bclme hake project: socio-economic exploratoration...
TRANSCRIPT
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MPA Financing
U. Rashid Sumaila
Fisheries Economics Research Unit
The Global Fisheries Cluster
UBC Oceans and Fisheries
Vancouver, Canada
The 10X20 Initiative Conference on MPAs, March 7-9, 2016, Rome, Italy
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Why invest in MPAs? • Food and nutritional security;
• Economic security;
• Social stability & security;
• Recreational values;
• Cultural and spiritual values;
• Regulation of earth’s climate;
• Ecosystem function and service.
L.Teh
D. Varkey
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Why invest in MPAs: ~3.5%!
MPAs of the world: partially-protected MPAs (orange areas), no-take
marine reserves (green), and Paper tigers; blue). 17,600 more
average-sized MPAs to achieve the SDG target.
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Why invest in MPAs: Economics
• Some examples:
– In Hawaii, a review of 6 marine managed areas showed that they generated cost-benefit ratios ranging from 3.8 to 41.5 (van Beukering & Cesar 2004);
– In Vanuatu: a mean return on investment of 1.8 was achieved for 5 MPAs only 5 years after the initial investment (Pascal 2011).
– Sala et al. (2012) demonstrate that economic benefits from establishing new MPAs can offset costs in as few as 5 years.
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Why invest in MPAs: Uncertainty • MPAs as the ‘conservative’ part of our
ocean portfolio – serve as insurance against our mistakes in management (Clark 1996, Sumaila 1998).
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Problem: Front-loaded cost and
back-loaded benefits
• Cost of establishment are realised in the short term while the benefits come later;
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50
Generations
Net
dis
counte
d b
enefits
as s
een b
y
each g
enera
tion
Status quo
Restoration
Adapted from Sumaila (2004)
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Adequate funding needed
• Transition funding;
• Inadequate funding leads to lack of resources for enforcement and management, resulting in ‘paper parks’.
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Financing sources
• Tourism:
– User fees: conservation and/or entry fees;
– Private management: private sector ( dive/resort operator) supports costs for managing MPA.
• Government budgetary allocations;
• International funding grants;
• Cost-sharing: co-management arrangements;
• Philanthropic and private contributions;
• Conservation trust funds;
• Fines (e.g., for illegal fishing).
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Cost effectiveness of MPAs
• A cost effective MPA is one that achieves a given level of protection at the lowest cost among all the possible ways of providing protection.
• Why is cost effectiveness important?
– Helps ensure the long term sustainability of implemented MPAs;
– Makes available to society the highest level of for the available funding;
– Increases stakeholder confidence in MPAs, perhaps increasing their willingness to support/fund conservation activities.
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Ways to improve MPA cost
effectiveness
• Costing the different ways of implementing
MPAs to determine the least cost approach;
• Involving stakeholders;
• Use of modern technology;
• Invoking social and cultural sanctions;
• Integrated, regional use of existing funding.
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Collect data from 8 MPA sites
(CI-supported work)
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MPA budget allocation
• Planning;
• Research;
• Implementation;
• Enforcement;
• Alternative livelihoods;
• Public education;
• Others.
• As a percentage
of the total
budget: – 42% goes to
administration and
overhead,
– 22% goes to
research &
monitoring;
– 21% goes to
enforcement.
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Recommendations for action
• Assess financing baselines, needs and gaps, and
the full range of potential financing sources;
• Identify opportunities for improving cost-
effectiveness in national MPA expenditure;
• Develop strategies and policies to bridge the MPA
finance gap;
• Convene broad dialogue among governmental,
private and civil society actors on the arguments for
the integration of conservation and sustainable use
principles into various sectors via the
implementation of MPAs.
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Recommendations for action
• Countries should integrate into training,
education and capacity building programmes,
awareness of the economic rationale for
implementing MPAs, and their role in achieving
sustainable development.
Thanks for your attention
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Thanks for your attention