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Chapter 5—Writing Process Phase 2: Research, Organize, Compose

DIFFICULTY (DIF) TYPE OTHER CODES5 = Most difficult Ap: Application question ANS: Answer3 = Average difficulty Con: Conceptual question REF: Page Reference1 = Least difficult Def: Definition OBJ: Chapter Objective

NOT: Note (feedback/explanations)AAC: AACSB Competencies

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following is not done during Phase 2 of the writing process?a. Composingb. Researchingc. Analyzingd. Organizing

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: p. 124 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT A-D:Researching, organizing, and composing are all done during Phase 2 of the writing process. Analyzing your purpose and audience takes place during Phase 1.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

2. Phase 2 of the 3-x-3 writing process begins with doing which of the following?a. Writing the rough draftb. Deciding how to organize the messagec. Analyzing your purpose and audienced. Gathering necessary information

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: p. 124 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT A-D:The first step of Phase 2 of the 3-x-3 writing process is gathering necessary information, which is referred to as research.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

3. Lawrence has been asked to learn how many cars drive by a specific location that his company is considering for a new restaurant. Probably the most useful way to research this information would be bya. searching manually.b. searching electronically.c. investigating primary sources.d. experimenting scientifically.

ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: p. 126 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: Research

127

128 UNIT 2 The 3-x-3 Writing Process

NOT A-D:Lawrence will probably locate the most useful information about how many cars drive by a specific location by investigating primary sources. In other words, someone would go to the location and count the number of cars. This is an example of a primary source, as opposed to a secondary source, such as information in a book or article.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis

4. Most businesspeople begin their research by doing which of the following?a. Accessing information electronically via the Internet, databases, or CDsb. Searching for information manually in librariesc. Putting together focus groupsd. Using controlled variables to conduct a scientific study

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: p. 125 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT A-D:Most businesspeople begin any research process by seeing what they can find electronically from the Internet, databases, or CDs.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

5. Which of the following scenarios would most likely require a scientific experiment?a. A research firm wants to find out how many people voted in the last election.b. A company wants to measure reactions to the price of a new flavored water product to learn

how much consumers would be willing to pay.c. A student wants to find out about the history of a specific company.d. A development team has to decide which of three possible locations would be best for a

new bank branch.

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: p. 126 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT A-D:The only scenario that would require a scientific experiment is where the company wants to measure reactions to the price of a new flavored water product to learn how much consumers would be willing to pay. In this scenario the company would present consumers with choices with controlled variables. All other scenarios could be accomplished with Internet research or investigation of primary sources.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis

6. Which of the following is an informal research method?a. Searching the Internetb. Looking in the company files for informationc. Conducting a scientific experiment to gather information under controlled circumstancesd. Looking in the card catalog at your public library

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: p. 126 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT:a. Searching the Internet is a formal research method.b. Looking in the company files for information is an informal research method.c. Conducting a scientific experiment is a formal research method.d. Searching for information in your local library is a formal research method.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

CHAPTER 5 Writing Process Phase 2: Research, Organize, Compose 129

7. Zoe is part of a team that will be coming up with new product ideas. The team has decided to hold a brainstorming session. What is the best thing the team can do during this session?a. Remember that the goal of a brainstorming session is quality, not quantity.b. Critique and evaluate each idea as it is presented during the brainstorming session.c. Set an established time limit.d. To encourage the maximum number of ideas, avoid defining the problem at the beginning of

a brainstorming session.

ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: p. 127 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT:a. The goal of a brainstorming session is quantity, not quality.b. To encourage as many ideas as possible, do not criticize or evaluate each idea as it is

presented in a brainstorming session.c. A brainstorming session should be kept short and have an established time limit.d. Do define the problem and create an agenda at the beginning of a brainstorming session.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Teamwork, Patterns

8. Which of the following is an example of using a formal research method?a. Ian talks with his boss to decide what items to include on the meeting agenda.b. Lynne uses various Internet search tools to find information about reducing spam.c. Ben looks in the company files for copies of minutes from previous meetings.d. Alexandra calls a few of her colleagues to find out how they feel about carpooling.

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: pp. 125-126 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT:a. Talking with the boss is an informal research method.b. Searching the Internet is a formal research method.c. Looking in the files is an informal research method.d. Calling a few colleagues is an informal research method.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis

9. Cluster diagramming helps writersa. generate and organize ideas.b. gather primary information by sampling a group of individuals.c. gather information from indexes, encyclopedias, and references books.d. organize focus groups and develop outlines.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: p. 127 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT:a. Cluster diagramming helps writers generate and organize ideas.b. Surveys are used to gather primary information by sampling a group of individuals.c. Cluster diagramming helps writers generate and organize ideas.d. Cluster diagramming helps writers generate and organize ideas.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

10. Which of the following is not an example of an outline format?a. Alphanumeric


b. Scratch listc. Decimald. All of the above are examples of outline formats.

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: p. 128 OBJ: 5-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: OrganizeNOT A-D:A scratch list is not an outline format.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

11. Outlining forces a writer toa. focus on the topic.b. identify major ideas.c. support ideas with details, illustrations, or evidence.d. All of the above.

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: p. 128 OBJ: 5-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: OrganizeNOT A-D:Outlining forces a writer to focus on the topic, identify major ideas, and support ideas with details, illustrations, or evidence.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

12. What type of outline is best for showing major and minor ideas?a. Decimal outlineb. Alphanumeric outlinec. Scratch listd. Web-based outline

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: p. 129 OBJ: 5-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: OrganizeNOT A-D:An alphanumeric outline is best for showing major and minor ideas.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

13. Evan wants to prepare an outline for a report he is writing. Which of the following is the best advice?a. Group the information into at least eight to ten categories.b. Divide every major category into at least five subcategories.c. Use the decimal format to show how every item at every level relates to the whole.d. Prepare the outline manually rather than on a computer so that you can easily make revisions.

ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: pp. 128-129 OBJ: 5-2 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: OrganizeNOT:a. Ideas in an outline should usually be grouped into three to five major components or

categories.b. Divide every major category into at least two categories.c. The decimal format has the advantage of showing how every item at every level relates to the

whole.d. Most word processors have outlining features that make the mechanics of the outlining


process much easier than preparing an outline manually.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis

14. You are preparing an outline for a report you are writing about Web security in the workplace. Which of the following should be a major category for this outline?a. Spamb. Web Security Threatsc. Phishingd. Adware and Spyware

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: pp. 129-130 OBJ: 5-2 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: OrganizeNOT A-D:“Web Security Threats” should be a major category of this outline; “Spam,” “Phishing,” and “Adware and Spyware” should be subtopics in the outline.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis

15. An organizational pattern that presents the main idea followed by details, explanation, and evidence represents thea. indirect organizational pattern.b. direct organizational pattern.c. geographical organizational pattern.d. chronological organizational pattern.

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT A-D:An organizational pattern that presents the main idea followed by details, explanation, and evidence represents the direct organizational pattern.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

16. An organizational pattern that presents the main idea after the details, explanation, and evidence represents thea. indirect organizational pattern.b. direct organizational pattern.c. geographical organizational pattern.d. chronological organizational pattern.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT A-D:An organizational pattern that presents the main idea after the details, explanation, and evidence represents the indirect organizational pattern.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

17. If an audience will be pleased, mildly interested, or neutral, the most effective organizational pattern is thea. indirect pattern.b. geographical pattern.c. chronological pattern.d. direct pattern.


ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT A-D:If an audience will be pleased, interested, or neutral, the most effective organizational pattern is the direct pattern.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

18. Becca is writing a memo to her staff about new benefit options, and she is sure they’ll be pleased with the news. Becca should use thea. direct pattern.b. indirect pattern.c. chronological pattern.d. geographical pattern.

ANS: A DIF: 5 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT A-D:When you expect the reader to be pleased, mildly interested, or neutral, use the direct pattern.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience

19. Which of the following is not an advantage of the direct pattern?a. Prevents frustrationb. Saves the reader timec. Encourages a fair hearingd. Sets a proper frame of mind

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: p. 132 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT:a. One advantage of the direct pattern is that it prevents frustration because it puts the main

point right up front.b. One advantage of the direct pattern is that it saves the reader time because it gets right to the

point.c. An advantage of the indirect pattern is that it encourages a fair hearing.d. One advantage of the direct pattern is that it sets a proper frame of mind by giving the reader

the purpose right in the beginning,AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

20. Which of the following should be organized in a direct pattern?a. A letter to current customers encouraging them to sign up for a new serviceb. A memo to employees telling them that the health insurance premiums will be

increasing significantlyc. A letter denying a student’s application for admissiond. An e-mail message to members of a homeowners’ association telling them that about an

upcoming neighborhood event

ANS: D DIF: 5 REF: p. 132 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT:


a. A letter encouraging current customers to sign up for a new service should be organized indirectly because persuasion is required.

b. A memo to employees telling them that their health insurance premiums will increase significantly should be organized in an indirect pattern because employees will be displeased.

c. A letter denying a student’s application for admission should be organized in an indirect pattern because the student will be displeased.

d. An e-mail message informing members of a homeowners’ association about an upcoming neighborhood event should be organized in a direct pattern because the reader will be pleased or interested.

AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience

21. If an audience will be uninterested, unwilling, displeased, or hostile, the most effective organizational pattern is thea. indirect pattern.b. geographical pattern.c. chronological pattern.d. direct pattern.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: p. 133 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT A-D:If an audience will be uninterested, unwilling, displeased, or hostile, the most effective organizational pattern is the indirect pattern.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience

22. Which of the following is not an advantage of the indirect pattern?a. Prevents frustrationb. Respects the feelings of the readerc. Facilitates a fair hearingd. Minimizes a negative reaction

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: p. 133 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT:a. An advantage of the direct pattern is that it prevents frustration because it puts the main

point right up front.b. One advantage of the indirect pattern is that it respects the reader’s feelings by preparing the

reader for the bad news.c. One advantage of the indirect pattern is that it facilitates a fair hearing by making the

message more likely to be read.d. One advantage of the indirect pattern is that it minimizes a negative reaction by delivering

the bad news gently.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

23. Gavin is writing to a customer to deny the customer’s request to cancel her health club membership early. Gavin should write the letter using thea. direct pattern.b. geographical pattern.c. indirect pattern.


d. chronological pattern.

ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: p. 133 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT A-D:Because Gavin is delivering bad news, he should use the indirect pattern.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience

24. Which of the following should be organized in an indirect pattern?a. An online manual showing visitors how to download a software programb. A proposal submitted to a supervisor asking for permission to telecommute three days per

weekc. An e-mail message detailing the steps policyholders will take to file a claimd. A company’s annual report to its stockholders

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: p. 133 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT:a. An online manual showing visitors how to download a software program should be

organized in a direct pattern.b. A proposal submitted to a supervisor asking for permission to telecommute three days per

week should be organized in an indirect pattern because it would require persuasion.c. An e-mail message detailing the steps policyholders will take to file a claim should be

organized in a direct pattern.d. A company’s annual report to its stockholders should be organized in a direct pattern.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

25. Madison has several documents to write. Which of the following would be most effective if written using the indirect pattern?a. A report summarizing her department’s activities for the quarterb. A memo to her staff encouraging them to donate their sick leave to an ill colleaguec. An e-mail placing an order for a supply of letterhead stationeryd. All of the above should be written using the indirect pattern.

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: p. 133 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT:a. A report summarizing the department’s activities for the quarter should be written using the

direct pattern.b. A memo to staff members encouraging them to donate their sick leave to an ill

colleague should be written using the indirect pattern because it would require persuasion.c. An e-mail placing an order for a supply of letterhead stationery should be written using the

direct pattern.d. Only the memo to staff members encouraging them to donate their sick leave to an ill

colleague should be written using the indirect pattern.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience

26. Ideas that require persuasion should usually be organizeda. in an indirect pattern.b. by geographical area.


c. in a direct pattern.d. in a pivoting pattern.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: p. 133 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT A-D:The indirect pattern is usually best for persuasive messages.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

27. Aaron has sensitive information to deliver to his boss. What organizational pattern should he use?a. An indirect patternb. A geographical patternc. A direct patternd. A pivoting pattern

ANS: A DIF: 5 REF: p. 133 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT A-D:Aaron should use the indirect organizational pattern to deliver sensitive information.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience

28. One effective way to overcome writer’s block is toa. stare at the page until you think of something to write.b. concentrate on finding the right words and perfect sentence structure before putting your

ideas on paper.c. research your topic and prepare an outline before beginning to write.d. take a creativity-enhancing vitamin supplement.

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: p. 134 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT A-D:One effective way to overcome writer’s block is to research your topic and prepare an outline before beginning to write.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

29. Using a computer can help you create better written messages and oral presentations by helping you fight writer’s block, outline and organize ideas, make revisions, anda. collect information manually.b. determine the purpose of your message.c. improve correctness and precision.d. profile the audience for your message.

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: p. 134 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT:a. A computer can help you collect information electronically but not manually.b. A computer is not useful in determining the purpose of a message.c. A computer can be useful in improving correctness and precision through the use of spell

and grammar checkers.d. A computer is not useful in profiling the audience for a message.


AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Technology; Tier 2—Word processing, Data conversion

30. Molly’s boss is sending her to a training session to learn to use Word to prepare complex business reports. Which of the following will her word processor help her do when preparing these reports?a. Produce professional-looking reports.b. Engage in team writing using collaboration tools when needed.c. Add graphics to the reports for emphasis.d. All of the above

ANS: D DIF: 5 REF: p. 134 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT A-D:A word processor can help Molly do all of these: produce professional-looking reports, engage in team writing, and add graphics.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Technology; Tier 2—Word processing

31. Andrew has just been hired as an executive assistant and will be doing a lot of writing on the job. What is the best advice you can give him?a. Set aside a given time for writing during which you will have no visitors, phone calls, or

interruptions.b. Outlines are necessary only for long, complex documents.c. To save time, begin working immediately on your final draft.d. All of the above are good words of advice for a business writer.

ANS: A DIF: 5 REF: p. 134 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT:a. Writing is easier if you have a quiet environment in which to concentrate. Set aside a given

time and allow no calls, visitors, or other interruptions.b. Even with a computer, some writers have trouble getting started, especially if they haven’t

completed the preparatory work. Organizing your ideas and working from an outline are very helpful in overcoming writer’s block, no matter how long or complex a document is.

c. As you begin composing, keep in mind that you are writing the first draft, not the final copy.d. The only good advice is to set aside a given time for writing during which you will have no

visitors, phone calls, or interruptions.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

32. Complete sentencesa. have subjects.b. have verbs.c. make sense.d. are all of the above.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: DefTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT A D:Complete sentences have subjects and verbs and make sense.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion


AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

33. Which of the following is a phrase?a. On the new Web siteb. She appreciates her bossc. When the company was foundedd. Because stock prices are dropping

ANS: A DIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT:a. “On the new Web site” is a phrase. It has no subject or verb.b. “She appreciates her boss” is an independent clause.c. “When the company was founded” is a dependent clause.d. “Because stock prices are dropping” is a dependent clause.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

34. Clauses that begin with words like if, when, because, and since are usuallya. independent.b. dependent.c. direct.d. indirect.

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT A-D:Clauses that begin with words like “if,” “when,” “because,” and “since” are usually dependent.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

35. Which of the following is a clause?a. In 2010b. Was calculatedc. Down the halld. If you have any questions

ANS: D DIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT:a. “In 2010” is a prepositional phrase.b. “Was calculated” is a verb phrase.c. “Down the hall” is a prepositional phrase.d. “If you have any questions” is a dependent clause because it begins with the subordinating

conjunction “If.”AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

36. Which of the following is a dependent clause?a. Down and out in Beverly Hillsb. At the beginning of her presentationc. Since the company opened its new district officed. Your references will be checked this week


ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT:a. “Down and out in Beverly Hills” is a phrase.b. “At the beginning of her presentation” contains two prepositional phrases.c. “Since the company opened its new district office” is a dependent clause because it begins

with the subordinating conjunction “Since.”d. “Your references will be checked this week” is an independent clause.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

37. Which of the following is an independent clause?a. As she approached the podiumb. On this quarter’s income statementc. Visit our Web site for special offersd. None of the above

ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT:a. “As she approached the podium” is a dependent clause because it does not convey a

complete thought.b. “On this quarter’s income statement” is a phrase; it does not have a subject and a verb.c. “Visit our Web site for special offers” is an independent clause; it contains a subject, verb,

and complete thought.d. “Visit our Web site for special offers” is an independent clause; it contains a subject, verb,

and complete thought.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

38. Which of the following statements about phrases and clauses is false?a. Phrases have subjects and verbs, but clauses do not.b. Clauses and phrases are the key building blocks of sentences.c. Clauses and phrases are related groups of words.d. Clauses may be either independent or dependent.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT:a. Clauses have subjects and verbs, but phrases do not.b. The key building blocks of sentences are clauses and phrases.c. Clauses and phrases are related groups of words.d. Clauses may be either independent or dependent.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

39. Katelyn wants to make sure that her sentences are easily understood. How long should she make them?a. An average of 20 wordsb. At least 30 wordsc. No more than 8 wordsd. An average of 28 words


ANS: A DIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT A-D:Because Katelyn’s goal is to communicate clearly, she should strive for sentences that average 20 words.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Rhetorical considerations

40. Frank wants to emphasize the new features of a product he is selling. What should he do?a. Use vivid words to describe the features.b. Put the most important information in the middle of his sentences.c. Use the passive voice to describe the features.d. Put the most important information in a dependent clause.

ANS: A DIF: 5 REF: p. 136 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT:a. Using vivid words will emphasize the important information.b. Important information should be placed at the beginning or end of a sentence to emphasize it.c. The active voice should be used to emphasize information.d. Important information should be placed in an independent clause to emphasize it.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Rhetorical considerations

41. Which sentence best emphasizes the attorney?a. The closing arguments were delivered by the attorney.b. Because the attorney is ready, she will give her closing arguments today.c. Before the trial resumed, the attorney practiced for her closing arguments.d. The attorney delivered the closing arguments.

ANS: D DIF: 5 REF: p. 136 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT:a. This sentence is in the passive voice. Because “the attorney” is not the subject of the

sentence, it receives less emphasis.b. Because “the attorney” appears in a dependent clause, it receives less emphasis.c. “The attorney” appears in the middle of the sentence and receives less emphasis than it

would if it were at the beginning of the sentence.d. “The attorney” is the subject of this active-voice sentence; therefore, it receives the most

emphasis.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Rhetorical considerations

42. Which of the following is a stylistic device for emphasizing important ideas?a. Underscoring, italicizing, or boldfacing important informationb. Placing the important idea in a simple sentence or an independent clausec. Using a different color font for important informationd. All of the above

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: p. 136 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT:


a. Underscoring, italicizing, or boldfacing important information is a mechanical device.b. Placing the important idea in a simple sentence or an independent clause is a stylistic

device.c. Using a different font color for important information is a mechanical device.d. Only placing important information in a simple sentence or an independent clause is a

stylistic device.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Rhetorical considerations

43. Select the active-voice sentence.a. Your appointment has been scheduled for Thursday.b. Many companies now offer wellness programs.c. The tax returns will be filed by the deadline.d. The error was discovered by the accounting assistant.

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: p. 136 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT:a. “Your appointment has been scheduled for Thursday” uses passive voice.b. “Many companies now offer wellness programs” uses active voice because it reveals the doer

of the action (“companies”) immediately.c. “The tax returns will be filed by the deadline” uses passive voice.d. “The error was discovered by the accounting assistant” uses passive voice.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English, Rhetorical considerations

44. When should the passive voice be used?a. For most business writingb. To de-emphasize bad newsc. To emphasize the doer of the actiond. Never

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: p. 137 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT:a. The active voice should be used for most business writing.b. The passive voice should be used to de-emphasize bad news because the passive voice takes the emphasis off the doer of the action.c. The active voice should be used to emphasize the doer of the action.d. The passive voice should be used when you want to de-emphasize bad news or conceal the doer of the action.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Rhetorical considerations

45. Select the passive-voice sentence.a. David Talbot wrote a book about the Kennedy brothers.b. The market closed over 14,000 points for the first time in July 2007.c. Although he has no experience, Alex applied for the position.d. The Web site was redesigned by a team of professionals.

ANS: D DIF: 5 REF: p. 136 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: Compose


NOT:a. “David Talbot wrote a book about the Kennedy brothers” is in the active voice.b. “The market closed over 14,000 points for the first time in July 2007” is in the active voice.c. “Although he has no experience, Alex applied for the position” is in the active voice.d. “The Web site was redesigned by a team of professionals” is in the passive voice. The

subject (“Web site”) is being acted upon.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Rhetorical considerations

46. To apply for a job, a résumé must be submitted containsa. a misplaced modifier.b. the active voice.c. a dangling modifier.d. a limiting clause.

ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: p. 137 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT A-D:This sentence contains a dangling modifier. Correction: “To apply for a job, you must submit a résumé.”AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

47. Which of the following statements about paragraphs is most accurate?a. A paragraph is one or more sentences designated as a separate thought group.b. Paragraphs should be as long as possible to make your documents more concise.c. Well-constructed paragraphs can discuss more than one topic.d. The primary idea always appears first in a paragraph.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: p. 138 OBJ: 5-5 TYPE: ConTOP: Drafting Meaningful ParagraphsNOT:a. A paragraph is one or more sentences designated as a separate thought group.b. Short paragraphs of eight or fewer lines are more attractive and readable than longer ones.c. Well-constructed paragraphs discuss only one topic.d. The primary idea of a paragraph appears in a main sentence that usually, but not always,

appears first.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Rhetorical considerations

48. Most business messages use the ____________ paragraph plan because it clarifies the subject immediately.a. dovetailingb. pivotingc. indirectd. direct

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: p. 138 OBJ: 5-5 TYPE: ConTOP: Drafting Meaningful ParagraphsNOT A-D:Most business messages use the direct paragraph plan because it clarifies the subject immediately.


AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Rhetorical considerations

49. Laurie is writing a document that will compare and contrast different recycling programs. She will most likely use the ___________ paragraph plan.a. indirectb. pivotingc. transitionald. direct

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: p. 139 OBJ: 5-5 TYPE: ApTOP: Drafting Meaningful ParagraphsNOT A-D:Kendra will most likely use the pivoting paragraph plan, which is especially useful for comparing and contrasting ideas.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Rhetorical considerations

50. You can build paragraph coherence by incorporating which of the following techniques?a. Using pronounsb. Using transitional expressions such as therefore, however, and thenc. Dovetailing sentencesd. All of the above

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: pp. 139-140 OBJ: 5-5 TYPE: ConTOP: Drafting Meaningful ParagraphsNOT A-D:You can use all of these techniques (using pronouns, using transitional expressions, and dovetailing sentences) to build paragraph coherence.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Rhetorical considerations

TRUE/FALSE

1. The first step of Phase 2 of the 3-x-3 writing process is to organize the message or document.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 124 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT: Research is the first step of Phase 2 of the 3-x-3 writing process.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

2. Research can be formal or informal, depending on the nature of the message.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 125 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT: Research for longer, more complex documents may be very formal. For simple documents, though, the procedure can be quite informal.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion


3. Doing Web research is an example of a formal research method.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 125 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT: Doing Web research is an example of a formal research method.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

4. The Web has made manual searching in libraries obsolete and unnecessary.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 126 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT: If you need background or supplementary information, manual searching in public and college libraries is useful.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

5. Most businesspeople begin their research by investigating primary sources.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 125 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT: Most businesspeople begin any research process by seeing what they can find electronically on the Internet, in databases, or on CDs.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

6. Scientific experiments involve the use of controlled variables.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 126 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT: Scientific researchers present choices with controlled variables.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

7. Talking with your boss is an example of an informal research method.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 126 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT: Getting information from the individual making the assignment is an informal research method.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

8. The best brainstorming sessions have an unlimited amount of time.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 127 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT: Time limits should be established for brainstorming sessions, and short sessions are best.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Teamwork

9. The focus of a brainstorming session should be on quantity of ideas, not quality.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 127 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT: A quota should be set during brainstorming sessions, such as a minimum of 100 ideas. The goal is quantity, not quality.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion


AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Teamwork

10. A well-organized message helps the reader understand relationships and accept the writer’s view.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 127 OBJ: 5-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: OrganizeNOT: Well-organized messages group ideas in a way that helps the reader understand relationships and accept the writer’s view.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

11. The alphanumeric and the decimal outlining formats help business writers to focus on the topic, identify major ideas, and support those ideas with details, illustrations, or evidence.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 128 OBJ: 5-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: OrganizeNOT: Both outlining formats help business communicators to focus on the topic, identify major ideas, and support those ideas with details, illustrations, or evidence.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

12. As you move from major point to subpoint in an outline, you are progressing from large abstract concepts to small concrete ideas.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 129 OBJ: 5-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: OrganizeNOT: In moving from major point to subpoint in an outline, you are progressing from large abstract concepts to small concrete ideas.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

13. Each major category in an outline should be divided into at least two subcategories.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 130 OBJ: 5-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: OrganizeNOT: Each major category in an outline should be divided into at least two subcategories. These subcategories are then fleshed out with examples, details, statistics, case histories, and other data.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns. Rhetorical considerations

14. The primary difference between the direct pattern and the indirect pattern is where the main idea is placed.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: The primary difference between the two patterns is where the main idea is placed.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

15. In the direct pattern the main idea comes first, followed by details, explanation, or evidence. In the indirect pattern the main idea follows the details, explanation, and evidence.


ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: In the direct pattern the main idea comes first, followed by details, explanation, or evidence. In the indirect pattern the main idea follows the details, explanation, and evidence.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

16. The direct organizational pattern should be used when writing to an audience that will be pleased, mildly interested, or neutral.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: The direct organizational pattern should be used when writing to a receptive audience.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

17. Lauren is writing an e-mail message to ask about hotel availability and rates. She should use the direct pattern.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 132 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: Typical business messages that follow the direct pattern include routine requests and responses, orders and acknowledgments, nonsensitive memos, e-mail messages, informational reports, and informational oral presentations.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Purpose

18. I am responding to your letter of January 21 is a good example of frontloading the message at the beginning of a letter.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 132 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: “I am responding to your letter of January 21” is not a direct statement of the purpose of the message and, therefore, not a good example of frontloading.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

19. The development team will meet Friday, August 7, at 10 a.m. is a good example of frontloading the message at the beginning of a letter.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 132 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: Because this sentence contains the main idea, it is a good example of frontloading.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

20. Travis is writing a letter that will turn down a job applicant for a position. He should use the direct pattern.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 133 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: Ap


TOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: Because Tyler can expect his audience to be displeased, the indirect pattern is more appropriate.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience, Rhetorical considerations

21. One advantage of the indirect pattern is that it respects the feelings of the reader.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 133 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: The indirect organizational pattern shows respect for the reader’s feelings by preparing the reader for the bad news.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns. Rhetorical considerations

22. Kayla is writing a sales letter to encourage customers to upgrade their cable service. She should use the direct approach.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 133 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: Kayla should use the indirect approach. The indirect approach is best for bad news, persuasive requests, sales letters, and sensitive messages.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience, Rhetorical considerations

23. Organizing one’s ideas ahead of time is a good way to prevent writer’s block.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 134 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: A good way to prevent writer’s block is to organize ideas ahead of time.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

24. Most experts recommend that writers should attempt to produce error-free first drafts of their documents.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 134 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: Experts suggest that you write the first draft quickly (sprint writing). Get your thoughts down now and refine them in later versions.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

25. Independent clauses have subjects and verbs; dependent clauses do not.

ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: DefTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: Dependent and independent clauses both have subjects and verbs.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

26. As long as a sentence has a subject and a verb, it is considered complete.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: Complete sentences have subjects and verbs and must also make sense.


AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

27. By the April 15 deadline is an example of a phrase.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: “By the April 15 deadline” is an example of a prepositional phrase.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

28. If you’re interested is an example of a phrase.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: “If you’re interested” is an example of a dependent clause.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

29. When our Web site is updated is an example of an independent clause.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: “When our Web site is updated” is an example of a dependent clause.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

30. The first ATM opened near London in 1967 is an example of an independent clause.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: “The first ATM opened near London in 1967” is an example of an independent clause; it has a subject and a verb and has a complete thought.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

31. Sentences that average 20 words are most effective for business writing.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: Because your goal is to communicate clearly, your sentences should average 20 words. Sentences of 19 words can be understood by about 80 percent of their audience, while sentences that are 28 words long can be understood by only about 50 percent.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Rhetorical considerations

32. The sentence Carl was accepted into an MBA program is an active-voice sentence in which Carl acts as the subject.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: The sentence “Carl was accepted into an MBA program” is in the passive voice.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis


AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

33. The sentence Shelly accepted the delivery is an active-voice sentence in which Shelly acts as the subject.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: The sentence “Shelly accepted the delivery” is an active-voice sentence in which “Shelly” acts as the subject.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

34. Placing the main idea first or last in a sentence is a good way to emphasize it.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 136 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: Place the important idea first or last in a sentence to emphasize it.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Rhetorical considerations

35. Passive voice can be used to conceal the doer of the action.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 137 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: In sentences with passive-voice verbs, the doer of the action may be revealed or left unknown.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

36. The following sentence contains a misplaced modifier: Working all night, the report was finished by Hal.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 134 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: “Working all night, the report was finished by Hal” is an example of a dangling modifier. Correction: “Working all night, Hall finished the report.”AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

37. Paragraphs must contain at least two sentences.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 138 OBJ: 5-5 TYPE: ConTOP: Drafting Meaningful ParagraphsNOT: A paragraph is one or more sentences designated as a separate thought group.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

38. A supporting sentence in a paragraph illustrates, explains, or strengthens the primary idea.

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: 5-5 TYPE: DefTOP: Drafting Meaningful ParagraphsNOT: A supporting sentence in a paragraph illustrates, explains, or strengthens the primary


idea.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

39. Paragraphs arranged in the direct plan begin with the main sentence, followed by supporting sentences.

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: p. 139OBJ: 5-5 TYPE: DefTOP: Drafting Meaningful ParagraphsNOT: Most business messages use the direct paragraph plan, which begins with the main sentence, followed by supporting sentences.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Standard English

40. To be most effective, paragraphs in business messages should be limited to eight or fewer printed lines.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 140OBJ: 5-5 TYPE: ConTOP: Drafting Meaningful ParagraphsNOT: Paragraphs of eight or fewer printed lines look more readable than longer paragraphs.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

COMPLETION

1. The second phase of the 3-x-3 writing process includes __________, organizing, and composing.

ANS: researchingDIF: 1 REF: p. 124 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: DefTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT: The second phase of the 3-x-3 writing process includes researching, organizing, and composing.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

2. Searching the Internet, looking in library card catalogs, and investigating primary sources are all examples of _____________ research methods.

ANS: formalDIF: 3 REF: p. 125 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT: Formal research methods include searching the Internet, looking in library card catalogs, and investigating primary sources.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

3. Looking in the files and talking with your boss are examples of ____________ research methods.

ANS: informalDIF: 3 REF: p. 126 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: Con


TOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT: Informal research methods include looking in the files and talking with your boss.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

4. ____________________ is used by small groups to help generate ideas for writing tasks.

ANS: BrainstormingDIF: 1 REF: p. 126 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: DefTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchNOT: One popular method of generating ideas is brainstorming, which is often used by small groups.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Teamwork


5. Two commonly used outline formats are _____________ and decimal.

ANS: alphanumericDIF: 1 REF: p. 127 OBJ: 5-2 TYPE: DefTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: OrganizeNOT: Alphanumeric and decimal are two common outline formats.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

6. When you expect the reader to be pleased, mildly interested, or neutral, use the ____________________ pattern of organization.

ANS: directDIF: 3 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: The direct pattern of organization should be used when the reader will be pleased, mildly interested, or neutral.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

7. The direct organizational pattern is also known as ____________.

ANS: frontloadingDIF: 1 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: Another name for the direct organizational pattern is frontloading.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

8. When you expect the audience to be uninterested, unwilling, displeased, or hostile, the _______________ pattern of organization is appropriate.

ANS: indirectDIF: 3 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: The indirect pattern of organization should be used for sales messages and sensitive messages.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

9. In the ___________ organizational pattern, the main idea comes first, followed by details, explanation, or evidence.

ANS: directDIF: 3 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: In the direct pattern, the main idea comes first, followed by details, explanation, or evidence.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations


10. In the _____________ organizational pattern the main idea follows the details, explanation, and evidence.

ANS: indirectDIF: 3 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: In the indirect pattern, the main idea follows the details, explanation, and evidence.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

11. The ___________ organizational pattern is typically used for bad news, persuasive requests, sales letters, and sensitive messages.

ANS: indirectDIF: 3 REF: p. 133 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: The indirect organizational pattern is typically used for bad news, persuasive requests, sales letters, and sensitive messages.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

12. The ___________ organizational pattern is typically used for routine requests and responses, orders and acknowledgments, nonsensitive memos, e-mail messages, informational reports, and informational oral presentations.

ANS: directDIF: 3 REF: p. 132 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsNOT: The direct organizational pattern is typically used for routine requests and responses, orders and acknowledgments, nonsensitive memos, e-mail messages, informational reports, and informational oral presentations.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

13. A complete _______________ has a subject and a verb and makes sense.

ANS: sentenceDIF: 3 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: Complete sentences have subjects and verbs and make sense.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

14. If we are able to get financing is an example of a(n) ____________________ clause.

ANS: dependentDIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: “If we are able to get financing” is an example of a dependent clause.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English


15. Clauses and ____________, the key building blocks of sentences, are related groups of words.

ANS: phrasesDIF: 1 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: DefTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: Clauses and phrases, which are related groups of words, are the key building blocks of sentences.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

16. Hard-working employees are rewarded for their efforts is an example of a(n) ____________________ clause.

ANS: independentDIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: “Hard-working employees are rewarded for their efforts” is an example of an independent clause.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

17.Inside the conference room is an example of a(n) ________________.

ANS: phraseDIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: “Inside the conference room” is an example of a prepositional phrase.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

18. The sentence The proposal was prepared by Hank is in the ____________ voice.

ANS: passiveDIF: 5 REF: p. 135 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: The sentence “The proposal was prepared by Hank” is in the passive voice.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—ConclusionAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Standard English

19. Most business writing should be in the __________ voice.

ANS: activeDIF: 3 REF: p. 135OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeNOT: Most business writing should be in the active voice because it is more direct and results in sentences that are shorter and easier to understand.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

20.A(n) _______________ is one or more sentences designated as a separate thought group.

ANS: paragraphDIF: 1 REF: p. 138OBJ: 5-5 TYPE: Def


TOP: Drafting Meaningful ParagraphsNOT: A paragraph is one or more sentences designated as a separate thought group.AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

ESSAY

1. Researching may involve formal or informal methods. List and describe two formal research methods and two informal research methods.

ANS: Student answers will vary but should include two in each category below.

Formal Research Methods:1) Access electronically: Most businesspeople begin any research process by seeing what they can find electronically. Much of the current printed material in libraries is available from the Internet, databases, or CDs that can be accessed by computer. Database providers, such as the ABI/INFORM and Business Source Premier (EBSCO), enable you to search millions of magazine, newspaper, and journal articles. The Internet also provides a wealth of information from public records, public and private organizations, and many other sources.2) Search manually: If a business writer needs background or supplementary information, he or she will probably conduct manual research in public or college libraries. These traditional resources include periodical indexes for lists of newspaper, magazine, and journal articles, along with the card catalog for books. Other manual sources are book indexes, encyclopedias, reference books, handbooks, dictionaries, directories, and almanacs.3) Investigate primary sources: To develop firsthand, primary information for a project, business writers should go directly to the source. Primary sources can be investigated using observation, questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups.4) Experiment scientifically: Another source of primary data is experimentation. Instead of merely asking for the target audience’s opinion, scientific researchers present choices with controlled variables. The results of such experimentation would provide valuable data for decision making and problem solving.

Informal Research Methods:1) Look in the files: Before asking others for help, business writers should see what they can find themselves. For many routine messages, previous documents can help with content and format.2) Talk with your boss: Get information from the individual making the assignment to find out what that person knows about the topic, what slant should be taken, and what other sources he or she suggests.3) Interview the target audience: Talk with individuals at whom the message is aimed. They can provide clarifying information that tells you what they want to know and how you should shape your remarks.4) Conduct an informal survey: Gather unscientific but helpful information via questionnaires or telephone surveys.


DIF: 5 REF: pp. 125-126 OBJ: 5-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ResearchAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion, Analysis


2. Describe the two outline formats discussed in your textbook. Explain which format you would use for a business report comparing computer equipment that you will submit to your boss. Why would you choose this format?

ANS: Student answers will vary. Students should support their views with a relevant, well-written response.2 Outline Formats1) Alphanumeric format: The alphanumeric format uses Roman numerals, letters, and numbers to show major and minor ideas.

2) Decimal format: The decimal format has the advantage of showing how every item at every level relates to the whole.

DIF: 5 REF: pp. 128-130 OBJ: 5-2 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: OrganizeAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion, AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

3. Compare and contrast the direct and indirect patterns of organization. What are the benefits of each pattern? When would each pattern be used in business writing?

ANS: Student answers will vary.Two organizational patterns provide plans of action for typical business messages: the direct pattern and the indirect pattern. The primary difference between the two patterns is where the main idea is placed. In the direct pattern, the main idea comes first, followed by details, explanation, or evidence. In the indirect pattern, the main idea follows the details, explanation, and evidence. The pattern you select is determined by how you expect the audience to react to the message.

When you expect the reader to be pleased, mildly interested, or, at worst, neutral—use the direct pattern. Typical business messages that follow the direct pattern include routine requests and responses, orders and acknowledgments, nonsensitive memos, e-mail messages, informational reports, and informational oral presentations.

This direct pattern has at least three advantages:

1) Saves the reader’s time. Many of today’s businesspeople can devote only a few moments to each message. Messages that take too long to get to the point may lose their readers along the way.2) Sets a proper frame of mind. Learning the purpose up front helps the reader put the subsequent details and explanations in perspective. Without a clear opening, the reader may be thinking, “Why am I being told this?”3) Prevents frustration. Readers forced to struggle through excessive verbiage before reaching the main idea become frustrated. They resent the writer. Poorly organized messages create a negative impression of the writer.

When you expect the audience to be uninterested, unwilling, displeased, or perhaps even hostile, the indirect pattern is more appropriate. This approach works well with three kinds of messages: (1) bad news, (2) ideas that require persuasion, and (3) sensitive news, especially when being transmitted to superiors. Typical business messages that could be developed indirectly include letters and memos that refuse requests, deny claims, and disapprove credit. Persuasive requests, sales letters, sensitive messages, and some reports and oral presentations also benefit from the indirect strategy.


The indirect pattern has three advantages:

1) Respects the feelings of the audience. Bad news is always painful, but the trauma can be lessened when the receiver is prepared for it.2) Encourages a fair hearing. Messages that may upset the reader are more likely to be read when the main idea is delayed. Beginning immediately with a piece of bad news or a persuasive request may cause the receiver to stop reading or listening.3) Minimizes a negative reaction. A reader’s overall reaction to a negative message is generally improved if the news is delivered gently.

DIF: 5 REF: pp. 131-133 OBJ: 5-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing Ideas Into PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion, AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns

4. Explain five ways the computer can help you create better written documents. Which two techniques are most useful to you and why?

ANS: Student answers will vary but should include five of the following:1) Fighting writer’s block. Because word processors enable ideas to flow almost effortlessly from your brain to a screen, you can expect fewer delays resulting from writer’s block. You can compose rapidly, and you can experiment with structure and phrasing, later retaining and polishing your most promising thoughts.2) Collecting information electronically. As a knowledge worker in an information economy, you will need to find information quickly. Much of the world’s information is now accessible in databases or on the Web.3) Improving correctness and precision. Nearly all word processing programs today provide features that catch and correct spelling and typographical errors. Grammar checkers detect many errors in capitalization, word use (such as it’s, its), double negatives, verb use, subject-verb agreement, sentence structure, number agreement, number style, and other writing faults.4) Adding graphics for emphasis. Your letters, memos, and reports may be improved by the addition of graphs and artwork to clarify and illustrate data. You can import charts, diagrams, and illustrations created in database, spreadsheet, graphics, or draw-and-paint programs. Ready-made pictures, called clip art, can be used to symbolize or illustrate ideas.5) Designing and producing professional-looking business documents. Most software now includes a large selection of scalable fonts (for different character sizes and styles), italics, boldface, symbols, and styling techniques to aid you in producing consistent formatting and professional-looking results.6) Using collaborative software for team writing. Special programs with commenting and revision features allow you to make changes and to identify each team member’s editing.

DIF: 5 REF: p. 134 OBJ: 5-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Process Phase 2: ComposeAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion, AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Technology; Tier 2—Word processing, Data conversion

5. Compare and contrast the three classic paragraph plans discussed in your book. When would each be used?

ANS: Student answers will vary.Direct Plan: Paragraphs arranged in the direct plan begin with the main sentence, followed by supporting sentences. Most business messages use this paragraph plan because it clarifies the subject immediately. This plan is


useful whenever you must define (a new product or procedure), classify (parts of a whole), illustrate (an idea), or describe (a process). Simply start with the main sentence; then strengthen and amplify that idea with supporting ideas.

Pivoting Plan: Paragraphs arranged in the pivoting plan start with a limiting sentence that offers a contrasting or negative idea before delivering the main sentence. The pivoting plan is especially useful for comparing and contrasting ideas. In using the pivoting plan, be sure you emphasize the turn in direction with an obvious “but” or “however.”

Indirect Plan: Paragraphs arranged in the indirect plan start with the supporting sentences and conclude with the main sentence. This useful plan enables you to build a rationale, a foundation of reasons, before hitting the audience with a big idea—possibly one that is bad news. It enables you to explain your reasons and then, in the final sentence, draw a conclusion from them. This indirect plan works well for describing causes followed by an effect.

DIF: 5 REF: pp. 138-139 OBJ: 5-5 TYPE: ApTOP: Drafting Meaningful ParagraphsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion, AnalysisAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations

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