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SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

bccbCq lc plMb kAqroAi Aaafqfsbp lk qeb MbCeAkfCAi molmboqfbp lc Mra BofCh AK satani lskoueiN, MK AfzaliO, MK MadadipourP ABpqoACq fn this paperI experimental study on the use of low castI available natural additives on mechanical behaviour of mud brick was presentK qhe effect of strawI wood chips carpentryI rice husk and palm fibre on the compressive strengthI voung’s modulusI durability against water and shrinkage of brick samples is studiedK aifferent amount of natural additives select MKP and MKS and MKV percentages of specimensD weight was usedK qhe results showed the best addJon with the compressive strengthI better durability against water and reduced shrinkageK qhe results showed that palm fibre with MKSB carrying the maximum stress and strainK heywords: Mud brick, Compressive strength, voung’s modulus, aurability NK fkqolarCqflk barth has been used in the construction of ancient structures from thousand years ageI together with others natural additives such as wood and stone xNzK barthen a substance low cast and available additives were present at the most parts of the worldK fn factI one advantage of earth is that it has good thermal and acoustic insulation properties xOzKrse mud brick causes disappear pollution which due to uses other material such as concreteK jud brick is a material that will be returned to the cycling of environment and material decomposesK eoweverI the use of mud bricks for structural elements of buildings is subjected to an assessment of its mechanical propertiesI the investigation of which constitutes the aim of this workK oecent researches xNI Qz studied on the effect of fibers on mud bricksI the volume fraction of fibersI the type of fibersI the aspect ratio of the specimens and procedure of compression testK nI miattoni et alK xNz showed that the compressive strength of brick specimens rises with the reduction of the aspect ratio of the specimensK Binici et alK xPz emphasized that the utilization of plastic fibers increases the compressive strength in comparison to use of straw fibersK jorel et alK xQz shows that the compressive strength of an earth specimen raises with the decrement of the aspect ratioI namelyI the ratio between the height and the thickness of the sampleK nuagliarini et alK xRz state that preferable clay content into the bearing adobe structure elements is between NOB and NSB Eby weightF; and natural fibers EstrawF control the ‘plastic’ behavior and influence the breaking way of the adobe samplesK pandI in factI reduces clay fraction relatively to other componentsI and allows a lower shrinkage due to the smaller presence of the component EclayF prone to this phenomenon xRzK

N AssocK mrofI aepartment of Civil bngineeringI phahid oajaee qeacher qraining rniversityI qehran HVU ON OOVTMMONI franI bJmail addressW vatani]srttuKedu O draduate ptudentI aepartment of Civil bngineeringI phahid oajaee qeacher qraining rniversityI qehran HVU ON OOVTMMONI franI bJmail addressW afzaliKmSQ]gmailKcom P draduate ptudentI aepartment of Civil bngineeringI phahid oajaee qeacher qraining rniversityI qehran HVU ON OOVTMMONI franI bJmail addressW rezaVMRU]yahooKcom

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jorel et al xSz propose a model to measure compressive strength of earth bricks with the three points bending test; the results depend also on the density gradient of the mud brick compacted with only mobile ramK OK bumbofMbkqAi moldoAM

qhis paper describes the mechanical behavior of mud bricks with different fibers and fibers volume fractions Esome natural additivesFK qo evaluate the mechanical behavior between samples of different fibers such as strawI palm fiberI wood carpentry and rice husk is used with different percentagesK pamples with dimensions of EOO × OO × T cm F with bricks and with dimensions of EOO × NN × T cm Fwere made with a halfJbrickK qhis dimensions in terms of sample size that was used in bast franK tith these dimensions and weight brick is suitable for transport by hand and it will move easilyK cive brick and halfJbrick for each composition have been provedK A total of NPM bricks have been molded and compacted by handsK the dimensions of brick for testing in literature is different ERM × TM × NM cmFI E RM × RM × NM cmF and EOM × NM × NM cmF xNMzK PK MAqbofAi Aka Mbqelap PKNK Materials ptarting from the production of some bricks of only earth ECFQI in addition to clayI sandI gravelI natural fibers such as strawI palm fiberI wood and rice husk was appliedK qhe natural fibers were in MKPI MKS and MKV percentage of weight of total component and the natural fibers were in MKMMQI MKMMU and MKMNO percentage of weight the soilK

PKOK pize and properties of material qhe materials used to manufacture the adobe bricks have been earthI coarse sand and short fiberK qhe straw and palm chops used this study have been cut in fiber of average length equal to OKR cm EcigK NF and both of the fibers included in a range between N cm and Q cm; the straw had P mm in diameter and a hollow structureI but the palm fiber had N mm in diameter and a solid structureK qhe wood chips carpentry average length equal to N cm EcigK NF and included in a range between MKR cm and NKR cmK cor the cutting the palm fiber first are soaked in waterI then open the roots and separate the rootsI cut them to use of this paper EcigK PFK mercent of the materials used in this paper is given in qable OK qhe percentages in this paper have been calculated based on weight of the soilK qhe results of analysis of the granulometry of earth and of coarse sand and Atterberg’s limits showed in qable NK

aF bF cF

cigK N ptraw EaF palm EbF wood chips carpentry EcF ft has been carried out the geotechnical characterization of the earth and of the coarse sand used that it has been executed in deotechnical iaboratory of the qeacher qraining rniversity of phahid oajaeeK According to the Apqj aOQUT xNSzI the earth which used in this paper can be classified as ECiFK

Q fn the followingI if the symbol C stands aloneI it is referred to the name of the type of mixture made by only earthK

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cigK O oice husk cigK P malm fibers

qable N oesults of analysis of the granulometry of earth and of Coarse sand and Atterberg’s limits

barth Clay EBF NSKR pand EBF RQKQ

dravel EBF NUKO iiquid iimit EBF OV mlastic iimit EBF NSKVQ mlastic index EBF NOKMS

qable O solume fraction of components for the different types of admixture

pample name clay B

sand B

gravel B

water B wood malm

fiber oice

Crust ptrew

C NKMM J J MKPS J J J J

CHpHd MKPR MKTR MKNP MKNQ J J J J

CHpHdHMKPt MKOO MKTR MKOR MKNQ MKMMQ J J J

CHpHdHMKSt MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ MKMMU J J J

CHpHdHMKVt MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ MKMNO J J J

CHpHdHMKPm MKOO MKTR MKOR MKNQ J MKMMQ J J

CHpHdHMKSm MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ J MKMMU J J

CHpHdHMKVm MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ J MKMNO J J

CHpHdHMKPo MKOO MKTR MKOR MKNQ J J MKMMQ J

CHpHdHMKSo MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ J J MKMMU J

CHpHdHMKVo MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ J J MKMNO J

CHpHdHMKPp MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ J J J MKMMQ

CHpHdHMKSp MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ J J J MKMMU

CHpHdHMKVp MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ J J J MKMNO

PKPK ppecimens preparing process qhis paper aims to investigate on the effect of fibers on mechanical properties of mud brickK cor this purpose the percentage of clayI sandI gravel and water are considered constant and the percentages of the fibers were variableK

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qhe water volume based on the amount of clay and the material being saturated with dry surface EppaF is determinedK bach mud brick in the same conditions of temperature Eaverage OP°CF is dried in the laboratoryK

PK4K qest methods Brick for test specimens with dimensions of OO × OO × T cm and the other half of the bricks with dimensions of OO × NN × T cm were prepared in the formworkK EcigK QI RF

aF bF

cigK 4 Bricks EOO × OO × TF cm EaF and halfJbrick EOO× NN × TF cm EbF

cigK R Bricks and halfJbrick

PKRK bquipment of compression test of bricks A visual analysis of external features as cracks and lacks of material has been executed on each mud brickK Afterwards a hydraulic jack has been utilized to apply the compressive force and the values of compressive forceI vertical and horizontal displacement have measured by using isaqK rnder the pressure of a load cell to measure the forces were placedK A plate under a load cell in order to uniformly distribute the load was placedK sertical and horizontal displacement by the displacement gauge mounted on the sample was measuredK qwo vertical displacements and two horizontal displacements on the sample were installedK sertical displacement gauge that measures the change in height ET cmF and the horizontal displacement gauge that measures the change in lateral EOO cmF EcigK SFK Compression tests have been set to allow uniform distribution of loads on bricksK poI a layer of sand has been put on the lower steel plate in order to lay samples flatI compensating for irregularity of the sample bottom face; a transparent film has been put on the sandK qhe sand layer also allowed a reduction of friction at the plate–sample interface xNzK After sample positioningI it has been put a transparent film over it and a sand layer againK qhe upper transparent film role was to avoid sand to fill cracks during test procedureK All the samples have been tested along the direction they have been pressed into the wooden formworksI which is also the direction in which they are generally laid xNzK

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cigK S pet up experimental

PKSK qhe water content of samples At the end of each experimentI a sample was collected for determination of moisture contentK pample weight before and after this should be measured in the lwenI the sample was placed in lwen for OQ hours at NNM°CK 4K obpriqp

4KNK Compression tests Compression tests of bricks have been executed on UQ specimensK qhe bricks EOO × OO × T cmF selected for compression testK qhree tests have been considered for each compositionK qhe imposed vertical force and the resulting displacements have been recorded up to the breakingK fn samples with palm fiber and strawI failure to appear on the outer surface of the sample and vertical cracks near the corners of bricks and in the middle of vertical surfacesK qhe sample is made of ECHpHdF cracks are too wideK fn samples with rice husk and woodI external surface is crumblingK qhe volume fraction of straw and palm fibers influences the shape and the width of cracks; in factI the increase of straw causes a major number of cracks with limited widthK

aF

bF

cigK T qypical breaking of an earthen brickK CHpHd EaF CHpHdHMKVm EbF

fn all bricking mechanism is the external zones cracked EcigK TFK lne reason for this bricking mechanism is that the external zones are those where the material has been less compressed during the hand preparationI and so it is likely less strongK qhe experimental values of the compressive force and the vertical displacement have been used for the elaboration of stressJstrain diagram for each of the brick Ecig UJNMFK qhe moment of failure for sample is complexI because fracture of samples with large vertical displacement and the failure is not immediateI but the failure to appear cracks in external surface and increased the cracksK

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cigK U ptressJstrain diagrams for specimens with MKPB fibers

cigK V ptressJstrain diagrams for specimens with MKSB fibers

cigK NM ptressJstrain diagrams for specimens with MKVB fibers qhe mechanical properties of all bricks are shown in qable PW qhe maximum stress for the types ECHpHdHMKSmF and ECHpHdHMKVmF is respectively equal to NSKRP and NSKPR jmaK qhe minimum stress for the types ECHpHdHMKSoF and ECHpHdHMKVoF is respectively equal to OKVU and OKST jmaK qhe data in qable PI in factI these results are calculate by divided the net force by the area of specimen EOO × OO cmOFI and by measuring the vertical displacements only at the center of brickK ButI it has been missed the possibility to determine the nonJparallelism has been the two platensI and the combined compressive and bending stressK

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miattoni et al xNzI showed that with the increment of the aspect ratio Eheight divided by shortest sizeF the compressive strength and average strain performances decreases xNzK qhe elastic modules are not monotonic functions of the aspect ratio xNzK qhe experimental voung’s modulus has been calculated and showed in qable PK qhe water content of the specimens when they have been tested is equal to OJPBK 4KOK aurability against water cor measure durability against waterI the specimens within in the canal with steady water flow and the time it takes to disappear were measuredK cor durability against waterI the samples were in canal water with a slope of PKR degrees from horizontal and with a velocity of UKS cmLsK qhe results are shown in the qable QK ealfJbricks EOO × NN × T cmF selected for this testK

qable P Average mechanical properties of the mud bricks

Block type σmaxEMmaF εσmax bexEMmaF

C QKQM MKNP PT

CHpHd SKQQ MKOQ PS

CHpHdHMKPt SKNQ MKNS PV

CHpHdHMKSt SKVN MKOO QM

CHpHdHMKVt SKQQ MKOU QS

CHpHdHMKPm VKSQ MKOP QR

CHpHdHMKSm NSKRP MKPV QN

CHpHdHMKVm NSKPR MKOV ST

CHpHdHMKPo QKNQ MKMU VN

CHpHdHMKSo OKVU MKNV OM

CHpHdHMKVo OKST MKNT NU

CHpHdHMKPp UKSQ MKPO PO

CHpHdHMKSp SKVR MKNP RS

CHpHdHMKVp UKTN MKPV PP

qable 4 qhe results of softening in water of sample

pample name poftening in water EminF C ORRKMM

CHpHd OURKMM CHpHdHMKPt PVRKMM CHpHdHMKSt PUMKMM CHpHdHMKVt PRMKMM CHpHdHMKPm OUMKMM CHpHdHMKSm PNMKMM CHpHdHMKVm PRMKMM CHpHdHMKPo RPRKMM CHpHdHMKSo QOMKMM CHpHdHMKVo RQMKMM CHpHdHMKPp QTMKMM CHpHdHMKSp QVMKMM CHpHdHMKVp RPMKMM

RK ClkCirpflkp fn this paper the mechanical properties of mud bricksI made of clayI sandI gravel and fibers such as; strawI palmI wood and rice husk have been investigatedK

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qhe best fibers as a compressive strength and the maximum of strain are palm fiberK qhe specimen ECHpHdHMKSmF is maximum stress and strain is NSKRP jma and MKPV respectivelyK qhe palm fibers performance as a solid and can be bear considerable tension relative to other fibersK qhe performance of fiber shows that the fibers are strength and smooth like palm and straw is better than one of spring like wood chipsK aue to thinner and smaller diameter wood chips than the length Eratio dLl is between MKMNQ and MKMMQTF and in addition to the surface is not smooth like the palm and straw did not performance such as palm and strawK Because the rice husk prevents proper performance of adhesive materials such as clayI and adhesion between the materials is not sufficient and this is causes crushed and reduction of strength the specimenK ft is recommended that the mechanical properties of fibers investigation with increase the clayK obcbobkCbp xNz miattoni nI nuagliarini bI ienci pK EOMNNF bxperimental analysis and modeling of the mechanical

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