<) pp 1:91:=

%um& u&  Mubarakpuri, The 5ealed ectar, p 1&1 (online)

@ Y Iump up toC a b c  d  e f  D2hudD, n%loedia of Isla" &nline

& %um& u&  Watt (16@<) p 1:=

6 %um& u&  uillaume &1:

10 %um& u&  Watt (16@<) p 1:@

11 %um& u&  Guran :C11&

19 %um& u&  Re.ieC The le$$on of 2hud defeat (in !rabic)

1: %um& u&  Muir Weir (1619) p 9=&

1< Y Iump up toC a b c  d  Watt (16@<) pp 1:&1:6

1= %um& u&  Muir Weir (1619) p 9=6

1 %um& u&  Muir Weir (1619) p 90

1@ %um& u&  Rea$on$ for the battle of 2hud

1& %um& u&  #bn #$ha (16==) :&0:&&, cited in 8eter$ (166<) p 91&

16 %um& u&  #bn #$ha record$ thi$ e3chan-e a$ follo$C

When (the Guray$h leader) !bu 5ufyan anted to lea.e, he ent to the top of the mountain and $houted loudly, $ayin-,Dou ha.e done a fine ork Aictory in ar -oe$ by turn$C today i$ in e3chan-e for the day of Badr 5ho your $uperiority,"ubalD, that i$, .indicate your reli-ion The Me$$en-er told 2mar to -o up and an$er him and $ay, Dod i$ mo$t hi-hand mo$t -loriou$ We are not eualC our dead are in paradi$e, your$ are in hellD !t thi$ an$er !bu 5ufyan $aid to2mar, D?ome up here to meD The Me$$en-er told him to -o and $ee hat !bu 5ufyan a$ up to When he came !bu5ufyan $aid, D# ad7ure you by od, 2mar, ha.e e killed MuhammadDDBy od, you ha.e not, he i$ li$tenin- to hat youare $ayin- ri-ht noD, 2mar replied !bu 5ufyan $aid, D# re-ard you a$ more truthful and reliable than #bn Gami/aD,referrin- to the latter/$ claim that he had killed Muhammad

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cf #bn #$ha (16==) :&0:&&, cited in 8eter$ (166<) p 916

90 %um& u&  5eeC

• ?ambrid-e "i$tory of #$lam 1! (16@@) pp <@<&

• Fire$tone (1666) p1:9

91 %um& u&  5eeC

•  !ndrae Menel (160) p 1=0

• afi-er Walton (9000) pp 141&

• Watt (16@<) p 900

99 %um& u&  5eeC

•

Watt (16&1) p <:9

•  !n early Mu$lim hi$torian, al4Waidi, record$ /!mr ibn al4/!$ (a Meccan commander) a$ $ayin-C

When e reneed the attack a-ain$t them, e $mote a certain number of them, and they $cattered in e.erydirection, but later a party of them rallied Guray$h then took coun$el to-ether and $aid, The .ictory i$ our$, let u$depart For e had heard that #bn 2bayy had retired ith a third of the force, and $ome of the  !$andthe Khara7 had $tayed aay from the battle, and e ere not $ure that they ould not attack u$ Moreo.er e hada number of ounded, and all our hor$e$ had been ounded by the arro$ 5o they $et off We had not reached ar4Raha until a number of them came a-ain$t u$ and e continued on our ay

cited in 8eter$ (166<) p 916

9: Y Iump up toC a b Watt(16@<) p 1<<

9< %um& u&  Guran :C1=9

9= %um& u&  Fire$tone (1666) p 1:9

9 %um& u&  Watt (16@<) pp 1<@1<&

9@ %um& u&  adir, Banu4l n%loedia of Isla" &nline

9& %um& u&  Mubarakpuri, The $ealed nectarC bio-raphy of the oble 8rophet , p 969

96 %um& u&  Mubarakpuri, The $ealed nectarC bio-raphy of the oble 8rophet , pp 9664:00

:0 Y Iump up toC a b Muhammad 5aed !bdul4Rahman, Taf$ir #bn Kathir Iu/ 6 (8art 6)C !l4!/Raf && to !l4!nfal <0, p99, M5! 8ublication Oimited, 9006, #5B 1&1@6=@=0 (online)

:1 %um& u&  Mubarakpuri, The $ealed nectarC bio-raphy of the oble 8rophet , p 96 (footnote 9)

:9 %um& u&   !kram, !-ha #brahim (900<), Khalid bin al4Waleed 4 "i$ Oife and ?ampai-n$, %3ford 2ni.er$ity8re$$C 8aki$tan, #5B 04164=6@@1<46

:: %um& u&  Re.ieC The Me$$a-e Mark ?ampbell, 9< !pril 900<

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:< %um& u&  DMuhammad The Oa$t 8rophetDC ! Mo.ie Belo ;3pectation$ Isla"online.net 

:= %um& u&  ?all to de$troy 2hud ca.e re7ected 9: Ianuary 900,  rab8es  Retrie.ed 900@4040@

%eferences*edit+

Boo#s and 4ournals

•  !ndrae, Tor Menel, Theophil (160) !oha""ed: /he !an and $is Faith e orkC "arper Torchbook %?O? &@1:<

• Fire$tone, Rue.en (1666) ihad: /he &ri-in of $ol% War in Isla" %3ford 2ni.er$ity 8re$$ #5B 04164=19=&040

• "olt, 8 M Bernard Oei$ (16@@a) ;a"brid-e $istor% of Isla", ol. ?ambrid-e 2ni.er$ity 8re$$ #5B 04=914961:4<

• # #$ha and ! uillaume (%ctober 9009) /he 9ife of !uha""ad  %3ford 2ni.er$ity 8re$$, 25! e #mpre$$ionedition #5B 04164:0::41

• Muir, William Weir, T " (1619) /he 9ife of !oha""ad  ;dinbur-hC Iohn rant %?O? =@=<6=:

• afi-er, eor-e F Walton, Mark W (900:) Isla" at War: a histor%  We$tport, ?TC 8rae-er #5B 049@=46&10140

• 8eter$, F; (166<) !uha""ad and the &ri-ins of Isla" !lbanyC 52 8re$$ #5B 04@61<41&@=4&

• Watt, W Mont-omery (16@<) !uha""ad: +rohet and States"an 2nited Kin-domC %3ford 2ni.er$ity 8re$$ #5B 04164&&10@&4<

• Watt, W Mont-omery (16&1) !uha""ad at !edina %3ford 2ni.er$ity 8re$$ e edition #5B 04164=@@:0@41

.n!y!lo&edias

• Robin$on, ? F D2hudD #n 8I Bearman, Th Bianui$, ?; Bo$orth, ; .an 'onel and W8 "einrich$ n%loaediaof Isla" &nline Brill !cademic 8ubli$her$ #55 1=@:4:619

• Aacca, A Dadir, Banu4lD #n 8I Bearman, Th Bianui$, ?; Bo$orth, ; .an 'onel and W8"einrich$ n%loaedia of Isla" &nline Brill !cademic 8ubli$her$ #55 1=@:4:619