bch+190+13.+agricultural+biotechnology+part+i.++where+does+our+food+come+from+081512 (.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With LifeDr. Albert P. Kausch
Issues in Biotechnology:
Biotechnology, Our Society and Our Future
OnCampus LiveOnCampus Live
BCH 190, MIC 190, AFS 190, !S 190, "LS 19CH 190, MIC 190, AFS 190, !S 190, "LS 19OnLine BCH 190OnLine BCH 190
A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology
A Public Access College Course
The University of Rhode sland
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life
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With LifeDr. Albert Kausch
Kimberly Nelson
BCH 190BCH 190
A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology
A Public Access College Course
The University of Rhode sland
Section I. he !echanics o" DNA: #hat is $i"eSection II. he A&&lications o" Biotechnology
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Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With LifeDr. Albert P. Kausch
Agricultural Biotechnology
$ectures '( and ')
Section II
he A&&lications o"
BiotechnologyA S*ee&ing +eneral Surey on $i"e and Biotechnology
he -niersity o" hode Island
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i i h l
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Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With LifeDr. Albert P. Kausch
Agricultural BiotechnologyPart I #here Does Our Food /ome From%
Part II DNA0based Biotechnology
And !odern Agriculture
Part III. Issues, /ontroersies and /oncernsPart I1. he 2thics o" Agriculture
Part 1. ene*able 2nergy 3 the Future o" 4umanit
i i h l
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lifeedu.org
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With LifeDr. Albert P. Kausch
Agricultural Biotechnology
Part I #here Does Our Food /ome From%Part II DNA0based Biotechnology
And !odern Agriculture
Part III. Issues, /ontroersies and /oncerns
a. Setting the Stage about Food and Agriculture:
b. Issues, /ontroersies and /oncerns
c. he Organic Food Debate
Part I1. he 2thics o" AgriculturePart 1. ene*able 2ner and the Future o" 4umanit
I i Bi h l
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lifeedu.org
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With LifeDr. Albert P. Kausch
Agricultural BiotechnologyPart I #here Does Our Food /ome From%
Part II DNA0based Biotechnology
And !odern Agriculture
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)*a( is Life/)*a( is Life/
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)*a( is Life/)*a( is (*e iolog$ of lif
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)*a( is Life/)*$ is (*ere duali($
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)*a( is Life/)*a( is Bio(e'*nolog$/
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)*a( is Life/Ho+ do +e +or +i(* life/
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I i Bi t h l
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lifeedu.org
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With LifeDr. Albert P. Kausch
Agricultural Biotechnology
Part I #here does our Food /ome From%
Part II DNA0based Biotechnology
And !odern Agriculture
$ectures '' and '5
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4o* do *e *or6 *ith li"e%
#ho are #e no*%
Biotechnology and 2thics
What are the controversies?What are the facts?
What do we think about them?
How do we feel about them?
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Biotechnology and 2thics
Do *e beliee that Nature 6no*s best%
Or that 4uman Nature 6no*s best%
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Biotechnology and 2thics
#hen should *e interene%
Should *e interene at all%
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Biotechnology and 2thics
Should we pursue genetic
improvement of other organisms?
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Biotechnology and 2thics
Should we be manipulating plants?
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Biotechnology and 2thics
Can we use biotechnology
to feed the poor?
Should we use biotechnology
to feed the poor?
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Biotechnology and 2thics
Should we be manipulating animals?
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Are there any foods or ingredients that you have
avoided or eaten less of?
A. Yes
B. NoC. o kno!
. "efuse to ans!er
A i l l i h l
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Agricultural Biotechnology
What is it#
$#here does our "ood come "rom%$4istory o" Agriculture$Plant Domestication
$4o* is DNA0based biotechnology used "or cro&
im&roement%
$4o* is it done%$#hat are the goals%$#hat as been done so "ar%$#hat is in the "uture%
$#hat are the controersies and concerns%
A i l l Bi h l
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Agricultural Biotechnology
What is it#
$#here does our "ood come "rom%$4istory o" Agriculture$Plant Domestication
$4o* is DNA0based biotechnology used "or cro&
im&roement%
$4o* is it done%$#hat are the goals%$#hat as been done so "ar%$#hat is in the "uture%
$#hat are the controersies and concerns%
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-*e Origins of Argi'ul(ure-*e Origins of Argi'ul(ure
A 'ru'ial even( in *uman *is(or$A 'ru'ial even( in *uman *is(or$
-*e eginning of 'ivili2a(ion-*e eginning of 'ivili2a(ion
Humans inven(ed agri'ul(ureHumans inven(ed agri'ul(ure
-*e a''umula(ion of surplus food supplies-*e a''umula(ion of surplus food supplies
Correla(es +i(* o(*er eoli(*i' evelopmen(sCorrela(es +i(* o(*er eoli(*i' evelopmen(s
#ven(uall$ )ri((en Language#ven(uall$ )ri((en Language
h / dl "
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he /radles o"
Agriculture
Fertile /rescent$entil78,9 yrs BP#heat78,) yrs BP
Fla;78,5 yrs BP
ye7
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#here do the &lants
*e eat come "rom%
Nearly all the %lants a&aila'le
In the grocery store
do not gro! in (the !ild)
All culti&ated %lants are the result
of hu*an inter&ention.
These %lants !ould not e+ist
!ithout hu*ans.
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he Im&ortance #ild Plants
Plant Domestication
1arietal Selection
And
Plant Breeding
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1ariations in Dog Breeds Are he Direct
/onse=uence o" Selection by 4umans
A Single I+F' Allele Is a !aor Determinant o" Small Si>e in Dogs
he Domestication and Breeding o" Dogs
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The Asian !olf is no! acce%ted as the *ost likely ancestor of
all do*estic dogs. There are o&er four hundred descri'ed
'reeds of dogs today, !hich can 'e all genetically traced 'ackto a !ild Asian s%ecies that li&ed 'et!een -,/// and 0/,///
years ago, 'efore the first agricultural hu*an societies.
he Domestication and Breeding o" Dogs
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he Domestication and Breeding o" Dogs
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he Domestication and Breeding o" Dogs
This illustration 'elo! sho!s the shocking defor*ation of the
'ulldog head 'et!een -12/ and -23. The *odern 'ulldog4s
shortened face no! causes serious *edical %ro'le*s, and results
fro* 'reeding and selection for fashion traits.
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Origins o" A&&les
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Origins o" A&&les
Ka>a6hstan
Malus sieversii (Grafting was developed in China
~2000 C!
+ree6s and omans 79 B/
Dionysian =ualities
omans deelo&ed 5( arieties
Pliny the 2lder
A&&le goes to 2ngland
Mauls domesticushe A&&le goes to America
')850'@
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Brassica
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Brassica
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Brassica
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Brassicarassica oleracea:6ale,
cabbage
broccoli
cauli"lo*er"ai#lan,
brussels s&routs
6ohlrabi
i
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Brassicarassica oleraceaAce&hala +rou& H 6ale and collard greens
rassica oleraceaAlboglabra +rou& H /hinese broccoli
rassica oleraceaBotrytis +rou& H cauli"lo*er, omanesco
broccoli and brocco"lo*er
rassica oleracea/a&itata +rou& H cabbage
rassica oleracea+emmi"era +rou& H brussels s&routsrassica oleracea+ongylodes +rou& H 6ohlrabi
rassica oleraceaItalica +rou& H broccoli
B i
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Brassicarassica oleracea: broccoli
B i
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Brassicarassica oleracea: broccoli
Broccoli *as deried "rom cultiated lea"y cole cro&s in the Northern !editerranean in about the ?th
century B/2. Since the oman 2m&ire, broccoli has been considered a uni=uely aluable "ood among
Italians. Broccoli *as brought to 2ngland "rom Ant*er& in the mid0'@s by Peter Scheema6ers.
Broccoli *as "irst introduced to the -nited States by Italian immigrants but did not become *idely6no*n until the '85s.
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he Im&ortance o" 1arietal Selection
and Plant Domestication
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/ommercial 1arieties
O" Flo*ers and 1egetables
Are the result o" long
/onentional BreedingPrograms
4o* many o" these
arieties could be "ound
in the *ild%
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#ould these
occur*ithout
human
interention%
/ultiated 1arieties o" Flo*ers
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ed/arrots
+iant omatoes
Seedless Gello*
#atermelons
Ne* 1arieties
o" Fruits and 1egetables
by /onentional Breeding
Do these plants exist in the Wild?
#ould any o"
these occur
*ithout
human
interention%
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/orn &roduced by /onentional Breeding
What is natural
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#here do the &lants
*e eat come "rom%
$Domestication
$Selection
$+enetics
$#ide /rosses
$!utagenesis
$+ene rans"er
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he Im&ortance o" 1arietal Selection
and Plant Domestication
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he Italian Scallion
Out o"hode Island
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-nited States Patent @,8(@,
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Potential +raduate Student esearch Proect O&&ortunity
r. Al'ert ;ausch, =rofessor, e%art*ent of Cell and 5olecular Biology
&otential Graduate Student &ro'ect )evelopment of Green Garlic as a *ew +egetable
Deelo&ment o" +reen +arlic as A Ne* 1egetable /ro&@8 %atent6 ?/-- reen arlic and 5ethods of =roduction. @8 =atent Nu*'er >,23>,112, Issued
5ay -/ ?/-- industry su%%ort a&aila'le
/ommercial Production o" +reen +arlic as A Ne* S&ecialty /ro&@8 %atent %ending6 Al'ert ;ausch and =hilli% 8i*on, In&entors @.8. =CT No. /1,30, filed
5ay , ?//> industry su%%ort a&aila'le
/hemo&rotectie "ood &roducts "rom "resh green garlic actieagainst human "ood0bourne &athogens. @8 %atent %ending6 Al'ert ;ausch and=hilli% 8i*on, In&entors @.8. =CT No. /1,3, filed 5ay , ?//> industry su%%ort a&aila'le
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C*eroee%or(* Carolin
-eosin(e Bran'*ing and
-*e 3lume Ar'*i(e'(ure 3en
John DoeblyUniv. Of Wisconsin
-*e Coming
of Corn
-*e Coming
of Corn
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8*all genetic changes resulted in a *ore useful %lant to %eo%le
Biotechnology in the '8(s:
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gy
the deelo&ment o" hybrid mai>eDonald N. Duic6 5'. Nature eie*s: +enetics ol5 no.' &g?80@)
$Dar*in, mai>e and hybrid igour
$Inbred0hybrid method: a ne* method o" mai>e breeding
+eorge Shull and 2d*ard 2ast in '8< discoer:inbreeding de&ression
hybrid igour
InbredA L InbredB
4ybrid
AL
B
4igh yields
, brief history
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InbredA L InbredB
4ybridALB
Inbred0hybrid method: Single cross hybrids '8e is uni=ue among the cereal
cro&s in that male and "emale "lo*ers
are borne on se&arate organs 0 tassel
and ear shoot, res&ectiely0 and it is
*ind0&ollinated.
4ybrid seed could be made on a large, "arm0"ield
scale as o&&osed to labour0intensie hand
&ollinationC by remoing the tassels detassellingC"rom one inbred and allo*ing it to be &ollinated
by a second inbred &lanted in
adacent bloc6s
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Detasselling mai>e &lants. Detasselling 0 &ulling tassels 0 is ital "or
the &roduction o" hybrid mai>e
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he detasselled &lants are called M"emalesMJ they *ill bear the
hybrid seed. In the early years, men on "oot did the detasselling, as
in this &hoto "rom the '8(s. In later years, high school boys and
girls *ere recruited to do the ob, also on "oot. oday, youths are
still the chie" labour source.
the &roduction o" hybrid mai>e.
Image "rom Pioneer 4i0Bred International, Inc
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$Inbreds *ea6 and lo* yielding$Seed &roduction costs too high
$Seed &rices too high$2;tra e;&ense more than the
alue added by the hybrid
Inbred0hybrid method: Single cross hybrids '8
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his illustration, "rom a "arm
maga>ine in the '8(s, sho*s
ho* to ma6e seed o" a double
cross mai>e hybrid. Note thedi""erence in si>e bet*een inbred
and hybrid ears.
4o* to ma6e a double cross hybrid
!ai>e hybrids hae com&letely re&laced o&en0
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Per cent o" mai>e area &lanted to hybrids, "rom '8( to
'8?, in Io*aredC and in the -nited States greenC.
!ai>e hybrids hae com&letely re&laced o&en
&ollinated arieties
Ne* mai>e hybrids yield more
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+rain yields in tons hectareMC o" (? &o&ular hybrids
introduced in central Io*a "rom '8() to '88'
y y
than their &redecessors
Yield i ld
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Yield Yield
Yield
' In the '
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'. In the '
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gro* in Ethe *ild. !ost o" our cultiated &lants are the result o"
intensie human interention oer many generations to select "or
desirable traits, and most o" these &lants *ould not een e;ist
*ithout humans. 4ybrid corn *as "irst commerciali>ed on alarge scale in the -S in the '8(s and no*, because o" astly
im&roed yields hybrid corn arieties dominate the R95 billion yr
corn cro& in the -S. 4ybrid corn
a. is the &roduct o" genetic engineering by insertion o" "oreignDNA
b. *as "irst deelo&ed in the Fertile /rescent 75, yrs ago
c. is the &roduct o" conentional &lant breeding inoling the use
o" controlled crosses and in some &lants, li6e corn, by
deelo&ing inbred &arental lines
d. is a method used by the large seed com&anies only to &reent
"armers "rom re0&lanting their seed and thus used to control the
corn seed industry
e. is all +!O and should be labeled
( !ost o" the &lants *e eat as "ruits egetables and
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(. !ost o" the &lants *e eat as "ruits, egetables, and
grains:
a. gro* in the *ild, but do better under agriculturalsituations
b. do not occur in the *ild, but hae been deelo&ed
e;clusiely by humans through selection and
domestication
c. hae &roen harm"ul to humans because domestication
has increased their allergenicity
d. hae been genetically modi"ied using biotechnology
a&&roaches
e. hae been robbed o" their basic nutritional aluecom&ared *ith their *ild relaties.
). he domestication and breeding o" dogs is similar in some
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g g
*ays to the domestication o" cro& &lants. he Asian *ol" is no*
acce&ted as the most li6ely ancestor o" all domestic dogs. here
are oer "our hundred described breeds o" dogs today, *hich
can be all genetically traced bac6 to a *ild Asian s&ecies that
lied bet*een '9, and ), years ago, be"ore the "irst
agricultural human societies. Similar to the arieties &roduced
o" most maor cro& s&ecies, ariations in dog breeds
a. came about through natural selection in the *ild
b. deried "rom *ild ancestors and are the direct conse=uence
o" selection by humans
c. hae been &roen to be the result o" intelligent designd. occurred naturally in the *ild be"ore humans
e. demonstrates that ne* s&ecies hae not recently occurred on
earth
9 #here do the &lants *e eat come "rom% #hich o" the
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9. #here do the &lants *e eat come "rom% #hich o" the
"ollo*ing &rocesses has not been a&&lied to cro& &lant
deelo&ment during the history o" agriculture%
a. Domestication, arietial selection, and genetics
b. Direct a&&lication o" the heory o" S&ecial elatiity and
&article &hysics to induce &lant ariation
c. #ide crosses bet*een arieties or s&ecies that normally do
not mate to &roduce "ertile seeds
d. !utagenesis0the use o" chemicals or radiation to induce
mutation and genetic ariation
e. +ene rans"er0the use o" cloned DNA "ragments "or
genetic im&roement
? #hi h t it i id d t b t i t t t t
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?. #hich trait is considered to be most im&ortant to most
&lant breeders%
a. &lant heightb. color
c. "ruit taste
d. yield
e. nutrition
Issues in Biotechnology:
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lifeedu.org
gyThe Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
Agricultural Biotechnology
Part I #here does our Food /ome From%