be-10 - dasabechdi - cciir.gecciir.ge/upload/multi/geo/1350285086_be-10 - geo.2012.pdf · 3...

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bilingvuri ganaTleba, # 10, 2012

S i n a a r s i

giuli SabaSvili, mSobliuri/pirveli da meore enebis

urTierTmimarTeba weris procesSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 2

Giuli Shabashvili, The Relationship between the First and the Second language writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 16

irine SubiTiZe, asakobrivi Taviseburebebi meore enis

swavlebisas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 17

Irine Shubitidze, Age factors during the non native language acquisition. . . . . . . . . gv. 27 elene jajaniZe, bilingvuri programebi da submersiuli

ganaTleba eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis saqarTveloSi . . .

gv. 28

Elene Jajanidze, Bilingual programs and Submersion education for ethnic minorities in Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 41

nino popiaSvili, orenovneba da saxelmwifo ena: midgomebi

da strategiebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 42

Nino Popiashvili, Bilingualism and state language: Approaches and Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 48

2


giuli SabaSvili

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

mSobliuri/pirveli da meore enebis

urTierTmimarTeba weris procesSi

abstraqti

weris procesSi pirveli da meore enebis urTierTmimarTebis dadgenisas

aucilebelia ramdenime faqtoris gaTvaliswineba: weris kognituri da meta-

kognituri strategiebis codna mSobliur an meore enaze, enis flobis

done, diskursis tipi. Catarebuli samuSao ramdenime etapisgan Sedgeboda.

respondentebma Seqmnes Txzulebebi mSobliur (somxur) da meore (qarTul)

enebze, Seavses kiTxvarebi da intervius dros upasuxes SekiTxvebs. mopove-

buli masalis damuSavebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom nacnobi

tipis diskursisa da SedarebiT martivi amocanis SemTxvevaSi, abzacis

doneze, kognituri procesebi Tanabrad mimdinareobs rogorc pirvel, ise

meore enaze. amdenad, weris unarebis transferi SesaZlebelia rogorc

pirveli enidan meore enaSi, aseve - piriqiT, meore enidan mSobliur enaSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom respondentebis nawili ideebis generacias, dagegmvasa da

weris procesis warmarTvas arCevs pirdapir meore enaze. nawili fiqrobs

somxur enaze da weras iwyebs qarTul enaze. maTi amgvari arCevani

ganpirobebulia diskursis tipiT, amocanis sirTuliTa da nacnobi

TematikiT. amdenad, weris procesis swavlebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT es

aspeqtebi da ar unda ugulvebelvyoT mSobliuri enis roli.

sakiTxis aqtualoba da Taname-

drove kvlevis Sedegebi

Tanamedrove samecniero lite-

raturaSi meore enis weriTi

komponentis kvlevisas didi

yuradReba eTmoba weris procesSi

pirveli da meore enebis mimarTebis

Seswavlas. am mimarTebis gamovlenis

safuZvelze SesaZlebelia weris

swavlebis ufro efeqturad dagegmva,

axali strategiebis SemuSaveba da

saTanado Sedegebis miReba.

miuxedavad amisa, jer kidev

aqtualurad daismis sakiTxi: mimdi-

nareobs Tu ara pirveli enidan

meore enaSi weris unarebis transfe-

3


ri? adreuli kvlevebi gviCvenebs,

rom meore enaze werilobiTi

davalebebis Sesrulebisas avtorebi

iyeneben pirvel enas, Tumca, azrTa

sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs enaTaSorisi

transferis odenobis gansazRvris

problema. miCneulia, rom weris

procesSi mozrdili avtorebi

iyeneben pirvel enas sxvadasxva

mizniT: dagegmva, ideebis generacia

an Sinaarsis gadmocema, lingvisturi

problemebis gadaWra, magaliTad,

leqsikis gamoyeneba. ufro metic,

pirveli ena gamoiyeneba stilisturi

arCevanis Secvlis mizniT an

kognituri gadatvirTvis aRmosa-

fxvrelad (koheni, bruqs-karsoni,

2001, knutsoni, 2006). garda amisa,

zogierTi avtori askvnis, rom

pirveli enis gamoyeneba sulac ar

axdens uaryofiT gavlenas teqstis

xarisxze. weraSi gawafuli avtori

SeiZleba regularulad iyenebdes

pirvel enas weriTi produqtis

Seqmnisas (knutsoni, 2006).

zogierT kvlevaSi aseve

yuradReba gamaxvilebulia weris

konkretul mizansa da mis SesaZlo

gavlenaze weris processa da

xarisxze (magaliTad, Temisa da

kulturuli faqtorebis codna),

Tumca, aRmoCnda, rom weris

mosamzadebeli etapi da dagegmvis

procesi ufro xSirad mimdinareobs

pirvel enaze (fraidlanderi, 1990;

akieli, 1994, lali, 2000). msjeloben

aseve imaze, rom avtorebi ukeTesad

weren Txzulebebs maTi kulturuli

garemosTvis damaxasiaTebel da

maTTvis pirvel enaze ukve nacnob

Tematikaze, amdenad, naweris

dagegmvac Tanabrad mimdinareobs

rogorc pirvel, ise meore enebze

(krapelsi, 1990; lei, 1982).

sxvadasxva mkvlevari kvlevisas

gansxvavebul midgomebs efuZneba.

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori am

TvalsazrisiT arsebuli da

miRebuli codnis kvalifikacia da

gamoyofaa. magaliTad, ficჯeraldi

da Senahani gamoyofen codnis 4 tips,

romlebic garkveul SemTxvevebSi

faravs erTmaneTs: a) metacodna:

codna imisa, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba

wera da kiTxva, rogoria auditoria,

enobrivi formebisa da maTi gagebis

monitoringi; b) arsisa da Sinaarsis

Sesaxeb miRebuli codna: leqsikoni

da leqsikuri erTeulebis gamoyeneba

farTo konteqstSi; g) universaluri

teqstis atributebis codna:

fonetika / fonologia, sintaqsi,

teqstis Janri; d) proceduruli

codna: kiTxvisa da weris procesis

urTierTdakavSirebis unari: mex-

sierebidan codnis gamotana da

azrovnebis aqtiuri procesis

SesaZlebloba: molodini da

SekiTxvebis dasma.

kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom

transferuli elementi vlindeba

proceduruli codnis doneze, sadac

SesaZlebelia wignierebis, kerZod,

werisa da kiTxvis unarebis,

Tanabrad gamovlena. am Tval-

sazrisiT, ganxilulia ramdenime

ZiriTadi transferuli elementi: a)

konceptualuri elementi: konceptis

4


gageba da b) metakognituri da

metalin-gvisturi strategiebi, rom-

lebic xels uwyobs enis swavlas

(ficjeraldi, Sena-hani, 2000).

flaueri da heisi weris process

ganixilaven kogni-turi funqciis

TvalsazrisiT (flaueri, heisi, 1981),

amdenad, mkvlevrebi askvnian, am

procesis maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba

universaluri da saerTo iyos

sxvadasxva enisTvis.

bolo periodis kvlevebi kidev

ufro aviwroeben kvlevis sferos,

konkretuli Sedeგebi miRebulia

fokusjgufebTan sxvadasxva tipis

muSaobis safuZvelze. eri fukuda

Seiswavlis wignierebis kompo-

nentebis, werisa da kiTxvis unarebsa

da maT mimarTebas pirveli da meore

enebis swavlebis SemTxvevaSi.

teqstis organizebis metakognituri

codna saerToa enaTa umrav-

lesobisaTvis, amdenad, transfers

eqvemdebareba swored am donisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli strategiebi.

gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs

Semswavlelis enis flobis done

(fukuda, 371, 372).

weris procesSi ormxrivi

transferis SesaZleblobaze

saubroben mkvlevrebi hiroi

kobaiaSi, karol rinerti. isini

askvnian, rom weriTi codnis

transferi ar aris calmxrivi,

xorcildeba orive mimarTulebiT:

L1 ↔ L2. amas naTelyofs

metadiskursuli markerebis gamo-

yenebis tendencia pirveli da meore

jgufebis mier. pirvel enaSi

mosmenili weris swavlebis kursi

ganapirobebs weriTi unarebis

Camoyalibebas rogorc pirveli, ise

meore enis doneze. transfers

eqvemdebareba aseve argumentirebuli

teqstis struqturis maxasiaTeblebi

da diskursuli markerebi (hiroi

kobaiaSi, karol rinerti, 2008).

gansxvavebuli midgoma aqvs

ioSifumi kohros. avtori ganixilavs

globaluri teqstis struqturis,

eses xarisxisa da Txzulebis sxva

maxasiaTeblebis urTierTdamokide-

bulebas korelaciuri analizis

meSveobiT. igi askvnis, rom

globaluri struqtura mWidrod

ukavSirdeba Txzulebis xarisxs L1 da L2 enebSi. igi aseve gviCvenebs, rom meore enis flobis maRali done

garkveuli mizezebis gamo ar

ukavSirdeba Txzulebis xarisxs.

Catarebuli eqsperimentisa da rao-

denobrivi kvlevis meTodis safuZ-

velze, avtori aseve askvnis, rom

globaluri teqstis struqtura ar

eqvemdebareba transferis process

meore enis Txzulebis Seqmnisas (ko-

hro, 2009, 16).

metakognituri codnisa da pir-

vel enaze ganxorcielebuli weris

procesi uSualod ukavSirdeba meore

enaze Sesrulebuli Txzulebis xa-

risxsa da Sefasebas. ufro metic,

garkveul SemTxvevebSi L1 weriTi un-

arebi pirdapir gavlenas axdens am

procesze. amas ganapirobebs ling-

visturi codna (orTografia, leqsi-

kuri erTeulebis SerCeva, gramatika

da winadadebis ageba) da am codnis

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gamoyenebis teqnika. avtorebi

askvnian, rom pirveli enisagan

gansxvavebiT, metakognituri codna

naklebad mniSvnelovania meore enaze

ganxorcielebuli weris procesi-

saTvis (rob Suneni, amos geldere-

ni..., 2003).

kvlevis miznebi:

winamdebare naSromis mizania,

Tanamedrove kvlevebisa da miR-

wevebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRniSnuli

sakiTxebis damuSaveba da qarTul

saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi am

TvalsazrisiT arsebuli proble-

mebis gadaWris mcdeloba. amdenad,

kvlevis mTavari amocanaa konkretul

fokusjgufTan muSaobis Sedegad

Semdeg kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema:

axdens Tu ara gavlenas

mSobliuri ena meore enis

weriTi komponentis swavlisas?

iyeneben Tu ara meore enis

Semswavlelebi mSobliur enas

meore enaze werilobiTi teqstis

Seqmnisas?

rogori tipis teqstebis Seqmna

uadvildebaT meore enis

Semswavlelebs qarTul enaze?

ra kognituri, sociolingvistu-

ri, sociokulturuli da stra-

tegiuli faqtorebi ganapirobebs

maT arCevans?

ra diskursuli maxasiaTeblebis

gamoyofaa SesaZlebeli rogorc

mSobliur, ise meore (qarTul)

enebze Sesrulebul namuSevreb-

Si?

kvlevis meTodebi:

aRniSnuli tipis kvlevebi gan-

xorcielebulia raodenobrivi da

analitikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT.

mkvlevrebi agroveben masalas inter-

viuebis, sagangebod Sedgenili kiTx-

varebisa da pirvel da meore enebze

Seqmnili Txzulebebis gaanalizebis

meSveobiT. winamdebare naSromi efuZ-

neba msgavsi aqtivobebis safuZvelze

miRebul Sedegebs. respondentebTan

muSaoba mimdinareobda 2 dRis gan-

mavlobaSi.

Txzulebebis Seqmna: pirvel etapze respondentebs

vTxoveT ori Txzulebis dawera

Semdeg Temebze: a) didi Tu patara

qalaqi? b) gemrieli Tu jansaRi

kveba? studentebs Tavad unda

gaekeTebinaT arCevani da

gadaewyvitaT, Tu romel teqsts

Seqmnidnen qarTul enaze da romels

- maT mSobliur enaze.

kiTxvarebi: meore etapze respondentebma

Seavses Sereuli tipis kiTxvari Ria

da daxuruli SekiTxvebiT.

respondentebs pasuxi unda gaecaT

Semdeg kiTxvebze:

1. qarTul enaze qvemoT

moyvanili romeli teqstis

dawera/Seqmna ufro giadvildebaT da

ratom? SesaZlebelia erTze meti

pasuxis moniSvna. ramdenime pasuxis

SemTxvevaSi, gTxovT, sirTulis

mixedviT daalagoT Temebi.

6


a) aRwera (magaliTad, suraTis aR-

wera);

b) ambis gadmocema (magaliTad,

rogor gavatare guSindeli dRe);

g) Tqveni poziciis gamoxatva (ma-

galiTad, did qalaqSi girCevniaT

cxovreba Tu patara qalaqSi?);

d) dasabuTeba / argumentireba (ma-

galiTad, unda aikrZalos manqanis

tarebisas / marTvisas mobiluriT

laparaki)

2. qvemoT moyvanili romeli

teqstis dawera / Seqmna ufro

giadvildebaT qarTulad da romeli

teqstis dawera / Seqmna ufro

giadvildebaT Tqvens mSobliur

enaze da ratom? gTxovT, pasuxi daa-

sabuToT. SesaZlebelia erTze meti

pasuxis moniSvna. a) aRwera (magaliTad, suraTis

aRwera);

b) ambis gadmocema (magaliTad,

rogor gavatare guSindeli

dRe);

g) Tqveni poziciis gamoxatva

(magaliTad, did qalaqSi gir-

CevniaT cxovreba Tu patara qa-

laqSi?);

d) dasabuTeba/argumentireba

(magaliTad, unda aikrZalos

manqanis tarebisas/marTvisas mo-

biluriT laparaki)

3. qarTul enaze teqstis Seqmnis

dros: a) vfiqrob mSobliur enaze da

weras viwyeb qarTul enaze; b) vfiqrob mSobliur enaze,

ideebs valageb da vgegmav

qarTul enaze da viwyeb weras

qarTulad; g) vfiqrob, vgegmav, valageb

ideebs qarTul enaze da viwyeb

weras; d) dafiqrebis gareSe viwyeb

teqstis Seqmnas qarTulad. 4. giadvildebaT Tu ara Tqven

mier qarTulad dawerili teqstis

gadakiTxva da Secdomebis moZebna da

ratom? ZiriTadad rogor Secdomebs

poulobT? a) gramatikuli; b)

Sinaarsobrivi (erTi da imave

informaciis gameoreba, logikurad

areuli teqsti da a. S.). 5. CamoTvlilTagan romel 4

teqsts dawerdiT qarTulad? a) werili megobars; b) Cemi

momavali; g) unda iyos Tu ara

samedicino momsaxureba ufaso?

d) marto girCevniaT mogzauroba

Tu megobrebTan erTad? d)

umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba

aucilebelia; d) rogor musikas

usmenT da ratom? e) romel

qalaqSi icxovrebdiT da ratom?

v) SeiZleba Tu ara eTnikuri

konfliqtebis mogvareba mSvi-

dobiani gziT? z) suraTis

aRwera; T) zafxuli Cems

sofelSi; i) sigaretis moweva

mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis; k)

wignis kiTxva aucilebelia.

interviu:

mesame etapze Catarda responden-

tebTan gasaubreba, sadac maT daes-

vaT Semdegi SekiTxvebi:

iswavleT Tu ara skolaSi

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mSobliur enaze Txzulebis we-

ris teqnika?

gexmarebaT Tu ara mSobliur

enaze skolaSi SeZenili weris

unarebi meore enaze Txzulebis

werisas?

weris procesSi, ra SemTxvevebSi

fiqrobT mSobliur enaze da ra

SemTxvevebSi - qarTul enaze?

did dros uTmobT Tu ara weris

mosamzadebel etaps?

iyenebT Tu ara leqsikons weris

procesSi?

kvlevis baza:

kvleva ganxorcielebulia Tsu

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakul-

tetze qarTuli enis mosamzadebeli

programis farglebSi. respondentebi

iyvnen programis meore semestris

somxurenovani studentebi, sul 25

axalgazrda. aqve sagangebod unda

aRiniSnos, rom respondentebs

naklebad aqvT gamomuSavebuli weris

unarebi, vinaidan skolaSi ar

asrulebdnen msgavs aqtivobebs.

mxolod ramdenime maTgans hqonda

skolaSi mSobliur enaze argu-

mentirebuli teqstis organizebulad

weris gamocdileba maswavleblis

miTiTebebis mixedviT. mosamzadebeli

kursis farglebSi, maT 1 semestris

ganmavlobaSi moismines kursi:

qarTuli, rogorc meore ena, weriTi

aspeqtis swavleba. kursis gan-

mavlobaSi isini euflebodnen

rogorc enobriv kompetenciebs

(gramatika, leqsika, sintaqsuri

konstruqciebi); strategiul da

socialur kompetenciebs. swavleba

ZiriTadad mimdinareobda abzacisa

da martivi teqstis doneze.

gasaTvalis-winebelia aseve

gamokiTxuli studentebis enis

codnis safexuri. respondentebi

qarTul enas floben ZiriTadad

saSualo doneze.

Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi

Txzulebis analizi

Temis SerCeva:

Txzulebebis analizisas gamoik-

veTa erTi saerTo tendencia: res-

pondentTa umravlesobam msgavsi ar-

Cevani gaakeTa. 21-ma studentma qar-

Tul enaze Seqmna ese Temaze: didi

Tu patara qalaqi? Sesabamisad, som-

xur enaze maT Seasrules meore da-

valeba: jansaRi Tu gemrieli kveba?

gamokiTxulTagan mxolod oTxma

studentma Seasrula es davaleba

qarTul enaze. amgvari arCevani, vfi-

qrobT, ganapiroba ramdenime mniSv-

nelovanma faqtorma: 1. Temis simar-

tivem/sirTulem; 2. ukve nacnobma Te-

matikam; 3. qarTuli leqsikisa da

enobrivi saSualebebis simwirem; 3.

weris strategiebisa da teqnikis ga-

moyenebis naklebma praqtikam. unda

aRiniSnos, rom pirveli Temaze (didi

Tu patara qalaqi) maT saleqcio

kursis ganmavlobaSi ukve hqondaT

garkveuli informacia, zepiri dis-

kusia da msjeloba, met-naklebad

gaecnen saTanado leqsikas, informa-

8


ciis gadmocemis saSualebebsa da

msjelobis strategiebs. meore Tema

(jansaRi Tu gemrieli kveba) ki

maTTvis sruliad ucnobi sakiTxi

iyo. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

maTTvis es Tema ufro rTul argu-

mentaciasa da kognitur procesebTa-

naa dakavSirebuli. dasabuTeba da

Sesabamisi magaliTebis moZebna gra-

matikuli, socialuri da soci-

okulturuli kompetenciebis gaaqti-

urebas moiTxovs. SeiZleba da-

vaskvnaT, rom Temis SerCeva ganapi-

roba enis flobis donem da metakog-

nituri codnis maxasiaTeblebma.

sityvebis raodenoba TxzulebebSi:

studentis arCevanis gaanalize-

bis paralelurad, mxedvelobaSi un-

da miviRoT Txzulebebis moculoba.

am TvalsazrisiTac saintereso su-

raTs gvaZlevs mopovebuli masala.

zogadad, rogorc qarTul, ise som-

xur enaze Sesrulebuli namuSevreb-

Si sityvaTa dafiqsirebuli maqsima-

luri raodenobaa 150 sityva, xolo

minimaluri - 40 sityva. amave dros,

yuradsaRebia is, rom TiTqmis yove-

li studenti Tanabari moculobis

teqsts qmnida rogorc qarTul, ise

somxur enebze. aqedan gamomdinare,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom werilobiTi

teqstis moculoba am SemTxvevaSi

ganapiroba studentTa weris unare-

bis uqonlobam da/an am unarebis

flobis dabalma donem, swored ami-

tom teqstebis moculoba TiTqmis

Tanabaria orive enis SemTxvevaSi.

weris done

weris procesSi respondentebi

ifarglebodnen mxolod abzacis do-

niT. maTi saTqmeli iyo mokle, kon-

kretuli, abzacSi mocemuli iyo er-

Ti an ori argumenti ganvrcobis ga-

reSe. unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi

viTareba Segvxvda rogorc qarTul,

ise somxur enaze Seqmnil teqstebSi.

mxolod ori teqsti iyo SedarebiT

vrceli. es teqstebi Sedgeboda 2-3

abzacisagan. am SemTxvevaSic abzacis

doneze teqstis Seqmna ganpirobe-

bulia weris strategiebis naklebi

codniT.

diskursuli maxasiaTeblebi

diskursis tipi:

gamokiTxvisaTvis sagangebod Se-

varCieT msgavsi tipisa da struqtu-

ris Temebi. orive SemTxvevaSi stu-

dentebs ori alternatiuli SeTava-

zebidan unda gaekeTebinaT arCevani,

gamoekveTaT pozicia da daesabuTe-

binaT igi. eqsperimentisas studentTa

namuSevrebis gaanalizebisas gamov-

linda diskursis ramdenime tipi:

1) argumentireba: Cvens SemTxveva-

Si am termins SedarebiT pirobiTi

mniSvneloba aqvs da gulisxmobs Zi-

riTadi ideis mxardaWeras magaliTe-

biT ganvrcobis, Zlieri da saSualo

argumentebiT dasabuTebis gareSe.

studentebi mxolod TiTo-TiTo wi-

nadadebiT gadmoscemen pozicias, Tu

ratom icxovrebdnen did an patara

qalaqSi an ratom unda miiRos ada-

9


mianma mxolod jansaRi an gemrieli

sakvebi. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom

respondentebi naklebad gamoxatavd-

nen Sualedur pozicias. maT namuSe-

vrebSi naklebad iyo Sejerebuli

ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego aspeqtis

dadebiTi an uaryofiTi mxareebi.

2) aRwera: amgvar teqstebSi stu-

dentebi ubralod aRwerdnen did an

patara qalaqs / gansxvavebul sak-

vebs.

d) piradi damokidebuleba: ram-

denime namuSevarSi studentebi mxo-

lod pirad gancdebze, azrebsa da

emociur damokidebulebaze amaxvi-

lebdnen yuradRebas.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom diskursis amgvari tipebi saer-

To iyo rogorc somxur, ise qarTul

enaze Seqmnili namuSevrebisTvis.

garda amisa, orive enis SemTxvevaSi

diskursis am ramdenime tipidan yve-

laze gavrcelebuli aRmoCnda argu-

mentireba. sayuradReboa, rom dis-

kursis tipis arCevisas msgavsi Sede-

gebi iqna miRebuli iaponiis erT-

erTi kolejis pirvelkursel stu-

dentebTan Catarebuli weriTi tes-

tirebis drosac. iseve rogorc qar-

Tul enaSi mosamzadebeli programis

somxurenovani studentebi, iaponeli

studentebic naklebad icnobdnen

weris strategiebs da naklebad

flobdnen weris unarebs (kabaiaSi,

rinerti, 2008), rac ganapirobebs mi-

Rebuli Sedegebis msgavsebas.

weris procesSi studentebi yve-

laze xSirad mimarTavdnen argumen-

tirebul msjelobas. SedarebiT

naklebad Segvxvda aRweriTi da emo-

ciuri damokidebulebis mqone teqs-

tebi rogorc qarTul, ise somxur

enebze.

1)

CemTvis jansaRi sakvebi mirCevnia.

gemriel sakvebSi bevri cximia, es

adamianis organizms did zians aye-

nebs. marTalia Roris xorciT gake-

Tebuli mwvandi gemrielia da yvelas

uyvars, magram cudad moqmedebs

janmrTelobaze. me mirCevnia mcena-

reebiT damzadebuli kerZebi. magram

imasac vWam xolme.

am teqstis mixedviT irkveva, rom

avtori saSualoze maRal doneze

flobs qarTul enas, amdenad, misT-

vis ar warmoadgens problemas faq-

tis aRwera da amis safuZvelze sa-

kuTari poziciis mokled, magram

Tanmimdevrulad da logikurad war-

moCena.

2)

me vfiqrob, rom patara qalaqSi

cxovreba jobia, imitom rom patara

qalaqSi siCumea, didi qalaqSi ki

Zalian xmauria. marTalia didi qa-

laqSi didi Sansi gaqvs swavlisTvis,

da advilad iSovi samsaxuri. patara

qalaqSi yvelam icnoben erTmaneTs,

qurdoba ar aris da usafrTxoa sia-

ruli.

am teqstis avtoris Sesaxeb

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi saSualo

doneze flobs qarTul enas, misi

lingvisturi kompetencia pirvel av-

torTan SedarebiT dabalia, Tumca,

abzacis doneze, isic ayalibebs sa-

kuTar pozicias da asabuTebs faqtis

10


mokle aRweriT. am teqstSi naklebad

aris warmoCenili diskursis max-

asiaTeblebi, markerebi da makavSire-

beli enobrivi saSualebebi. pirveli

ori teqstis mcire moculobis gamo

metakognituri codnis realizaciaze

am SemTxvevebSi saubari naklebadaa

SesaZlebeli.

3)

Cemi azriT, yovelTvis didi qa-

laqi ufro jobia da axla yvelas

rom vkiTxoT yvelani gveubnebian

rom didi qalaqi ufro kargia. me

bevri naTesavi myavs, romlebic

axalqalaqSi cxovrobdnen, mere sxva

did qalaqSi TbilisSi, moskovsa da

erevanSi gadavidnen, da iq kargad

cxovroben. maT zogjer veubnebi Ca-

modiT-meTqi da aq, axalqalaqSi ic-

xovreT. isinic ki gveubnebian, rom

Tqven CamodiTo, aq ufro kargiao. me

vfiqrob, rom isini sworad amboben,

didi qalaqi ufro kargia, radgan iq

bevri samuSao adgilebi aris da

umuSevari darCenis albaToba Zalian

cotaa. did qalaqebSi skola da un-

iversiteti bevria da adamiani SeuZ-

lia Tavisi SvilisTvis airCios yve-

laze kargi da saWiro skola an un-

iversiteti. es yvelaferi damtkicebs,

rom did qalaqebSi cxovreba ufro

kargia, vidre patara qalaqebSi.

mocemul teqsts, SeiZleba iTq-

vas, aqvs emociuri elferi, piradi

damokidebuleba, gadmocemuli sadad

da martivad, sakuTari gamocdilebis

aRwera, rac zogadi daskvnis gamota-

nis iribi safuZveli xdeba. miuxeda-

vad avtoris SedarebiT dabali

lingvisturi kompetenciisa, metakog-

nituri codna met-naklebad Cans na-

muSevarSi.

4)

me Zalian miyvars qalaqi, magram

suliT mSvidi adamiani var, amitomac

mirCevnia patara qalaqSi vicxovre,

imitom rom CemTvis eg saWiroa, roca

Cemi Semogareno yvelaferi mSvidi da

lamazi iqneba. magram Tu eg SesaZ-

lebloba ar mqondes, da me sadac

viqnebi bednieri, iq vicxovre. qalaqi

iyos patara Tu didi eg mniSvnelo-

vani ara, umTavresi rogori adamia-

nebi cxovroben iq. me qalaqSi Zalian

bevrjer vyofilvar, magram me mudam

mirCevnia patara qalaqi. didi qalaq-

Si roca viyo, cud xasiaTze var, ar

vici, ratom albaT bevri Senoba

aris, Zalian bevri manqana aris. me

saerTod ar miyvars qalaqis kakani,

Zalian vnerviulob. magram ar SemiZ-

lia vTqva, rom qalaqi cudi. didi

qalaqi aqvs Tavisi Tvisebebi, pata-

rac Tavisi. didi qalaqSi Zalian be-

vri saocari adgili aris, bevri

Zeglebi. magaliTad, Tbilisi didi

qalaqi. ra lamazi qalaqia, Zalian

lamazi buneba aqvs, saocari sanaxao-

ba aris. me imedi maqvs, rom kargad

viswavle da kargi specialisti

gavxde. gansxvaveba ar aris Tu sad

vcxovrob did qalaqSi Tu patara. me

mgonia, rom patara qalaqSi yvela

adamiani muSaoben, magram did qalaq-

Si saqmis eweva Zalian Znelia. mainc-

damainc yvela qalaqi aqvs Tavis da-

debiTi da uarRobiTi Tviseba.

11


Tu mesame teqstSi Txroba sada

iyo, am namuSevarSi Warbobs eqspre-

siuli funqciiT gamoyenebuli zed-

sarTavi saxelebi. teqstis logikuri

wyoba SedarebiT areulia, amdenad

metakognituri codna naklebadaa

asaxuli am werilobiT teqstSi.

teqstebis ganxilvisas saintere-

soa, Tu ramdenad floben avtorebi

strategiul kompetencias, ramdenad

iyeneben ama Tu im formas adekvatu-

rad da miznis Sesabamisad. am mxriv

pirvel teqstSi yuradRebas iqcevs

Semdegi frazebi: CemTvis jansaRi

sakvebi mirCevnia; mcenareebiT damza-

debuli kerZebi; meoTxe teqstSi

sainteresoa Semdegi monakveTebi: qa-

laqis kakani; mudam mirCevnia; mainc-

damainc yvela qalaqi aqvs. savsebiT

SesaZlebelia, am tipis Secdomebi

mSobliuri enis enobrivi bazis

transferis Sedegi iyos, amdenad,

swored amgvar Secdomebze unda ga-

vumaxviloT yuradReba enis Semswav-

lels swavlebis procesSi da maT

aRmosafxvrelad unda gamoviyenoT

sxvadasxva strategia. kvlevis mizans

amjerad ar warmoadgens am strate-

giebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi sauba-

ri. imdenad ramdenadac ganxiluli

teqstebi ar scildeba abzacis

dones, argumentirebuli diskursis

organizebis problemebze (Sesavali,

ZiriTadi nawili, daskvna, Zlieri da

susti argumentebi, mxardamWeri de-

bulebebi da a. S.) ar SevCerdebiT.

diskursis markerebi

problemis analizisas mxedvelo-

baSi unda miviRoT diskursis max-

asiaTeblebic. ganxilul argumenti-

rebul teqstebSi rogorc qarTul,

ise somxur enebze warmodgenil na-

muSevrebSi studentebi yvelaze xSi-

rad iyenebdnen frazebs: Cemi azriT,

me vfiqrob sakuTari damokidebule-

bis gamoxatvis mizniT. saTqmels iS-

viaTad asabuTebdnen formiT: maga-

liTad. samomavlo perspeqtiva ram-

denime respondentma gadmosca fra-

ziT: imedi maqvs, rom... daskvna ram-

denime nawerSi mocemuli iyo for-

miT: aqedan gamomdinare... orive enaze

wevr-kavSirebidan yvelaze xSirad

gamoyenebuli formebia: imitom rom,

radgan...

Sejameba

qarTul da somxur enebze Seqm-

nili teqstebis gaanalizebisas erTi

myari kanonzomiereba SeiniSneba am

TvalsazrisiT. avtorebi daaxloebiT

imave unarebisa da diskursuli mar-

kerebis gamoyenebiT qmnian teqsts

mSobliur enaze, romelTa meSveobi-

Tac ageben qarTul teqsts. moculo-

bac TiTqmis identuria. bunebrivad

ismis kiTxva, ra SeiZleba iyos amis

ganmapirobebeli mizezi? maT umrav-

lesobas ar uswavlia weris strate-

giebi mSobliur enaze, samagierod, am

strategiebs met-naklebad gaecnen

meore enaze. aris Tu ara SesaZle-

beli weris procesSi weris unarebis

transferi meore enidan pir-

vel/mSobliur enaze? diskursis ti-

12


pis gaTvaliswinebiT mocemuli teqs-

tebis analizi iZleva kiTxvaze da-

debiTi pasuxis gacemis saSualebas.

weris teqnika da zogadi strategie-

bi erTgvari universaluri movlenaa

da misi transferi Tavisufladaa

SesaZlebeli rogorc mSobliuri

enidan meore enaze, ise piriqiT,

meore enidan mSobliur enaze. Tumca,

es daskvna gamogvaqvs mxolod kon-

kretuli tipis diskursis safuZ-

velze. sainteresoa am TvalsazrisiT

kiTxvarebisa da intervius Sedegebi.

kiTxvarebis analizi

kiTxvarebis mizani iyo imis ga-

movlena, Tu ramdenad iyenebs mSob-

liur enas araqarTulenovani Sems-

wavleli qarTul enaze weris pro-

cesis warmarTvisas, ra roli da

datvirTva aqvs am SemTxvevaSi mSob-

liur enas da kidev ra gare faqto-

rebi monawileobs am procesSi.

Semswavleli kiTxvarebis Ses-

wavlisa da damuSavebisas saintereso

tendencia gamoikveTa. kiTxvaze qar-

Tul enaze romeli tipis teqstis

dawera/Seqmna ufro gagiadvildebaT,

umravlesobam Semoxaza grafa - ambis

gadmocema. studentebi amgvarad asa-

buTeben saTqmels: ufro advilia im-

is gadmocema, rogor gavatare gu-

Sindeli dRe. unda davwero, rac iyo,

ese igi mxolod moxdenili (momxda-

ri) ambavi. Tan araa saWiro bevri

enobrivi kliSeebis gamoyeneba; aseT

teqstSi Cveulebrivi ena, e. i. quCis

ena, sakmarisia; me ufro miadvildeba

ambis gadmocema, radgan am teqstSi

viyeneb im sityvebs, rasac viyeneb yo-

veldRiur cxovrebaSi. gamokiTxul-

Tagan mxolod samma axalgazrdam

mianiWa upiratesoba aRweriTi teqs-

tis Seqmnas. erT-erTi studentis po-

zicia aseTia: aRwera CemTvis ufro

advilia, imitom rom suraTi moce-

mulia da Cven pirdapir vwerT, rasac

vxedavT. mxolod 3 studentis arCe-

vania sakuTari poziciis gamomxat-

veli teqsti. erT-erTi maTgani wers:

CemTvis ufro advilia Tqveni pozi-

ciis gamoxatva, imitom rom es aris

Cveni ocneba, mizani, Cven vfiqrobT

momavalSi ras unda gaakeToT.

kiTxvarebis SemuSavebisas CvenT-

vis saintereso iyo, Tu ra etapebis-

gan Sedgeboda respondentebis weris

procesi da romel etapze xdeboda

mSobliuri da meore enebis CarT-

va/gaaqtiureba. am blokSi respon-

dentebma ZiriTadad sam kiTxvas

gasces pasuxi: a) vfiqrob mSobliur

enaze da weras viwyeb qarTul enaze;

b) vfiqrob mSobliur enaze, ideebs

valageb da vgegmav qarTul enaze da

viwyeb weras qarTulad; g) vfiqrob,

vgegmav, valageb ideebs qarTul

enaze da viwyeb weras. aqedan

pirveli da meore kiTxvebi TiTqmis

faravs erTmaneTs, miuxedavad amisa,

pasuxebis raodenoba a)-b) da g)

kiTxvebze TiTqmis Tanabrad gaiyo.

gamokiTxulTa naxevari acxadebs,

rom weris dawyebamde fiqroben

mSobliur enaze da, Sesabamisad,

werilobiT teqstsac qmnian pirvel

enaze. respondentTa meore naxevari

ki aRniSnavs, rom weris procesi

13


mTlianad mimdinareobs meore enaze.

isini fiqroben, gegmaven da qmnian

teqsts mxolod qarTulad. riT

SeiZleba aixsnas msgavsi movlena? ra

aris aRniSnuli fokusjgufis

kognituri procesebis safuZveli?

pasuxis gacemaSi dagvexmareba

intervius Sedegebi (ix. qvemoT,

intervius analizis Sedegebi).

rac Seexeba qarTul enaze

teqstis Seqmnis mizniT konkretuli

Tematikis SerCevis sakiTxs,

gamokiTxulTa umetesoba irCevs

Semdeg Temebs: werili megobars; Cemi

momavali; umaRlesi ganaTlebis

miReba aucilebelia; romel qalaqSi

icxovrebdiT da ratom? Tamamad

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom studentebis

arCevani ganpirobebulia nacnobi Te-

matikiTa da diskursis tipiT.

dabolos, sainteresoa, ramdenad

floben respondentebi kognitur

strategiebs da ramdenad SeuZliaT

sakuTari naweris gadakiTxva, grama-

tikuli da Sinaarsobrivi Secdome-

bis povna. am etapze es sakiTxi ga-

varkvieT mxolod kiTxvarebis do-

neze. aRmoCnda, rom TiTqmis yvela

gamokiTxuli teqstis gadakiTxvisas

met-naklebad poulobs mxolod gra-

matikul Secdomebs. erT-erTi res-

pondenti aRniSnavs: Cem mier dawe-

rili teqstis gadakiTxva ar aris

rTuli. Secdomebis povna ufro

rTulia, imitom rom me davwere da

ar mesmis Cemi Secdomebi. magram

ufro xSirad vpoulob gramatikuli

Secdomebi.

interviu

respondentebTan muSaobis bolo

etapi iyo maTTan gasaubreba. am

aqtivobaSi monawileoba miiRo 10

studentma. maT davusviT Semdegi

SekiTxva: romel enaze fiqrobT da

romel enaze werT da ra

ganapirobebs Tqvens arCevans?

umetesobis pasuxi iyo Semdegi: maT

urCevniaT maTTvis nacnob Tematikaze

ifiqron qarTulad da, Sesabamisad,

teqsti Seqmnan qarTul enaze, radgan

am SemTxvevaSi maT gacilebiT

uadvildebaT weris procesis

warmarTva da ukeTes Sedegebsac

iReben. qarTulad fiqris dros isini

realurad afaseben sakuTari enis

flobis dones da maTTvis nacnob

da, aqedan gamomdinare, adekvatur

leqsikur erTeulebsa da sintaqsur

konstruqciebs iyeneben. maSin,

rodesac fiqroben somxurad da

cdiloben, somxuridan sityva-

sityviT Targmnon teqsti, kognituri

procesi ormagdeba, rTuldeba da,

sabolood, studentebi maTTvis

sasurvel Sedegs ver iReben. garda

amisa, bunebrivia, rom mSobliuri da

meore enebis flobis doneebi

gansxvavdeba, amdenad, pirvel enaze

Camoyalibebuli/Seqmnili Sinaar-

sobrivi da gramatikul-leqsikuri

konstruqciebis transferi gar-

kveul sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba.

garda amisa, garTulebuli

kognituri procesi respondentebis

emociur mdgomareobazec moqmedebs

da xels uSlis organizebuli

werilobiTi produqtis SeqmnaSi.

ramdenime respondentma aRniSna, rom

14


gansxvavebiT nacnobi Tematikisagan,

rTuli da ucnobi teqstis Seqmnisas

igi fiqrsa da teqstis dagegmvas

ukve iwyebs mSobliur enaze.

garda amisa, respondentebTan

saubrisas CvenTvis saintereso iyo

Tu muSaobis romel formas aniWeben

upiratesobas weris procesSi, rodis

SeuZliaT sakuTari SesaZleb-

lobebisa da weris strategiebis

maqsimaluri realizacia? studen-

tebma ganacxades, rom indivi-

dualuri muSaoba maTTvis yvelaze

misaRebi formaa am mxriv, Tumca

weris procesis dawyebamde diskusia

da zepiri msjeloba gansakuTrebiT

uwyobs xels naweris dagegmvaSi,

saTanado strategiebis moZebnasa da

werilobiTi diskursis realizebaSi.

zogadi daskvnebi

kvlevis Sedegebis Sejamebisas

kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom

weris procesSi pirveli da meore

enebis urTierTmimarTebis dadgeni-

sas aucilebelia ramdenime faqto-

ris gaTvaliswineba: weris kognituri

da metakognituri strategiebis

codna mSobliur an meore enaze,

enis flobis done, diskursis tipi.

Catarebuli muSaobis safuZvelze

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom nacnobi

tipis diskursisa da SedarebiT

martivi amocanis SemTxvevaSi,

abzacis doneze, kognituri

procesebi Tanabrad mimdinareobs

rogorc pirvel, ise meore enaze.

amdenad, weris unarebis transferi

SesaZlebelia rogorc pirveli

enidan meore enaSi, ise piriqiT,

meore enidan mSobliur enaSi. aRsa-

niSnavia, rom respondentebis nawili

ideebis generacias, dagegmvasa da

weris procesis warmarTvas arCevs

pirdapir meore enaze. nawili fi-

qrobs somxur enaze da weras iwyebs

qarTul enaze. mopovebuli masalis

damuSavebam gviCvena, rom maTi arCe-

vani ganpirobebulia diskursis ti-

piT, amocanis sirTuliTa da nacnobi

TematikiT. amdenad, weris procesis

swavlebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT

es aspeqtebi da ar unda ugulebel-

vyoT mSobliuri enis roli.

samomavlo perspeqtiva

warmodgenili naSromi qarTul

saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi am Tval-

sazrisiT mimdinare procesebis

fonze sakiTxis Seswavlisa da damu-

Savebis mxolod pirveli nabiji da

mcire kvlevaa. saWiroa pirveli da

meore enebis mimarTebis, meore enaze

weris procesis warmarTvis

dakvirveba dinamikaSi. ra Sedegebs

mogvcems qarTul enaSi mosamzade-

beli programis studentebis, aseve,

qarTulis, rogorc meore enis swav-

lebis sxvაdasxva programis monawi-

leebis monacemebis Seswavla weris

swavlebis dawyebamde da rogori vi-

Tareba iqneba kursis dasrulebis

Semdeg. saWiroa fokusjgufis mocu-

lobis gazrdac da kvlevaSi ufro

meti respondentis CarTva, raTa ki-

dev ufro ganzogadebuli da sru-

lyofili suraTi miviRoT. miRebuli

Sedegebi ki gamogvadgeba konkretu-

li rekomendaciebis SemuSavebasa da

samomavlo muSaobis warmarTvaSi.

15


gamoyenebuli literatura

akieli, 1994 - Akyel, A. (1994). First Language use in EFL writing: Planning in Turkish vc. plan-ning in English. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4, 169-197

knutsoni, 2006 - Knutson, E. M. (2006). Thinking in English, writing in French. The French Re-view, 80 (1), 88-109.

koheni, bruqs-karsoni, 2001 - Cohen, A. D., & Brooks-Carson, A. (2001). Research on direct versus translated writing: Students'strategies and their results. The modern Language Journal, 85, 169-188.

kohro, 2009 - AA Contrastive Study between L1 and L2 Compositions: Focusing on Global Text Structure, Composition Quality, and Cariables in L2 Writing, Dialogue, 2009, Col. 8, PP.1-19

krapelsi, 1990 - Krapels, A. R. (1990). An overview of second language writing process research. In B. Kroll (Ed.), Second Language writing: Research insights for the classroom (pp.37-56). Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press

lali, 2000 - Lally, C. G. (2000). First language influences in second language composition: The effect of pre-writing. Foreign Language Annals, 33, 428-432

lei, 1982 - Lay, N. D. S. (1982). Composing processes of adult ESL learners: A case study. TESOL Cuarterly, 16, 406

ficgeraldi, Senahani, 2000 - Fitzgerald, J., & Shanahan, T. (2000). Reading and writing rela-tions and their development. Education Phsychologist, 35 (1), 39-50

flaueri, heisi, 1981 - Flower, L., & Hayes, J. R. (1981). A cognitive process theory of writing. National Council of Teachers of English, 32 (4), 365-387

fraidlanderi, 1990 - Freidlander, A. (1990). Composing in English: Effects of a first language on writing in English as a second language. in B. Kroll (Ed.), Second language writing: Research insights for the classroom (pp. 109-125). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

fukuda, 371, 372 - Eri Fukuda, Relationships of L1 and L2 Reading and Writing Skills, <http://www.google.ge/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CEgQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdaigakuin.soka.ac.jp%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fmajor%2Fkiyou%2F23_lang5.pdf&ei=2EX0T5XLKojltQbutPGcBQ&usg=AFQjCNHXoULIAsnH8vX88WgN97IcWJVUBQ

Suneni, geldereni..., 2003 - Schoonen, R., Van Gelderen, A., De Glopper, KI., Hulstijn, J., Simis, A., Snellings, P., &Stevenson, M. (2003). First language and second language writing: The role of linguistic knowledge, speed of processing and metacognitive knowledge. Language Learning, 53, 165-202.

hiroi kobaiaSi, karol rinerti, 2008 - Kobayashi, H., &Rinnert, C. (2008). Task response and text construction across L1 and L2 writing, Journal lf Second Language Writing 17 (2008), PP.7-29

16


Giuli Shabashvili Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

The Relationship between the First and the Second language writing

ABSTRACT

The paper aims to consider the relationship between first and second language writing and main points appeared in second language writing process. It is emphasized the cognitive and metacognitive strate-gies either for the first or the second languages, language acquisition and discourse type. The research was fulfilled in different ways. First of all the students created essays on the both Georgian and Arme-nian languages, filled questionnaires and answered the questions during the interview. It is concluded that the transfer may be occurred in case of the both directions. So during the second language writing class all the above mentioned aspects must be considered.

17


irine SubiTiZe

samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi

urTierTobebis centri

asakobrivi Taviseburebebi

meore enis swavlebisas

abstraqti

statiis mizania, mkiTxvelis yuradReba kidev erTxel miapyros asakobrivi Tavi-

seburebebis mniSvnelobas meore enis swavla/swavlebis konteqstSi, romelic

mniSvnelovani da sagulisxmo faqtoria rogorc mSobliuri/pirveli enis swav-

lis dros, aseve meore enis dauflebis procesSi. statiaSi ganxiluli iqneba

saerTaSoriso kvlevebis safuZvelze warmodgenili mosazrebebi da analizi

asakobrivi Taviseburebebisa da, kerZod ki, „kritikuli periodis hipoTezasTan“

(Critical Period Hypothesis) dakavSirebiT. aseve, warmovadgenT im mniSvnelovan gare-

moebebs, romlebic ganuyofelia enis swavlis procesisgan asakobriv Tavisebu-

rebebTan erTad. mTavari SekiTxva, romelic aRniSnuli sakiTxis orgvliv arse-

bobs, aris is, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania asakobrivi diferenciacia meore

enis Seswavlis procesSi, ra ganapirobebs erTi da imave asakobrivi jgufis

warmomadgenlebSi gansxvavebul Sedegebs?

arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom meore enis warmatebiT dauf-

leba dakavSirebulia Semswavlelis asakze, rac gulisxmobs meore enis aTvi-

sebisTvis optimaluri periodis (asakis) SerCevas. es asaki warmoadgens dabade-

bidan mowifulobamde periods. statiaSi SevecdebiT warmovadginoT rogorc

dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi argumentebi adreul asakSi enis swavlasTan dakavSi-

rebiT.

Sesavali

meore enis swavla/swavlebis

procesi da masTan dakavSirebuli

garemoebebis kvleva da analizi kar-

ga xania, rogorc linvistTa, aseve

farTo sazogadoebis interesis sfe-

ros warmoadens. aqtualoba aRniS-

nul sakiTxs arcerT epoqaSi dau-

kargavs, Tumca gansakuTrebul dat-

virTvas iZens dRevandel epoqaSi,

mTel msoflioSi meore enis swavle-

bis mimarT gazrdili moTxovnis

kvaldakval rogorc umravlesobe-

bis, aseve EeTnikuri umciresobebisT-

vis.

18


vfiqrobT, saintereso iqneba,

mkiTxvelis yuradReba kidev erT-

xel SevaCeroT meore enis swavlebis

procesze, kerZod ki, asakobriv Ta-

viseburebebze meore enis aTvisebis

procesSi. SevecdebiT warmovadgi-

noT is gamocdileba, romelic am mi-

marTulebiT dagrovda sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi Catarebuli kvlevebis Se-

degad. daveyrdnobiT ucxo qveynis

gamocdilebas, radgan am mimarTule-

biT saqarTveloSi jer kidev ar ar-

sebobs bolo periodSi Catarebuli

farTomasStabiani kvleva, romelic

saSualebas mogvcemda, garkveuli

daskvnebi gagvekeTebina da parale-

lebi gagvevlo ucxour gamocdile-

basTan.

unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedro-

veobam moitana bilingviz-

mis/multilingvizmis aucilebloba.

ori an meti enis codna gaxda wina-

piroba srulfasovani ganaTlebis

miRebisTvis, komunikaciisTvis, so-

cializaciisTvis da yvelaze mTava-

ri: dRes ukve orenovneba moiazreba

erT-erT mtkice garantad karieru-

li winsvlisTvis. swored aRniSnul-

ma faqtma ganapiroba mTel msofli-

oSi meore enis swavlis mimarT

gazrdili interesi da, paralelu-

rad, gaCnda uamravi sadavo sakiTxi

meore enis swavlebis mimarTulebiT;

magaliTad iseTi sakiTxebi, rogori-

caa: ra asakSi unda daiwyos bavSvma

meore enis swavla? aferxebs Tu ara

mSobliuri enis swavlas adreul

asakSi meore enis swavleba? swav-

lebis ra meTodebia gamarTlebuli,

raTa moxdes bavSvis kognituri gan-

viTareba? da sxva mravali kiTxva,

romlebic jer isev pasuxgaucemelia.

miuxedavad mTel msoflioSi kvleve-

bisa da dakvirvebebis Sedegad da-

grovili gamocdilebisa, erTiani,

yovlismomcveli midgoma ar arse-

bobs lingvistikis mkvlevarTa So-

ris.

rogorc araerTi enaTmecnieri

amtkicebs, meore enis swavlas

adreul asakSi aqvs uamravi upirate-

soba, Tumca am hipoTezis oponentTa

ganmartebiT, aseve sagulisxmoa is

safrTxeebic, romelTa ugulvebe-

lyofa did problemas warmoadgens

bavSvis kognituri ganviTarebisTvis.

swored arsebul upiratesobebsa da

safrTxeebze saubars daeTmoba sta-

tiis ZiriTadi nawili, romelic dae-

myareba ucxo qveynebSi arsebul

kvlevebsa da gamocdilebas.

adreul asakSi meore enis swavlebis

dadebiTi maxasiaTeblebi

enis mkvlevarTa ganmartebiT,

meore enis swavlebisas nebismeri

asakis bavSvisTvis mniSvnelovania

kargad gamocdili da aprobirebuli

saswavlo masala, swavlebis meTode-

bi, maswavlebelTa maRalkvalifici-

uroba, rac winapirobaa sasurveli

saswavlo SedegebisTvis. gansakuTre-

bul mniSvnelobas ki zemoaRniSnuli

garemoebani iZens adreul asakSi,

meore enis swavlebisas, maSin, roca

bavSvi or enas paralelurad eufle-

ba (igulisxmeba mSobliuri da meore

ena).

19


individis asakobrivi ganviTare-

bis mravalmxrivobidan gamomdinare,

romelic didwilad gansazRvravs

mTel rig socialur, saganmanaT-

leblo da sxva nebismier sferoSi

mis warmatebas, asakobrivi Tavisebu-

rebani swavla-swavlebis procesSi

warmoadgens swored erT-erT umniSv-

nelovanes sakvlev fenomens meore

enis swavlebis TematikiT daintere-

sebul mkvlevarTa Soris (abelo-

kontesi, 2008). arsebobs sazogadoebaSi farTod

gavrcelebuli mosazreba, romlis

mixedviT axalgazrda enis Semswav-

lelebSi (igulisxmeba dabadebidan

mowifulobis asakamde periodi), ga-

cilebiT swrafad da efeqturad mim-

dinareobs enis aTvisebis procesi da

aqvT ukeTesi Sedegebi (skoveli, 2000

ix: abelo-kontesi, 2008). dakvirvebeb-

ma cxadyo, rom meore enis swavlis

procesisa da asakobrivi Tavisebure-

bebis urTierTkavSiri gacilebiT

kompleqsuri movlenaa, romelic

ukavSirdeba asakobrivi periodis

diferenciacias, kerZod ki asakobriv

dayofas adreul da an SedarebiT

gvian asakSi enis SemswavlelTa

(early and late-starting L2 learners) klasifi-

kacias (jonstouni, 2002).

imisaTvis, rom individi gaxdes

bilingvali/multilingvali da SeZ-

los, or an met enaSi miaRwios maR-

al kompetencias, arsebobs siZnelee-

bi da garemoebebi, romlebic gan-

sazRvravs SesaZlo warmatebas. ro-

gorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, enis

swavlis procesi warmoadgens mra-

valmxiv process, sxvadasxva mniSv-

nelovani garemoebis erTobliobas,

romelTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSec

SeuZlebelia meore enis srulfaso-

vani daufleba da individis biling-

valad Camoyalibeba. am garemoebaTa

arasrul CamonaTvals ganekuTvneba:

interpersonaluri urTierTobebi,

`kulturuli gamgebianoba~ (cultural understanding), pirovnuli Tavdajere-

buloba, ekonomikuri da socialuri

aspeqtebi, diskriminaciis maxasia-

Teblebi, gansakuTrebiT, roca sau-

bari gvaqvs eTnikuri umciresobebis

warmomadgenlebze da a.S. (kordova,

lejandro, 2010).

sakuTari gamocdilebidan da

sxvaTa kvlevebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

mecnierTa nawili amtkicebs, rom

meore enis swavlas adreul asakSi

aqvs gacilebiT meti dadebiTi mxare,

vidre uaryofiTi, iseTi, rogoricaa:

SemecnebiTi ganviTareba, karieruli

winsvlis meti perspeqtiva, sxva

kulturis mimarT mimRebloba da

sxva. (kordova, lejandro, 2010)

fsiqologTa nawili ganmartavs,

rom meore enis swavlebisTvis sau-

keTeso periodia nulidan 7 wlamde,

radgan am dros bavSvis goneba yve-

laze metad aris mobilizebuli, rac

SeiZleba meti informacia SeiTvisos

da daileqos mis cnobierebaSi (kor-

dova, lejandro, 2010).

„enebis samyaroSi Sebijeba“

adreul asakSi gacilebiT iol,

saintereso da saxaliso procesad

aRiqmeba bavSvisTvis, romelic mizan-

mimarTuli swavlis gareSe axerxebs

20


ori enis paralelurad dauflebas,

maSin, roca mozardi, miuxedavad im-

isa, rom mas SeuZlia garkveuli gra-

matikuli Tu Sinaarsobrivi struq-

turebis gaazreba, gacilebiT met

winaaRmdegobas awydeba (kordova,

lejandro, 2010). adreul asakSi nas-

wavli enis gamoyeneba akademiuri Tu

komunikaciuri miznebisTvis gacile-

biT martivia, radgan orenovnebis

Sedegad ganviTarebuli kognituri

upiratesoba iZleva SesaZleblobas,

komunikacia meore enaze iyos meqani-

kuri, yovelgvari xangrZlivi pauzisa

da yoymanis gareSe, rac mosaubris

naubars gacilebiT advilad aRsaq-

mels xdis, vidre gvian asakSi nas-

wavli enis gamoyenebis dros, roca

xSiria waborZikeba da erTxel

naTqvami sityvis an winadadebis ram-

denjerme ganmeoreba gramatikuli Tu

Sinaarsobrivi Secdomis gasworebis

mizniT.

gansxvavebiT mozardobis period-

Si naswavli enisgan, adreul asakSi

enis Semswavleli SesaniSnavad arT-

mevs Tavs, fokusireba moaxdinos

konteqstSi sityvis mniSvnelobis

cvlilebaze, gansakuTrebiT - ora-

zrovani sityvis an frazis gamoyene-

bis dros (http://ri.ues.edu.sv/ 590/1/ 10136247.pdf).

saintereso iqneba aRiniSnos kidev

erTi saintereso dakvirveba, romel-

ic exeba meore enis swavlis proces-

Si mSobliuri enis ganmtkicebis

perspeqtivas. magaliTad, roca meore

enaSi erTi azris gamomxatvel ram-

denime frazas an sityvas swavlobs

bavSvi, xSirad uCndebaT survili

paraleli gaavlos sakuTar enasTan

da cdilobs moiZios axali sityve-

bis Sesatyvisi. es procesi xels

uwyobs garkveuli siaxleebis aRmo-

Cenas mSobliur enaSi, gansakuTrebiT

- adreul asakSi, roca misi fantazia

da metis gagebis survili ganu-

sazRvrelia. zrdasrulobis asakSi

enis swavla aris rutinuli procesi,

naklebad datvirTuli saintereso

mignebebiTa da axlis Ziebis survi-

liT. xSirad post-pubertul asakSi

meore enis swavla aris aucileblo-

bidan gamomdinare, romelic mokle-

bulia sxva samyaros Ziebis survils,

radgan am asakSi ukve bavSvs sxva,

ufro mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi esax-

eba prioritetad, vidre eZios pasux-

ebi SekiTxvebze: ratom? risTvis?

rogor?

kvlevam aCvena, rom 10-12 wlis

asakis Semdgom tvini amuSavebs eno-

briv informacias gansxvavebulad,

radgan aRniSnul asakamde tvini

mudmivad da ufro intensiurad amya-

rebs nevrologiur kavSirebs. Tinei-

jerobis an zrdasrulobis asakSi

enis swavlis dros tvinSi mimdina-

reobs „brZola“ raTa axali, SesaT-

visebeli masalisTvis tvinSi gamoi-

naxos garkveuli Tavisufali sivrce.

ase rom, adreul asakSi enis swavla

gulisxmobs tvinis mzadyofnas yo-

veli axali informaciis SeTvise-

bisTvis, rac zrdasrulobis perioSi

gacilebiT Sromatevadi samuSaoa (ix:

kordova, alejandro, 2010).

21


adreuli bilingvizmi bavSvSi

aviTarebs TviTrwmenisa da Tvi-

Trealizebis unars. is grZnobs Tav-

dajerebulobas, roca SeuZlia iyos

„xidi/makavSirebeli“ or, sxvadasxva

kulturis warmomadgenel, bavSvs

Soris Tundac TamaSis dros

(http://ri.ues.edu.sv/ 590/1/ 10136247.pdf). meore enis codna bavSobaSive iZ-

leva saSualebas, eziaro gansxvave-

bul musikas, istorias, literatu-

ras, romelSic sxvadasxva eris in-

dividualuri xedvaa asaxuli. Sede-

gad - bavSvs adreuli asakidanve

uyalibdeba gemovneba da kritikuli

azrovneba, romelic SemdgomSi,

zrdasrulobis periodSi, exmareba

socialuri da komunikaciuri ur-

TierTobebisTvis.

meore enis adreul swavlasTan da-

kavSirebuli sirTuleebi

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, statiis

es nawili daeTmoba im garemoebebis

analizs, romlebic ganixileba

lingvistikaSi meore enis adreuli

Seswavlis oponentTa mxridan. sxva-

dasxva safrTxe da riskfaqtori, ra

Tqma unda, arsebobs, radgan saqme

exeba individs, romelic izrdeba

da viTardeba sxvadasxva (ojaxur,

ekonomikur Tu socialur) garemoSi.

aseve, yvela adamians aqvs individu-

aluri niWi da Semecnebis unari.

aqedan gamomdinare, rTulia mkiceba,

rom yvela bavSvs SeuZlia erTnair

warmatebas miaRwios adreul asakSi

enis swavlebis Sedegad.

mniSvnelovania ojaxis faqtiris

gaTvaliswineba, ekonomikuri mdgoma-

reoba, mSobelTa ganaTlebis done,

garemo, sadac bavSvis socializacia

xdeba da individualuri inteleqtis

done, romelic yvela adamianSi

gansxvavebulia da SeuZlebelia

garkveuli gamonaklisis gareSe misi

Secvla.

kvlevebidan gamomdinare, ling-

vistTa garkveuli nawili mivida

daskvnamde, rom bavSvi, romelic

paralelurad eufleba or enas, sa-

Sualod 3-6 TviT gvian iwyebs mety-

velebas sxva Tanatolebisgan

gansxvavebiT, aseve arsebobs

safrTxe, rom enebi SesaZloa erTma-

neTSi aerios adreul asakSi meore

enis swavlis gamo, maSin, roca bavS-

vi jer mSobliur enas ver flobs

saTanadod (kordova, lejandro,

2010). rogorc rehmani ganmartavs,

normaluria da safrTxes ar war-

moadgens kognituri ganviTarebisT-

vis, Tu 4 wlis asakSi bavSvs enebi

erTmaneTSi ereva, gansakuTrebiT es

xdeba maSin, rodesac romelime enaSi

bavSvi grZnobs sityvebis naklebobas

naazrevis gadmosacemad da is meore

enidan sesxuloben leqsikur er-

Teulebs (kordova, Alejandro, 2010).

Tumca, es ar niSnavs enebis arevas,

ubralod, xdeba droebiT sxvadasxva

enidan sityvebis Canacvleba, rom-

lebic droTa ganmavlobaSi gamos-

worebadia: roca miagnebs bavSvi sa-

surveli SetyobinebisTvis Sesabamis

sityvas anda frazas.

22


mecnierTa is nawili, romelic

ar uWers mxars meore enis swavlas

adreuls asakSi, ganmartavs, rom

meore enis paralelur reJimSi

swavleba aferxebs bavSvis kognitur

ganviTarebas da xels uSlis mSob-

liur enaSi maRali kompetenciis

miRwevas. magaliTad, umciresobebis

bavSvebisTvis meore enis swavleba

adreul asakSi SesaZloa ganxilul

iqnes rogorc dadebiT, ise uaryo-

fiT movlenad, radgan umciresobe-

bisTvis meore enis swavla adreul

asakSi iwvevs garkveul Seferebebs

da Sedegi aris xangrZlivi perspeq-

tiva (kordova, lejandro, 2010). maTi

asakis Tanatolebi, romlebic mxo-

lod mSobliur enaze swavloben,

garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi

ufro swraf akademiur warmatebas

aRweven skolaSi, Tumca bilingvali

bavSvisTvis bilingvizmis dadebiTi

Sedegi dgeba zrdasrulobis asakSi,

roca isini, maTi monolingvali Ta-

natolebisagan gansxvavebiT, floben

kognitur Tu komunikaciur upira-

tesobebs.

adreul asakSi mere enis swav-

lisTvis aucilebelia damatebiTi

mecadineoba, dro da energia, rac

xSir SemTxvevaSi rTuli da mosabe-

zrebeli procesia, gansakuTrebiT

adreul etapze, roca rTulia bavSvs

auxsna, misTvis ramdenad mniSvnelo-

vania ori enis codna, maSin, roca am

asakSi bavSvi fizikurad aqtiuria da

misi bunebrivi moTxovnilebaa TamaSi

da meti Tavisufali drois gatareba

TanatolebTan.

praqtikidan gamomdinare, aris

SemTxvevebi, roca ori enis parale-

lurad swavlis SemTxvevaSi bavSvebi

meore enaSi ver aRweven sasurvel

warmatebas da amis gamo iTrgunebian,

imis nacvlad, rom saubris procesSi

daSvebuli Secdomebi gamoasworon,

uyalibdebaT garkveuli kompleqsi

da cdiloben Tavi aaridon komuni-

kacias Secdomebis daSvebis SiSiT.

es problema gansakuTrebiT Tavs

iCens xolme adreul asakSi. Tumca,

aRniSnuli metad individualuria,

romlis daZlevac mSoblebma da mas-

wavlebelma unda uzrunvelyon sko-

lamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebaSi

an Semdgom - ukve skolis dawyebiT

safexurze.

mecxramete saukunis fsiqologi

da mkvlevari lev vigodski miiCnevda,

rom adreul asakSi enis swavleba ar

aris gamarTlebuli, radgan „azrov-

nebis erTi, Camouyalibebeli formis

Secvla aseve Camouyalibebeli meore

formiT, aqveiTebs fsiqikur qmedebas

iq, sadac is isedac mwiria“

(http://vigotski.blogspot.com/) Tumca, lingvistTa arc Tu

mcire nawili ar iziarebs aqNiSnul

faqts, da ganmartavs, rom e.w „mne-

motika“ anu damaxsovrebis unari

adreul asakSi ufro ganviTarebuli

aqvs bavSvs (bista, 2011); garda amisa,

enebis codna dRes ukve gardauva-

lobas warmoadgens da SeuZlebelia

am aucileblobisgan Tavis daRweva.

23


meore enis swavlebis Taviseburebani

da kritikuli periodis hipoTeza

kritikuli periodis hipoTeza

(Critical Period Hypothesis CPH), igive

„sensitiurobis periodi“ (the sensitive period) ukavSirdeba meore enis swav-las da mis Taviseburebebs adreul

asakSi.

es sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT bolo

periodSi, warmoadgens debatebisa

da ganxilvis sagans lingvistebsa da

meore enis aTvisebis sakiTxTa

mkvlevrebs Soris. sakiTxi aqtualu-

ria imdenad, ramdenadac, gansakuTre-

biT bolo periodSi, msoflios

umetes qveyanaSi aris meore enis

swavla/swavlebis bumi. statiis es

nawili daeTmoba kritikuli peri-

odis hipoTezaze saubars meore enis

aTvisebis konteqstSi.

„kritikuli periodis hipoTeza“

(Critical Period Hypothesis CPH) / „sensiti-urobis periodi“ (the sensitive period), aris bavSvis asakobrivi ganviTarebis

garkveuli etapi, romelSic moiazre-

ben swavlebis procesSi asakobrivi

Taviseburebebis wamyvan rols.

swored aRniSnuli hipoTezis Tanax-

mad, „es aris periodi, rodesac

bavSvi, mizanmimarTuli swavlebis

gareSe, bunebriv pirobebSi, advilad,

swrafad da srulyofilad eufleba

enas“ (riCardsi, Smidti, 2002). `sen-

sitiurobis periodi~ moicavs

daaxloebiT dabadebidan mowifulo-

bamde periods, rodesac bavSvi ga-

cilebiT aqtiurad da swrafad euf-

leba enas vidre post-pubertul

(Post-puberty) periodSi (frimani da

longi, 2008 ix: bista,K2011). amav-

droulad, asakobriv Taviseburebeb-

Tan erTad, sagulisxmoa laitbouni-

sa da standas (laitbouni da stan-

da, 2008 ix: bista 2011) mosazrebebi,

romelTa mixedviT, garda asakisa,

meore enis Taviseburebani, Semswav-

lelis gonebrivi potenciali da mis

irgvliv arsebuli garemo (rogori-

caa skola, ojaxi, sazogadoeba da

sxva mravali faqtori) qmnis erTob-

liobas, romlis ugulebelyofa

SeuZlebelia meore enis swav-

la/swavlebis procesis kvlevisas.

mecnierTa ganmartebiT, „kritikuli

periodis hipoTezis“ mixedviT

adreul asakSi enis Semswavlelebs

aqvT meti metalingvisturi upirate-

soba enis zrdasrul Semswavleleb-

Tan SedarebiT, aseve, maTi metyve-

leba xSir SemTxvevaSi gamoirCeva

sintaqsuri da gramatikuli Tvalsa-

zrisiT gamarTulobiTa da daxvewi-

lobiT.

erTi mxriv, kvlevebma `kritikul

asakobriv periodTan~ dakavSirebiT

cxadyo, rom asakobrivi Tavisebure-

bani umniSvnelovanes rols asru-

lebs rogorc pirveli enis swavlis,

aseve meore enis SeTvisebis proces-

Si, xolo, meore mxriv ki, mkveTri

zRvaris gavleba SeuZlebelia, rad-

gan yvelasTvis dadgenili norma ar

arsebobs: TiToeuli pirovneba xa-

siaTdeba individualurobiT da

xSir SemTxvevaSi, asakobriv Tavise-

burebebTan erTad, sagulisxmoa sxva

individualuri monacemebi da garemo

24


faqtorebi, romelSic cxovrobs da

viTardeba enis Semswavleli.

„kritikuli periodis hipoTezis“

arsi mdgomareobs swored imaSi, rom

asaki, rogorc efeqturi saSualeba,

SesaZloa gamoiyenebodes sxvadasxva

garemoebebTan TanafardobiT, da ara

rogorc ganyenebuli, sxva faqtore-

bisgan damoukidebeli movlena.

miuxedavad imisa, rom umeteswi-

lad erTi da imave asakobrivi jgu-

fis warmomadgenlebi met-naklebad

erTnair Sedegs aRweven enis swav-

lebisas, sxva individualuri Tavi-

seburebebis ugulebelyofa SeuZle-

belia, magaliTad, iseTi faqtorebi-

sa, rogoricaa motivacia, genderi,

pirveli enis faqtori, ojaxis roli,

garemo romelSic enis Semswavleli

axdens socializacias da misTanebi.

Tumca, aRsaniSnavia mravali

kvleviT ganmtkicebuli hipoTeza,

rom axalgazrdas gacilebiT meti

upiratesoba aqvs rogorc enis swav-

lis TvalsazrisiT, ise nebismieri

axali informaciis miRebisa da da-

muSavebis kuTxiT, vidre zrdasru-

lobisa da Semdgom asakSi, garda

bunebaSi arsebuli iSviaTi gamo-

naklisisa.

SesaZloa, zrdasrul asakSi enis

swavlis dadebiT maxasiaTeblad

ganvixiloT zogierTi iseTi faqto-

ri, rogoricaa gramatikuli struq-

turebis gaazrebis unari, sintaqsi

da misTanebi, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos

msgavsi upiratesobiT naswavli ena,

rogorc wesi, xanmokle sicocxli-

sunarianobiT xasiaTdeba. gansxvave-

biT mcire asakSi yovelgvari kon-

teqstualuri gaanalizebis gareSe

naswavli enisgan, romelic droTa

ganmavlobaSi bunebriv Cvevad yalib-

deba.

mkvlevarTa Soris ar arsebobs

erTsulovani midgoma asakobrivi

Taviseburebebis ganxilvisas meore

enis swavlebis konteqstSi, radgan

kvlevebi, romlebic sakiTxis

irgvliv arsebuli hipoTezebis gan-

samtkiceblad Catarda, sxvadasxva

Sedegebis maCvenebelia. kerZod ki,

kvlevebis Sedegad dadasturda, rom

meore enis swavlebisas asaki ara

erTaderTi, Tumca erT-erTi metad

sagulisxmo faqtoria, romelic

gansazRvravs meore enaSi miRweul

warmatebebs.

daskvna

rogorc araerTi kvleva, dakvir-

veba da eqsperimenti adasturebs,

upiratesobebi adreul asakSi nas-

wavli enisa gacilebiT metia, vidre

naklovanebebi. komunikaciuri upira-

tesobebi, romelTac bavSvi adreul

asakSive eziareba, aZlevs axali ur-

TierTobebis farTo asparezs;

aseve, davisa da ganxilvis sagans

aRar warmoadgens karieruli

winsvlis SesaZleblobebi, romelsac

iZleva meore enis swavla adreul

asakSi, kognituri ganviTareba, ro-

melic Sedegia adreuli bilingviz-

misa, gzas uxsnis mozards warmate-

buli cxovrebisaken. pirovnuli Ta-

visufleba, Tavdajerebuloba,

TviTrwmena aris is Tvisebebi, ro-

25


melTa Camoyalibebis erT-erTi umTa-

vresi mizezi meore enis adreul

asakSi dauflebaa. aseve, calsaxad

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kvlevebis po-

zitiuri Sedegis gaTvaliswinebiTa

da Tanamedrove sazogadoebis winaSe

wamoyenebuli eniebis codnisa da

mravalmxriv ganviTarebulobis au-

cileblobidan gamomdinare, meore

enis adreul asakSive daufleba gan-

sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens.

rogorc kvlevebi da praqtika aC-

venebs srulfasovnad enis swavla

SesaZlebelia mxolod adreuli asa-

kidan swavlebis Sedegad, garkveuli

fenomenaluri gamonaklisebis ga-

reSe, roca individebi warmatebiT

arTmeven Tavs zrdasrulobis pe-

riodSi ori an meti enis swavlas.

Tumca aqac unda aRiniSnos, rom

swored adreul asakSive meore enis

swavlebis Sedegad ganviTarebuli

unarebi warmoadgens myar safuZ-

vels zrdasrulobis asakSi miRweu-

li multilingvizmisa. TiTqmis

SeuZlebelia monolingvali gaxdes

sruli bilingvali/multilingvali

zrdasrulobis asakSi, radgan Se-

saZloa garkveul donemde enis Ses-

wavla nebismier asakSi, Tumca ua-

qcentod saubari an maRali akademi-

uri miznebisTvis zrdasrulobaSi

naswavli enis gamoyeneba TiTqmis

SeuZlebelia.

zemoT aRniSnulis paralelurad,

meore enis adreul asakSi swavlisT-

vis unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli is

umniSvnelovanesi garemoebani, ro-

melic gansazRvravs warmatebas. am

garemoebaTa arasruli CamonaTvalia:

skola, ojaxi, samezoblo, samegobro

wre, zogadad sazogadoeba, sadac

bavSvis formireba mimdinareobs. Tu

aRniSnuli faqtorebi dadebiTad

moqmedebs da pozitiur gavlenas ax-

dens bavSvze, umetes SemTxvevaSi Se-

degi dadebiTia. Tumca, rogorc ukve

statiis mTavar nawilSi aRvniSneT,

individualuri Taviseburebebi, ro-

goricaa inteleqtis done, TviTSefa-

sebis da TviTrwmenis unari, motiva-

cia, romelic TanSobili / Tandayo-

lili unarebia, mosalodnel Sedegs

araprognozirebads xdis, miuxedavad

garemo faqtorebis dadebiTi ze-

gavlenisa. an piriqiT, Tandayolili

unarebis ganviTareba SesaZloa Se-

ferxdes Sesabamisi ekonomikuri,

socialuri Tu sxva faqtorebis ua-

ryofiTi gavlenis gamo.

da bolos daskvnis saxiT SesaZ-

loa iTqvas, rom miuxedavad sakiTxis

irgvliv arsebuli radikalurad

gansxvavebuli mosazrebebisa, bi-

lingvizmi/multilingvizmi aris

gardauvali aucilebloba, romelic

miiRweva mxolod mcire asakSi da-

wyebuli swavlebiT.

26


gamoyenebuli literatura

abelo-kontesi, 2008 - Abello-Contesse Ch.2008 - “Age and the critical period hypotheses”- Ab-ello-Contesse Ch, 2008,. ELT journal

bista, 2011 - Bista K.K 2011 - “Age as an Affective factor in Second Language Acquisition” (Troy University) - http://astate.academia.edu/KrishnaBista/ Papers/129491/Age_as_an_Affective_ Factor _in _Second_Language_Acquisition

vigodski 1928- vigodski l928 – “bavSvis kulturuliganviTarebisproblema”;

http://vigotski.blogspot.com/; http://astate.academia.edu/ KrishnaBis-ta/Papers/129491/Age_as_an_Affective_Factor_in_Second _Language_Acquisition

kardova 2010 - Cordova C, Alejandro W, Menjivar G, Lisseth Y, Garmendez M, Miguel E, 2010 - Advantages and disadvantages learning English as a foreign language to become bilingual. (Graduation work at University of El Salvador) 2010

riCardsi, 2002 - Richards, J., & Schmidt, R. (2002). Longman dictionary of language teaching & applied Linguistics (3rd ed.). NY: Pearson Education.

honstouni, 2002 - Hohnstone R. 2002 - “Addressing ''the age factors: some implications for lan-guages policy” , University of Stirling, Scotland. 2002. http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/ linguis-tic/source/JohnstoneEN.pdf

27


Irine Shubitidze

Center for Civil Integration and Inter-Ethnic Relations

Age factors during the non native language acquisition

The article dedicates to present the importance of the age factors in the process of acquisition in

general, and particularly in the second language learning process. The paper presents as a

considerable factor to study mother tongue properly as well as for the second language acquisition.

In the article an attempt is made to study and analyze the age related researches on the basis of

critical period hypothesis and other relevant variable. The article suggests several other significant

circumstance that is inseparable from the age factor for second language learners. The key

question of the subject is how age affects second language acquisition and do people of the same

age group possess the same learning characteristics and abilities. It is generally believed that better

outcomes during the second language acquisition is associated with the age of the learner, that

means to select an optimal period for language acquisition. The article presents the evidence-based

factors to support early-learners as well as criticism of the hypothesis. It is fundamental to cite

how age factors work or function on second language acquisition, that affects on children either

positively or negatively during the learning process

28


elene jajaniZe

samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi

urTierTobebis centri

bilingvuri programebi da submersiuli

ganaTleba eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis

saqarTveloSi

abstraqti

winamdebare statia warmoadgens saqarTveloSi mimdinare bilingvuri ganaTle-

bis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevis analizs. statiis pirvel nawilSi ganxiluli

iqneba bilingvuri ganaTlebis saWiroeba da saxelmwifo politika saqarTve-

los konteqstSi. statiis momdevno nawilSi mkiTxvels vTavazobT bilingvuri

ganaTlebis programebis mimoxilvas, xolo statiis ZiriTadi nawili moicavs

kvlevas saqarTveloSi mimdinare submersiuli ganaTlebisa da sxva bilingvuri

programebis efeqturobis Sedarebis mizniT. kvleviT nawilSi warmodgenili

iqneba kvlevis meTodologia da miRebuli Sedegebis analizi. kvlevis Sedegad

gavdivarT daskvnaze, rom mimdinare submersiuli ganaTlebis programis efeq-

turoba minimaluria, xolo sxva bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis ganxor-

cielebis meTodebi gadaxedvas saWiroebs, maTi Sedegebis Semdgomi gaumjobese-

bis mizniT.

Sesavali

bilingvuri / multilingvuri ga-

naTlebis sakiTxma 21-e saukuneSi aq-

tualobis piks miaRwia. man SeiZina

udidesi mniSvneloba adamianisaTvis,

romelic aris aqtiuri rogorc

profesiuli TvalsazrisiT, aseve

yoveldRiuri srulyofili interaq-

ciis kuTxiTac. bilingvuri ganaTle-

ba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania eT-

nikuri umciresobebisTvis. es aris

erT-erTi yvelaze optimaluri gamo-

savali, xeli Seuwyos maT CarTvas

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi da sax-

elmwifos srulfasovan moqalaqee-

bad Camoyalibebas.

Cveni kvlevis mizania mimdinare

bilingvuri programebis efeqturo-

bis Sedareba submersiul ganaTle-

basTan, romlis ganxorcielebis

tendenciac saqarTveloSi matulobs.

statiaSi warmodgenili iqneba am

sakiTxis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevis

Sedegebi da maTi analizi, agreTve

gTavazobT rekomendaciebs kvlevis

procesSi aRmoCenili problemebis

gadaWris mizniT.

29


bilingvuri ganaTlebis roli

saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelo Tavisi geografiuli

mdebareobisa da politikuri war-

sulis gamo, eTnikuri, religiuri da

enobrivi mravalferovnebiT xasiaT-

deba. uaxlesi istoriis manZilze

eTnikuri umciresobebis mimarT qar-

Tuli saxelmwifos damokidebuleba

gansxvavebuli iyo sxvadasxva poli-

tikuri mmarTvelobis dros. sabWoTa

periodSi samoqalaqo integracia

did problemad ar iTvleboda, vi-

naidan, iseve, rogorc qarTvelebi,

erovnuli umciresobebic sabWoTa

moqalaqeebi iyvnen da erTi saerTo

saxelmwifos qveS erTiandebodnen.

garda amisa, mniSvnelovani iyo enis

faqtori, rusuli ena iTvleboda

oficialur enad da Sesabamisad, es

ena iyo qarTul da araqarTulenova-

ni mosaxleobis SemakavSirebeli

rgoli. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis

Semdeg saqarTveloSi (zviad gamsax-

urdias prezidentobis dros) eTni-

kuri umciresobebis mimarT gaCnda

stereotipuli damokidebuleba, ra-

mac maTi saqarTvelodan gadineba

gamoiwvia. aseT damokidebulebebs

ZiriTadad politikuri xasiaTis

konfliqtamde da erebs Soris mtro-

bamde mivyavarT, rac arasasurve-

lia qveynis mosaxleobis mSvidobiani

cxovrebisa da ganviTarebis miznidan

gamomdinare. swored am mizezis ga-

mo, saqarTveloSi 2004 wlidan ukve

mkveTrad Seicvala damokidebuleba

erovnuli umciresobebis mimarT da

daigegma proeqtebi maTi integracii-

saTvis. am miznis misaRwevad erT-

erTi optimaluri gza maTi enobri-

vi ganviTarebis kuTxiT integracia

iyo da, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos

mTavrobam daiwyo adekvaturi eno-

brivi politikis gatareba. aRniSnu-

li enobrivi politikis farglebSi

ganxorcielda da dainerga biling-

vuri ganaTlebis programebi. aRsa-

niSnavia, rom bilingvuri ganaTlebis

xelSewyoba adgilobrivi da saerTa-

Soriso arasamTavrobo organizacie-

bis xangrZlivi muSaobis damsaxure-

baa, ramac ganaTlebisa da mecniere-

bis saministros aCvena eTnikuri um-

ciresobebis, bilingvuri ganaTlebis

gziT saxelmwifo enis swavlebis

aucilebloba. dResdReobiT saqarT-

veloSi ramdenime bilingvuri pro-

grama xorcieldeba, Tumca ara-

qarTulenovani skolebis umetesoba

“sust“ bilingvur programas axor-

cielebs (tabataZe, 2011). am programe-

bis ganxorcielebis kvaldakval, sa-

qarTveloSi izrdeba qarTulenovan

skolebSi araqarTulenovani mos-

wavleebis umravlesobis enaze swav-

lis tendencia. es programa submer-

siis saxeliTaa cnobili da igi

„susti“ bilingvuri programebis

rigSi erTiandeba. submersiasa da

sxva „sust“ da „Zlier“ bilingvur

programebs statiis Semdeg nawilSi

ganvixilavT, aRvwerT maT miznebs

ganxorcielebis procesSi.

30


bilingvuri ganaTlebis susti da

Zlieri programebi

bilingvuri ganaTlebis ara erTi

saxe arsebobs. beikerma tipologiza-

ciisas isini dayo “sust” da “Zlier”

bilingvur programebad. es dayofa

pirobiTi araa, “susti” bilingvuri

programa gankuTvnilia ZiriTadad

orenovan garemoSi mcxovrebi bavSve-

bisaTvis. swavlebis mizani aris mo-

nolingvizmi saxelmwifo enaze an

SezRuduli bilingvizmi. mizani

SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos sax-

elmwifo interesebiT an TviT eTni-

kuri umciresobis interesebidan ga-

momdinare. “Zlieri” bilingvuri ga-

naTlebis programebis daniSnulebaa

bavSvis mSobliuri enisa da kultu-

ris SenarCuneba da misi gamdidreba

(Semmatebeli konteqsti) meore enis

Seswavlis gziT. skutnab-kanjasma

bilingvuri ganaTlebis tipebi sam

ZiriTad nawilad dayo, romlebsac

qvemoT warmogidgenT:

„susti“ bilingvuri ganaTlebis

programebi: 1. tranzituli biling-

vuri ganaTleba-programis mizania

SedarebiTi monolingvizmi, ar xdeba

umciresobis enis sruli aRmofxvra,

igi nel-nela ganidevneba saswavlo

procesidan. 2. ZiriTadi/ucxo enis

swavlebiT-programa gankuTvnili

umravlesobis warmomadgenlebisaT-

vis, swavleba skolaSi mimdinareobs

umravlesobis enaze, xolo ucxo ena

iswavleba rogorc sagani, Sesabamisi

saaTobrivi datvirTviT. programis

mizania SezRuduli bilingvizmi. 3.

separatistuli bilingvuri ganaTle-

ba-aris umciresobebis mxridan radi-

kaluri damokidebuleba umravleso-

bis enis mimarT, sakuTari enis da

kulturis Tavdacvis miz-

niT(SubiTiZe, tabataZe, 2010). progra-

mis mizania monolingvizmi da mono-

kulturuloba.

„Zlieri“ bilingvuri ganaTlebis

formebi: 1. imersia - ganaTlebis am

modelis mixedviT, swavleba pirveli

ori wlis ganmavlobaSi meore enaze

mimdinareobs da nel-nela emateba

mSobliuri enis datvirTva. progra-

mis mizania bilingvizmi da orenova-

ni ganaTleba, agreTve enis SenarCu-

neba. imersiisTvis damaxasiaTebelia

gamamdidrebeli konteqsti (beikeri,

2010). 2. umciresobaTa enis SenarCune-

bis programa - ganxorcielebis dros

umciresobisa da umravlesobis enebi

monacvleobiT gamoiyeneba. umcireso-

bis enis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi

skolaSi swavloben umciresobis

enaze, umravlesobis ena jer-

jerobiT mxolod saswavlo sagania,

programis saboloo mizani ki aris

orive enaSi sruli bilingvizmi (ta-

bataZe, 2010).

3. dualuri bilingvuri ganaTle-

ba-umciresobisa da umravlesobis

warmomadgenelebi swavloben erT

skolaSi, erTsa da imave pirobebSi,

erTi da imave programiT. swavlebis

enad gamoiyeneba orive ena. progra-

mis mizani aris bilingvizmi da bi-

kulturalizmi. 4. umravlesobis

enaze bilingvuri programa-

umravlesobis enaze bilingvuri ga-

31


naTleba warmoadgens umravlesobis

ori an meti enis gamoyenebas swav-

la/swavlebis procesSi. or enaze

swavlebis SemTxvevaSi ena da sagnis

Sinaarsi iswavleba integrirebulad,

rac gulisxmobs enis Seswavlas

garemo faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

monolingvuri ganaTlebis forme-

bi: 1. segregaciuli- swavleba mimdi-

nareobs mxolod umciresobis enaze.

umaRles saswavleblebSi swavleba,

rogorc wesi, mimdinareobs oficia-

lur/umravlesobis enaze da arsebu-

li programis farglebSi umcireso-

bis enis warmomadgenlebs ar eZle-

vaT Sansi Semdgomi swavlis gagrZe-

lebisa da karieruli winsvlisa, es

aris saxelmwifo politika, romelic

miznad isaxavs erovnuli umcireso-

bebis daqvemdebarebas kulturul-

enobrivi izolirebis gziT (tabataZe,

2010). 2. submersia sakompensacio gak-

veTilebiT - aris submersiis saxeo-

ba, romelic gulisxmobs umcireso-

bis enis moswavleebisaTvis damate-

biTi gakveTilebis Catarebas umrav-

lesobis enis ufro kargad aTvisebis

mizniT. programa gaTvlilia imisaT-

vis, rom moswavleebi ar CamorCnen

da saskolo programa kargad aiTvi-

son (bagauri, 2010).

submersia - aris bilingvuri ga-

naTlebis yvelaze susti programa

da igi exeba im bavSvebs, romlebic

arian emigrantTa ojaxebidan da

warmoadgenen qveyanaSi erovnul um-

ciresobaTa jgufs. isini ganaTlebis

sawyis etapzeve swavlas iwyeben

saxelmwifo enaze, romelic maT an

saerTod ar esmiT, an nawilobriv

aqvT ganviTarebuli kompetenciebi

mocemul enaSi. swavlebis mizania,

bavSvma rac SeiZleba swrafad Seis-

wavlos umravlesobis ena. es mizani

aris ara mxolod enobrivi kuTxiT

gamowveuli, aramed ufro mniSvnelo-

van rols TamaSobs saxelmwifo po-

litika, enobrivi niSniT asimilacia

ufro momgebiania saxelmwifosTvis,

sadac sxvadasxva enobrivi jgufis

warmomadgenlebi cxovroben. mas

sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadge-

nelTan ar dasWirdeba gansxvavebuli

midgoma da politika, saskolo sub-

mersiis gziT advilad da Tana-

droulad moaxdens maT enobriv asi-

milacias. qveynis yvela mcxovre-

bisTvis erTi saerTo ena iqneba

saerTo kulturisa da Rirebulebe-

bis simbolo (bagauri, 2010). aseve

aranakleb mniSvnelovania is saxelm-

wifoebrivi mizani, romelic submer-

siuli programebis ekonomikur gaT-

vlebs ukavSirdeba da udavod dafi-

nansebis ekonomiis saSualebas iZle-

va (gorgaZe. 2011). submersia aseve

xSiradaa gamowveuli aramdgradi

politikuri mdgomareobiT. am pro-

gramas xSirad mimarTaven im SemTxve-

vaSi, rodesac erovnuli umciresobe-

biT dasaxlebul regionebSi xSiria

politikuri gamosvlebi da socia-

luri areuloba. garda amisa, sub-

mersiis ganmapirobebeli kidev erTi

Zlieri faqtoria mSoblebis survi-

li, maTma Svilebma rac SeiZleba

male Seiswavlon umravlesobis ena.

mSoblis interesi ganpirobebulia im

32


SegnebiT, rom saxelmwifo enaze

xdeba nebismieri oficialuri sauba-

ri, ganaTlebis miReba SesaZlebelia

mxolod umravlesobis enaze, da

bolos, es pirdapir ukavSirdeba ka-

rierul winsvlas. koncefciuri xed-

viT ki, submersiis arsi ukavSirdeba

wyalSi CayvinTvas maSin, roca

bavSvma ar icis curva... gamosavali

aris mxolod ori: an unda iswavlos

curva da gacuros, Sesabamisad, is-

wavlos ena da integrirdes mosax-

leobaSi am kuTxiT, an CaiZiros da

daiRupos.

submersiuli ganaTlebis progra-

ma CvenTvisac sainteresoa imdenad,

ramdenadac saqarTveloSi igi xor-

cieldeba sxva danarCeni bilingvuri

programebis paralelurad. igi

saintersoa im kuTxiTac, rom dRe-

sdReobiT saxelmwifo politika fo-

kusirebulia sxva, eTnikuri umcire-

sobebis identurobis SenarCunebaze

orientirebuli bilingvuri progra-

mebis ganxorcielebaze. submersiis

programis farglebSi saqarTveloSi

kvlevebi ar Catarebula da es sa-

kiTxi kargad Seswavlili ar aris,

Tumca is faqti, rom araqarTuleno-

vani moswavleebi Sedian qarTuleno-

van skolebSi da swavloben qarTul

seqtorze - iwvevs interess maTi

akademiuri moswrebis mimarT. unda

aRiniSnos, rom am programis far-

glebSi Sedegi yovelTvis warmate-

buli araa. zogadad, submersiis

programiT bavSvebis erTi nawili

axerxebs, warmatebiT gaarTvas Tavi

swavlas da meore enaSic iseTive

kompetenturi gaxdes, rogorc mSob-

liurSi. Tumca, aseTi SemTxvevebi

minimaluria ara mxolod saqarTve-

los magaliTze, aramed msoflio

gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

mkvlevarTa didi nawili (valdesi,

2000, facio, 1995) calsaxad miuTi-

Tebs am programis araefeqturobaze

da miiCnevs, rom igi aris radikalu-

ri saganmanaTleblo programa. sa-

qarTveloSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT empiri-

uli kvlevebi ar arsebobs da, vfi-

qrobT, saintereso iqneboda proble-

mis ufro Rrmad Seswavla. warmod-

genili statiis farglebSi Catare-

buli mciremasStabiani kvlevis mi-

zanic swored am programasTan da-

kavSirebuli problemebis kvleva da

misi Sedarebaa im bilingvuri pro-

gramebis miRwevebTan, romlebic sax-

elmwifo politikis mxardaWeriT

xorcieldeba.

kvlevis meTodologia

Cven mier Catarebuli kvlevis mi-

zani iyo saqarTveloSi mimdinare

bilingvuri programebis Sedegebis

Seswavla da maTi Sedareba submer-

siis programasTan. kvlevis far-

glebSi ganxilul iqna arsebuli

bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebi,

Seswavlil iqna sakadro resursis

roli bilingvuri ganaTlebis pro-

gramebis ganxorcielebis procesSi

da moswavleebis motivacia qar-

Tuli enis Sesaswavlad. bilingvuri

ganaTlebis programebis efeqturo-

bis Sesadareblad submersiis pro-

33


gramasTan, maTi ganxorcielebis

procesSi arsebuli problemebisa da

gamowvevebis Sesafaseblad Seswav-

lil iqna Semdegi sakvlevi sakiTxe-

bi: a) bilingvuri ganaTlebis rome-

li tipis programebi xorcieldeba q.

marneulis sajaro skolebSi. b)

rogoria bilingvur programebSi

CarTul moswavleTa akademiuri mo-

swreba. g) arsebobs Tu ara survili

da motivacia moswavleebs Soris

qarTuli enis Seswavlisa.

d)ramdenad maRalia mSoblebis sas-

wavlo procesSi CarTulobis xaris-

xi. e) xelisSemSleli faqtorebis

gamovlena saxelmwifo enis Seswav-

lis procesSi.

kvlevis dizaini - kvlevis Casata-

reblad SeirCa Tvisebrivi kvlevis

meTodi, vinaidan kvlevis mizani iyo

sakiTxis CaRmavebuli kvleva da

problemis gadaWris gzebis Zieba:

Catarda rogorc CaRrmavebuli in-

terviuebi, agreTve damuSavda re-

surscentris mier mowodebuli mona-

cemebi skolebis Sesaxeb da moswav-

leTa akademiuri moswrebis Jurna-

lebi. CaRrmavebuli interviu Catar-

da fokus jgufTan, romelsac war-

moadgendnen maswavleblebi marneu-

lis oTxi skolidan. fokus jgufis

monawileebis SerCeva moxda winaswa-

ri SerCevis principiT, marneulis

resurscentris mier mowodebul mo-

nacemebze dayrdnobiT. gamoikiTxa im

klasebisa da sagnebis maswavleble-

bi, romlebic CarTulni arian bi-

lingvur programebSi da marneulis

raionis sof. Sulaveris qarTuleno-

vani skolis maswavleblebi. kvlevis

instruments warmoadgenda CaRrmave-

buli interviusTvis winaswar Semu-

Savebuli kiTxvari. resurscentris

monacemebiT, sofel jandaris, Sau-

mianisa da sofel qvemo saralis

araqarTulenovan skolebSi xor-

cieldeba saxelmwifo enis xelSe-

wyobis programebi. aRniSnul sko-

lebSi gamoikiTxa dawyebiTi safex-

uris 1-5 klasis maswavleblebi. arCe-

vani ganpirobebulia im realobiT,

romelic dakavSirebulia biling-

vuri swavlebis safexurTan (samizne

skolebSi mxolod dawyebiT safex-

urze xorcieldeba bilingvuri ga-

naTleba). miRebuli Sedegebis Seda-

rebis mizniT, gamovkiTxeT amave sas-

wavlo safexuris maswavleblebi

Sulaveris qarTulenovan skolaSi.

kvlevis farglebSi sul gamokiTxul

iqna 15 maswavlebeli. maTTan Catare-

buli CaRrmavebuli interviuebis

konkretul amocanas warmoadgenda

bilingvur programebSi CarTuli

skolebis miRwevebisa da sirTulee-

bis Cveneba, swavlebis periodSi xe-

lisSemSleli faqtorebis gamovlena.

kvlevis Sedegebi- kvlevis Sede-

gebis mixedviT ramdenime mniSvnelo-

vani sakiTxi gamoikveTa: 1) araqar-

Tulenovan moswavleTa enobrivi

kompetenciebi qarTul enaSi daba-

lia; 2) moswavleTa zogadi akademi-

uri moswreba da miRwevebi im sag-

nebSi, romlebic qarTul enaze is-

wavleba dabalia; 3) moswavleTa mo-

tivacia, iswavlon saxelmwifo ena

34


swavlis Semdgomi gagrZelebis miz-

niT - minimaluria; 4) mSoblebisa da

Temis saswavlo procesSi CarTu-

lobis dabali xarisxi, arasakmarisi

sakadro resursi, maswavlebelTa

dabali kvalifikacia da saswavlo

da meTodikuri masalebis uqonloba

ZiriTadi xelisSemSleli faqtore-

bia enis swavlebis procesSi.

kvlevis Sedegebis analizi

1) araqarTulenovan moswavleTa

enobrivi kompetenciebi qarTul ena-

Si dabalia - oTxi enobrivi unaris

mixedviT (wera, kiTxva, metyveleba,

mosmena) araqarTulenovani moswav-

leebis Sefaseba TiToeuli skolis

maswavleblebis mxridan gansxvave-

bulia. zogadad aRiniSneba yvelaze

meti sirTule werisa da kiTxvis

komponentebSi, gansakuTrebiT dawye-

biT klasebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom

sirTuleebi erTi mxriv ganpirobe-

bulia qarTuli enis SeswavlasTan

dakavSirebuli problemebiT, xolo

meore mxriv ki, winare codnisa

(mSobliur enaze wignierebis) da

transferuli unarebis arasakmarisi

ganviTarebiT (gorgaZe, 2012). araqar-

Tulenovan skolebSi mimdinare bi-

lingvuri programebis farglebSi

gamokiTxuli maswavleblebis infor-

maciiT, moswavleebis enobrivi kom-

petenciebi met-naklebad gansxvave-

bulia, magaliTad, qvemo saralis

azerbaijanulenovan skolaSi mos-

wavleebis SedarebiT ukeTesi eno-

brivi kompetenciebi aRiniSna, rac

sapirispiro Sedegia Saumianis som-

xurenovani skolis moswavleebis

enobrivi unarebisa. agreTve enobrivi

unarebis saSualo doneze miuTiTe-

ben jandaris skolis maswavlebleb-

ic, sadac sxvadasxva bilingvuri

programebi xorcieldeba. gansaku-

TrebiT mZime mdgomareoba enobrivi

unarebis ganviTarebis mxriv Sula-

veris qarTulenovani skolis ara-

qarTulenovan moswavleebs aqvT. isi-

ni CarTulebi arian submersiuli ga-

naTlebis programaSi, swavloben

qarTul skolaSi, qarTulenovani

moswavleebis gverdiT. moswavleTa

dabali enobrivi kompetenciebi mas-

wavleblebs iZulebuls xdiT, gaia-

ron saswavlo masala SedarebiT ne-

li tempiT, rac Tavis mxriv, maT

gverdiT myofi qarTulenovani mos-

wavleebisaTvis araxelsayreli da

naklebad sainteresoa. faqtobrivad,

verc qarTulenovani da verc ara-

qarTulenovani bavSvebi programis

farglebSi ver swavloben standar-

tis mixedviT, radganac erTi mxari-

saTvis is rTulia enis arcodnis ga-

mo, xolo meore, qarTulenovani mxa-

risTvis Semaferxebelia araqarTu-

lenovani moswavleebis mxridan auT-

viseblobis gamo. submersiis progra-

mis nakli da sisuste swored aseTi

sirTuleebis gamovlenaa, rasac Su-

laveris skolis magaliTze isic am-

Zafrebs, rom skolas ar hyavs aseTi

programisaTvis kvalificiuri sas-

wavlo kadrebi.

enobrivi unarebis ganviTarebis

sakiTxi Zalian mniSvnelovani da

problematuria gamokiTxuli skole-

35


bisaTvis. saWiroa problemebis ad-

gilze Seswavla da moswavleebis

individualuri saWiroebebis gaTva-

liswinebiT enis swavlebis meTodis

Secvla, imisTvis rom enobrivi kom-

petenciebis qonam momavalSi safuZ-

veli Cauyaros maRal akademiur miR-

wevebs.

2) moswavleTa zogadi akademi-

uri moswreba da miRwevebi im sag-


wavleba Zalian dabalia - kvlevis

erT-erTi mizani iyo moswavleebis

akademiuri warmatebis Sesaxeb in-

formaciis miReba. 1-4 klasebSi aka-

demiuri niSnebi JurnalSi ar iwere-

ba, moswavleebis akademiuri warmate-

bis Sesafaseblad vixelmZRvaneleT

ZiriTadad maswavleblebisgan aRe-

buli interviuebiT.

gamokiTxul maswavlebelTa

umravlesobam aRniSna, rom moswav-

leebis zogadi akademiuri moswreba

damakmayofilebelia, amasTanave maT

miuTiTes, rom arian iseTi moswav-

leebic, romlebic erTnairad cudad

swavloben rogorc qarTul ise ara-

qarTulenovan sagnebs. maTi dabali

akademiuri Sedegebis mizezad mas-

wavleblebma daasaxeles moswavlee-

bis gacdenebis didi maCvenebeli. es

faqti kidev erTi damatebiTi mize-

zia, qarTuli enis arcodnis garda,

rac moswavleebs xels uSlis aka-

demiur winsvlaSi. gacdenebis Ziri-

Tad mizezad dasaxelda moswavlee-

bis sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobaSi

aqtiurad CarTuloba. gamokiTxuli

skolebidan moswavleTa SedarebiT

kargi akademiuri moswreba aRiniSna

araqarTulenovan, bilingvur sko-

lebSi, sadac maswavleblebma mi-

uTiTes, rom moswavleTa zogadi

akademiuri moswreba ufro maRalia,

vidre akademiuri warmateba im sag-


wavleba, Tumca enobrivi unarebis

ganviTarebis kvaldakval, moswav-

leebi qarTulenovani sagnebis aTvi-

sebasac axerxeben. gansakuTrebiT da-

bali akademiuri moswreba dafiqsir-

da qarTulenovan submersiul sko-

laSi, sadac moswavleebis umravle-

sobam ar icis qarTulad wera-

kiTxva, ver axerxeben qarTul enaze

maswavleblis gadacemuli gakveTi-

lidan Sinaarsis gamotanas. aRniS-

nuli skolis 1-5 klasebSi, TiToeul

saganSi (sportis gamoklebiT) mos-

wavleTa miRwevebi Zalian dabalia.

araqarTulenovani moswavleebis aka-

demiuri CamorCenis mizezad gamokiT-

xulma maswavleblebma daasaxeles

maTi dabali enobrivi kompetenciebi,

xolo qarTulenovan moswavleebTan

is garemo, sadac maT nakleb yura-

dRebas uTmoben klasSi arsebuli

araqarTulenovani moswavleebis

siWarbis gamo (91,6 % - araqarTule-

novani, 8,4% - qarTulenovani). mas-

wavleblebma miuTiTes, rom gakve-

Tilebis gacdenebis maCveneli maT-

Tan sakmaod dabalia. amis mizezi

SesaZloa iyos mSoblebis mier sub-

mersiis programis identificireba

xarisxian ganaTlebasTan, romelic

maTi SvilebisaTvis efeqturi iqneba.

SesaZloa erovnuli umciresobebis

36


skolebi danaxul iqnes, rogorc

araxarisxiani, xolo umravlesobisa

- rogorc xarisxiani. am damokide-

bulebis Sesabamisad, mSoblis inte-

resi, bavSvma iaros skolaSi - didia,

Tumca swavlis xarisxze gakveTi-

lebze daswreba am SemTxvevaSi dade-

biTad mainc ar aisaxeba da Sedegi

isev savalaloa.

3) moswavleTa motivacia, iswav-

lon saxelmwifo ena swavlis Semd-

gomi gagrZelebis mizniT minimalu-

ria;-Catarebuli interviuebis Sede-

gad gamovlinda tendencia, rom ara-

qarTulenovani moswavleebis moti-

vacia iswavlon saxelmwifo ena

swavlis Semdgomi gagrZelebis miz-

niT - Zalian dabalia. maswavleblebi

miuTiTeben, rom TiToeuli moswavle

motivirebulia, Seiswavlos qarTuli

ena, Tumca maTi motivacia ver scde-

ba yoveldRiuri saWiroebebis far-

glebs. maT enis codna sWirdebaT

qarTulenovan sazogadoebasTan ko-

munikaciis dasamyareblad, gacvliTi

tipis urTierTobebis Camoyalibebi-

saTvis. isini ver aRiqvamen sakuTar

Tavs, rogorc qarTuli sazogadoe-

bis erT-erT nawils, ver acnobiere-

ben sakuTar SesaZleblobebs da misi

realizaciis gzas saqarTveloSi ver

xedaven. swored aRniSnuli mizezebi

ganapirobebs maT dismotivacias

swavlis gagrZelebis mimarT. aRniS-

nuli sakiTxi mniSvnelovania da sa-

Wiroa gatardes RonisZiebebi mos-

wavleTa swavlis mimarT motivaciisa

da samoqalaqo TviTSegnebis amaRle-

bis mizniT.

4) saswavlo procesisaTvis xe-

lisSemSleli faqtorebi-

gamokiTxuli maswavleblebis umrav-

lesoba upirveles xelisSemSlel

faqtorad bilingvuri ganaTlebis

programis ganxorcielebisas asax-

elebs enobriv garemos. faqtobrivad,

gamokiTxuli skolebis moswavleebis

umetesobas ar aqvs qarTul enasTan

araviTari kontaqti skolis, kerZod

qarTulenovani gakveTilis farglebs

gareT. isini qarTulad saubars ver

axerxeben ojaxSi imis gamo, rom

mSoblebma ar ician qarTuli,

agreTve maTi samezoblo da samego-

bro wreebic araqarTulenovania.

gansakuTrebiT Sulaveris skolis

moswavleebis enobriv da kognitur

ganviTarebas aferxebs araqarTule-

novani garemo, vinaidan isini swav-

loben qarTul skolaSi, enis mimarT

gaaCniaT ufro meti pasuxismgebloba

da maTTvis qarTuli enis Seswavla

aris erTaderTi Sansi daamTavron

skola warmatebiT da swavla gaagr-

Zelon umaRles saswavlebelSi. yve-

laze metad mtkivneuli da xelis-

SemSleli faqtori maswavleblebi-

saTvis aris mSoblebisa da Temis

indiferentuloba zogadad saswav-

lo procesis mimarT. amis mizezad

maswavleblebi asaxeleben upirveles

yovlisa, qarTuli enis arcodnas,

meore mxriv, maT dakavebulobas sa-

soflo-sameurneo saqmianobiT, ris

gamoc dro ar rCebaT, TavianTi Svi-

lebis saskolo cxovrebaSi miiRon

monawileoba, garda amisa, maTi damo-

kidebulebac bavSvebis swavlis mi-

37


marT problematuria. mSoblebs ar

aqvT moTxovna, maTma Svilebma icod-

nen elementaruli qarTulis nac-

vlad ena ufro Rrmad, iswavlon

skolaSi yvela sagani kargad, vi-

naidan ver xedaven ganaTlebis au-

cileblobas, ar gaaCniaT informacia

im SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb, rom-

lebic bavSvebs eqnebaT kargi ganaT-

lebis miRebis Semdeg. garda aRniS-

nuli faqtorebisa, maswavleblebi-

saTvis mniSvnelovania agreTve sas-

wavlo da meToduri masalebis ukma-

risoba. gamokiTxuli skolebidan

ufro metad araqarTulenovan, bi-

lingvur skolaSi iyeneben vizua-

lur masalas da audioteqnikas sa-

gakveTilo procesSi xSirad, vinai-

dan maT amis saSualeba aqvT. Tumca,

ganicdian video- da audiodiskebis

naklebobas, rac maT xels uSlis,

ufro mravalferovani da saintereso

gaxadon bavSvisaTvis qarTulenovani

gakveTili. skolebSi moipoveba kom-

piuteri (iSviaTad - kompiuterebic)

da CD-fleierebi, Tumca isini Zalian

mcire raodenobiTaa da yvela kla-

sisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi. garda

audio-video teqnikisa, skolebi ga-

nicdian vizualuri masalis ukmari-

sobas. im faqtidan gamomdinare,

rom swavlebis dabal safexurze

moswavleebis aRqma konkretul-

sagnobrivia, Zalian mniSvnelovania,

maTTvis cnebebis axsnasTan erTad

maTi aRmniSvnelis Cvenebac.

gamokiTxulTa mier dasaxele-

buli xelisSemSleli faqtorebis

garda, agreTve mwvaved dgas rogorc

bilingvur, aseve qarTulenovan

skolebSi sakadro resursis kvali-

fikaciis sakiTxi. skolebi sakadro

resursis deficits ganicdian. moq-

medi maswavleblebi ar floben bi-

lingvuri swavlebisaTvis saWiro me-

Todebs, xolo axali kadrebiT maTi

Canacvlebis perspeqtivac jerjero-

biT ar Cans. ganaTlebis saministros

mier ganxorcielebuli treningebi

da proeqtebi maswavleblebis gadam-

zadebasTan dakavSirebiT misasalme-

belia, Tumca isini droSi aramdgra-

dia da efeqturobac dabalia, vinai-

dan ver floben bilingvuri swavle-

bis meTodebs. saWiroa, sxva aRniS-

nul problemebTan erTad, gadaix-

edos bilingvuri skolebis sakadro

resursis sakiTxi da daigegmos Sesa-

bamisi RonisZiebebi.

daskvna/kvlevis Sedegebi

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili

problemebi da sirTuleebi gasaTva-

liswinebelia bilingvuri ganaTle-

bis gaumjobesebis mizniT da Sesaba-

misad, miRebuli Sedegebi SesaZloa

mniSvnelovani instrumenti gaxdes

momavali saganmanaTleblo RonisZie-

bebis dagegmvisaTvis. mniSvnelova-

nia, TiToeuli problema kidev ufro

Rrmad iqnas Seswavlili da misi

mogvarebis RonisZiebebic sworad

daigegmos. gamovlenili problemebi-

dan upirvelesia sakadros resursis

deficiti da arsebuli maswavleble-

bis kvalifikaciis dabali done. is

maswavleblebi, romlebic bilingvur

swavlebas axorcieleben, ganaTlebis

38


saministros proeqtebis farglebSi

arian araqarTulenovan skolebSi

mivlinebulni. maTi muSaobis efeq-

turoba drois mixedviT, SesaZloa,

aramdgradi aRmoCndes, vinaidan maTi

skolaSi swavlebis motivacia ume-

tesad, SesaZloa, ganpirobebuli

iyos garegani motivatorebiT, maga-

liTad, rogoricaa kargi anazRaure-

ba („proeqti aswavle qarTuli, ro-

gorc meore ena“ - 1000 lariani mas-

wavlebeli), samomavlo sargeblis

molodini („qarTuli ena momavali

warmatebisTvis“ - samagistro gran-

ti) da a.S. aRniSnuli faqtorebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, saWiroa, saskolo

kadrebis mudmivi momzadeba da arse-

buli kadrebis Canacvleba, motiva-

ciisa da swavlis xarisxis gaumjo-

besebis mizniT.

Cveni azriT, ganaTlebis samini-

tros mier ganxorcielebuli „saSe-

RavaTo politikis“ programa Za-

lian mniSvnelovania eTnikuri umci-

resobebis skolebisaTvis samomavlo

saskolo kadrebis momzadebis mxriv.

am programas gaaCnia rogorc dade-

biTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxareebic. ma-

gram mTavari isaa, rom im studen-

tebisagan, romlebic „saSeRavaTo

politikis“ farglebSi swavloben

miviRoT bilingvuri ganaTlebisaT-

vis saWiro kvalificiuri kadrebi.

swored maT unda Caanacvlon samo-

mavlod axlandeli bilingvuri pro-

gramebis maswavleblebi da isini un-

da iqcnen momaval saskolo adamia-

nuri resursad. aseTi Sedegebis mi-

Reba SesaZlebelia, Tuki arsebuli

saganmanaTleblo politika kidev

erTxel gaanalizdeba da ufro kar-

gad daigegmeba, ufro meti yuradReba

daeTmoba „saSeRavaTo politikis“

studentebis swavlis xarisxis gaum-

jobesebas.

kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT,

agreTve mniSvnelovani problemaa

mSoblebisa da Temis CarTuloba

erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxle-

bul regionebSi. jer kidev 2010

wels Catarebulma kvlevam (tabataZe,

2010) aCvena, rom am mimarTulebiT

seriozuli problemebi aqvs araqar-

Tulenovan skolebs. Cvens mier Cata-

rebulma kvlevam kidev ufro naTeli

gaxada mSoblebis motivaciis dabali

done, rac udidesi xelisSemSleli

faqtoria saxelmwifo enis Seswav-

lisa da zogadad, swavlebis pro-

cesSi. saWiroa, daigegmos da mom-

zaddes iseTi programebi, romlebic

mSoblebs miawodebs informacias

maTTvis da maTi SvilebisaTvis qar-

Tuli enis mniSvnelobaze da maTi

rolis Sesaxeb saskolo cxovrebaSi.

mSoblebis mxridan qarTuli enis

arcodnis gaTvaliswinebiT, saWiroa

ganaTlebis saministrom da arasam-

Tavrobo organizaciebma mimdinare

bilingvuri programebis paralelu-

rad, izrunon mSoblebis ganaTle-

baze, maTi motivaciis amaRlebaze,

dainaxon saxelmwifo enis Ses-

wavlis aucilebloba.

Cvenma kvlevam aCvena, rom, miux-

edavad saxelmwifo enis mxardamWeri

programebis ganxorcielebisas aRmo-

Cenili problemebisa, bilingvuri

39


programebis farglebSi, moswavlee-

bis enobrivi kompetenciebi da akade-

miuri miRwevebi qarTul enaSi Seda-

rebiT maRalia, vidre submersiis

programis moswavleebis miRwevebi. am

faqts amwvavebs submersiis progra-

mis ganxorcielebis procesSi aRmo-

Cenili bevri xarvezi da problemac,

romlebic myisier reaqcias moiTxovs

ganaTlebis politikis Semqmnelebis-

gan. sasurvelia, kidev erTxel gaa-

nalizdes submersiis, rogorc „sus-

ti“ bilingvuri programis ganxor-

cielebis saWiroeba, vinaidan aseTi

tipis skolebSi araqarTulenovani

moswavleebi verc akademiur warma-

tebebs aRweven da verc qarTul enas

swavloben srulyofilad. amas ema-

teba isic, rom maT gverdiT myofi

qarTulenovani moswavleebic Camor-

Cebian programul masalas, rasac

mivyavarT ormxriv danakargamde -

swavlis dasasruls ver miviRebT

verc qarTulad mosaubre araqarT-

velebs da verc swavlaSi warmate-

bul qarTulenovan moswavleebs.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, kvleve-

biT dadasturebulia, rom submer-

siis programa msoflioSi waruma-

teblad iTvleba: mis farglebSi ver

miiRweva maRali donis kognituri

ganviTareba da moswavleebis akade-

miuri miRwevebic Zalian dabalia.

Cven mier Catarebulma mciremasSta-

bianma kvlevam asaxa is problemebi

da miRwevebi, romlebic Tan axlavs

rogorc saxelmwifo enis mxardamWe-

ri bilingvuri programebis ganxor-

cielebas, agreTve submersiis pro-

gramas. maTma Sedarebam ki aCvena bi-

lingvuri programis Sedegebis upi-

ratesoba submersiis programis Se-

degebTan.

warmodgenili Sedegebis gaTva-

liswinebiT, mivediT im daskvnamde,

rom sworad dagegmili da ganxor-

cielebuli bilingvuri programe-

biT SevZlebT erovnuli umcireso-

bebis enobrivi codnis amaRlebas da

aqtiur CarTvas saqarTvelos sax-

elmwifo cxovrebaSi, xels Sevu-

wyobT maT integracias qarTvel er-

Tan da maTi adamianuri potencialis

realizacias saqarTvelos fargleb-

Si.

40


gamoyenebuli literatura:

bagauri, 2010 – baguri i., submersia - bilingvuri ganaTlebis susti programa.

Jurnali bilingvuri ganaTleba, # 1, 2010 [Online] Available: http://www.bilingualeducation.ge/articles/id/15 [Accessed 19 April 2012]

beikeri, 2010 – beikeri k., bilingvuri ganaTlebisa da bilingvizmis safuZvlebi.

meoTxe gamocema, Tb., 2010.

gorgaZe, 2012 - gorgaZe n.,. doneebad dayofili wignebi da maTi mniSvneloba

kiTxvis unarebis ganviTarebaSi. [online] Jurnali bilingvuri ganaTleba,

# 9, 2012, gv. 13-26. Available: http://www.bilingualeducation.ge/articles/id/189 [Accessed 4 July 2012]

tabataZe, 2010 - tabataZe S., bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebi; ra arCevani

aqvT saqarTveloSi sajaro skolebs. Jurnali bilingvuri ganaTleba №1,

2010 [Online] http://www.bilingualeducation.ge/articles/id/13 [Accessed 18 April 2012] tabataZe, SubiTiZe, 2010 – tabataZe S. & SubiTiZe.i. meore enis swavlisa da aT-

visebis Teoriebi. Jurnali bilingvuri ganaTleba # 4, 2010 [Online] Available: http://www.bilingualeducation.ge/articles/id/63 [ Accessed 13 May 2012]

SubiTiZe, 2011 - SubiTiZe. i., enobrivi politika saqarTveloSi da saxelmwifo

enis swavlebis procesSi arsebuli sirTuleebi. Jurnali bilingvuri ga-

naTleba 6, 2010 [online] Available: http://www.bilingualeducation.ge/articles/goto/2011-3 [Accessed 15 May 2012]

fazio, listeri, 1995 - Fazio. L & Lyster.R, Immersion and Submersion Classrooms: A Compari-son of Instructional Practises in Language Arts, 1995

41


Elene Jajanidze Center for Civil Integration

and Inter-Ethnic Relations

Bilingual programs and Submersion education for ethnic

minorities in Georgia

ABSTRACT

The article argues the necessity of learning the state language by the ethnic minorities and bilingual education as a important way for their integration in Georgia.The article also shows the comparison be-tween submersion program and the current bilingual programs. The purpose of the article is to describe problems and achievements in process of bilingual program implementation for an improvement quality of bilingual education. The objective of the research is to analyze the problems and challenges in the process of teaching state language. The subject of the research is to compare the results of Georgian language supporting programs with submersion program, student's academic achievements and lan-guage possession levels.

42


nino popiaSvili

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

orenovneba da saxelmwifo ena: midgomebi da

strategiebi

abstraqti

naSromSi ganxilulia meore enisa da saxelmwifo enis swavlebis

strategiebi da Tanamedrove midgomebi. kerZod, meore enis swavlebis

strategiebi:

rodesac enis flobis done erTnairia ojaxis zrdasrul da mozard

wevrebs Soris, mizanSewonilia asakobrivi jgufebis nacvlad,

integrirebul, Sereul jgufebad dayofa, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi enis

Seswavla, rogorc sirTule, rogorc garkveuli problema, advilad

dasaZlevi xdeba. meore enis swavleba Sereul/integrirebul jgufebSi ar

gamoricxavs mSobliur enaze komunikacias. iTvleba, rom meore enis

Seswavlisas integrirebul jgufSi (mSoblebisa da Svilebis jgufi)

Cndeba saerTo terminologia, gramatikuli modelebi, meore enis aRqmis

erTiani xati, sadac ojaxis wevrebi axseneben erTmaneTs sityvebs,

gamoTqmebs, adareben da aanalizeben meore enis gramatikul, enobriv

aspeqtebs, rac, mTlianobaSi, aadvilebs enis Seswavlas.

meore ena SesaZloa iyos is ena,

romelic mSobliuri enis aTvisebis

Semdgom Seiswavla adamianma.

„termini meore ena gamoiyeneba im

enobrivi saxesxvaobebisTvis,

romelTa aTvisebac bavSvobaSi ki ar

xdeba, aramed _ mogvianebiT: amis

gamo, yvela sxva ena, garda pirveli

enisa (romelzec mozardi iwyebs

azrovnebas), unda moviazroT meore,

mesame da a. S. enebad maTi SeZenis

Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT“ (gabunia,

ezugbaia, qiria 2010, gv. 29).

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom meore

ena dReisaTvis miiCneva im enad,

romlis moxmarebac yoveldRiurad

aris aucilebeli. mag.

saxelmwifoSi, sacxovrebel

garemoSi, maRaziaSi, an ojaxSic im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu ojaxis wevrebis

(mSobeli, naTesavi) mxolod im enaze

laparakobs.

43


meore ena umravles SemTxvevaSi

aris ena, romelzec erovnuli

umciresobebi an migrantebi

saubroben. dasavluri/evropuli

gamocdilebis mixedviT, meore ena

aris axalgazda/mozardi

migrantebisaTvis saxelmwifo ena,

radgan migrantebis umravlesoba

sakuTar mSobliur enaze saubrobs

da maTTvis maspinZeli qveynis

saxelmwifo ena meore enad iqceva.

zogierT qveyanaSi, mag. amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi, rogorc wesi,

migranti bavSvebi saxelmwifo enas

ufro euflebian, vidre mSobliur

enas. aseve, cnobilia, rom

daaxloebiT 360-370 milion kacze

meti inglisur enas flobs rogorc

meore enas. amis saWiroebas ki qmnis

calkeuli qveynebis - indoeTis,

pakistanis, nigeriis, keniis da sxva

saxelmwifoebis mravalenovneba,

sadac inglisuri zeregionaluri,

urTierTgagebinebis saSualebas

warmoadgens. am qveynebSi inglisuri

ena aris meore oficialuri ena.

orenovan regionebSi, magaliTad,

rogoricaa samxreT tiroli

(italiaSi) meore enis Seswavla

aucilebelia saskolo kurikulumSi

(italiur skolebSi _ germanuli,

germanul skolebSi _ italiuri).

germaniaSi, 2005 wlis 1

ianvridan, kanonis mixedviT,

migrantebma aucileblad unda

gaiaron integraciis kursebi

germanulSi, rogorc meore enaSi,

radgan inegraciis kursebma sxva

Sinaarsobriv da praqtikul

unarebTan erTad, unda aamaRlos

msmenelis codna meore enaSi, am

SemTxvevaSi, germanulSi (boni 1998,

gv. 3).

dasavluri / evropuli gamocdi-

lebis mixedviT, meore enis

swavlebis meTodebi ucxo enis

swavlebis meTodebisagan konceptua-

lurad gansxvavdeba. konceptis

gansakuTrebuloba imaSi mdgoma-

reobs, rom meore enis swavlebis

dros didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

mSobliuri enis faqtors.

mSobliuri ena meore enis gasaRebs

warmoadgens. cnobilia, rom mSobli-

uri ena adamianisaTvis identobis

erT-erTi nawilia, mxolod

mSobliur enazea SesaZlebeli

adamianisaTvis rTuli da

azrobrivad datvirTuli Sinaarsis

gageba da asakobrivi da ganvi-

Tarebis Sesabamisi winadadebebisa

da azrebis gamoxatva.

mSobliuri ena aris adamianis

kognituri ganviTarebis mamoZra-

vebeli RerZi, manamde, vidre meore

ena am rols SeiZens. Sesabamisad,

mSobliuri enidan meore enaze

gadasvla, meore enis Seswavla im

SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac meore enis

maswavlebeli ar aris msmenelis /

moswavlis mSobliur enaze

mosaubre, Tanamedrove

teqnologiebis gamo-yenebiT,

SesaZlebelia msmenels SesTavazon

teqstebi orive enaze. sxvadasxva

zomisa da Sinaarsis

interkulturuli Sinaarsis mqone

teqstebi, asakobrivi da enis codnis

44


monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT did

daxmarebas uwevs meore enis

maswavleblebs swavlebis procesSi.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom

migrantebis / erovnuli umci-

resobebis ufrosi TaobisaTvis

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs im

faqtors, rom meore enam ar

Caanacvlos mSobliuri ena. kerZod,

rodesac saqme exebaT bavSvebs, maTi

mSoblebis: migrantebis da / an

erovnuli umciresobebis warmo-

madgenlebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba

aqvs imasac, rom maTma Svilebma,

romlebic aseve Seiswavlian meore

enas/saxelmwifo enas, mSobliuri

enac saTanadod icodnen. imiT, rom

meore enis swavleba mSobliuri enis

aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT

mimdinareobs, garkveuli winapiroba,

rom mSobliuri ena recipianti-

saTvis SenarCunebuli unda iyos,

Sesrulebulad iTvleba. Sesaba-

misad, meore enis swavleba ufro

motivirebulad mimdinareobs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom dReisaTvis

orenovneba / mravalenovneba migran-

tebis magaliTze ganixileba ara

rogorc nakli an Seusabamoba,

aramed rogorc TviTSecnoba /

identoba. bavSvebi bevrs igeben

enis/enebis meSveobiT, aqvT

saSualeba enaTa Sedarebisa, rac

SeiZleba bevrisaTvis Zalian

saintereso aRmoCndes momavalSi.

orenovneba xels uwyobs enaTa

gacnobierebas, rac umTavres mizans

warmoadgens meore enis swavlebis

dros. Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove

meTodebSi sul ufro meti adgili

eTmoba meore enis swavlebis dros

mSobliuri enis aspeqtebis

gamoyenebas, SedarebiT analizs,

komparativistul diskursebs.

meore ena, rogorc mSobliuri

enis Semdgom an mis paralelurad

mdgomi ena, Tavisi enobrivi da

fsiqosocialuri aspeqtebis gaTva-

liswinebiT, gansxvavdeba sxva enis,

Tundac ucxo enis swavlebis

faqtorebisagan.

meore enisa da ucxo enis

swavlebis meTodebi xSirad

SesaZloa identuric iyos, Tumca

arsebobs Zireuli gansxvavebebic am

ori, sxvadasxva daniSnulebiTi,

Tumca zogjer, erTi da imave enis

swavlebaSi. kerZod, rogorc

cnobilia, meore ena xSir

SemTxvevaSi aris saxelmwifo ena.

meore ena erovnuli umcireso-

bebisaTvis, aseve migrantebisaTvis,

xdeba saxelwifo ena, romelSic

moqalaqes uwevs cxovreba da

amitomac, enas, garda sakuTriv

lingvistur-sakomunikacio aspeq-

tebisa, sxva, damatebiTi daniS-

nulebac aqvs, rogoricaa moqalaqis

integracia, srulfasovani CarTu-

loba qveynis samoqalaqo

cxovrebaSi. amitomac, meore enis

swavleba Zireulad gansxvavdeba

ucxo enis swavlebisagan da

meTodur aspeqtSic asaxavs im

damatebiT komponents, integraciis

aucileblobas, rome-lic meore

enisaTvis aucilebelia.

45


meore enis swavlebis dros

mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba asaks.

kerZod, Tu rodis xdeba enis

Seswavla: zrdasrulebSi Tu

mozardebSi. am mxriv gansxvavdeba

meore enis swavlebis strategiebic.

zogierTi gamokvlevis Tanaxmad,

gansazRvruli gansxvaveba pirvelsa

da meore enas Soris asakSia, Tu

rodis, ra asakSi iqna aTvisebuli

ena. mag. erik lenebergi (lenbergi

1966) termin meore enas iyenebs imis

gansasazRvrad, Tu gacnobierebulad

romeli ena iqna Seswavlili da

gamoyenebuli zrdasrulis mier.

umravles SemTxvevaSi rTulia meore

enis statusiT enis flobis im

donis miRweva, rac mSobliur enas

aqvs.

unda aRiniSnos is mniSvnelovani

faqtoric, rom mSobliuri ena,

rogorc garkveulwilad funda-

menturi, sabaziso ena Tavis

arsebobas am statusiT agrZelebs

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, Tumca

mozardebTan dakavSirebiT ukve

SeimCneva mSobliur enasa da meore

enas Soris akademiuri ganviTarebas,

akademiur ganswavlas Soris

Tavdapirvelad umniSvnelo, mogvia-

nebiT ki _ uTuod mniSvnelovani

gansxvavebebi. vinaidan mozardi

akademiurad eufleba meore enas

skolaSi, universitetSi, xolo

mSobliur enaze komunikacia xdeba

mxolod ojaxSi, naTesavebTan,

viwro samegobro wreSi, mSobliuri

enis codnis done garkveuli

asakidan iklebs da mas enacvleba

meore ena.

Sesabamisad, SegviZlia meore enis

swavlebisas, asakobrivi aspeqtis

gaTvaliswinebiT, ori gansxvavebuli

suraTi davinaxoT:

meore enis swavleba zrdasrulebSi

mSobliuri ena

meore ena

ucxo ena

9-10 wlidan 20-30 wlidan 40-50 wlidan

46


meore enis swavla mozardebSi

mSobliuri ena meore ena

meore enis swavleba ramdenime strategiad SeiZleba daiyos:

mSoblebisa da Svilebis jgufi

rodesac enis flobis done

erTnairia ojaxis zrdasrul da

mozard wevrebs Soris,

mizanSwonilia asakobrivi jgufebis

nacvlad integrirebul, Sereul

jgufebad dayofa. aRniSnuli

strategiis Zlieri mxare is aris,

rom ojaxis yvela wevri erTnairad

eufleba enas, aqvT erTnairi

davalebebi, erTidaigive teqstebi,

rac qmnis saerTo motivacias. es ki

mniSvnelovani komponentia enis

swavla/swavlebis dros, radgan,

aseT SemTxvevaSi enis Seswavla,

rogorc sirTule, rogorc

garkveuli problema, advilad

dasaZlevi xdeba. aseT dros

mSolebi xSirad svamen kiTxvebs:

SeiZleba ojaxSi mSobliur enaze

saubari? meore enis swavleba

Sereul/integrirebul jgufebSi ar

gamoricxavs mSobliur enaze

komunikacias. iTvleba, rom meore

enis Seswavlisas integrirebul

jgufSi (mSoblebisa da Svilebis

jgufi) Cndeba saerTo

terminologia, gramatikuli

modelebi, meore enis aRqmis erTiani

xati, sadac ojaxis wevrebi

axseneben erTmaneTs sityvebs,

gamoTqmebs, adareben da aanalizeben

meore enis gramatikul, enobriv

aspeqtebs, rac, mTlianobaSi,

aadvilebs enis Seswavlas.

47


rac ufro adre, miT ufro kargad

rogorc cnobilia, enis Seswavla

adreul asakobriv jgufSi enis

srulfasovani Seswavlis

Taviseburi garantia. Sesabamisad,

meore enis swavlebisas

mniSvnelovani aspeqtia enis adreul

asakSi swavleba. am mxriv ki,

SesaZlebelia swavlebis tradici-

uli sqema Seicvalos da miviRoT:

mozardi aswavlis zrdasruls,

sadac Svili _ ojaxis umcrosi

wevri, romelic meore enas eufleba

skolaSi, meore enis swavlebis

Semdgom etapze, exmareba mSobels,

romelic meore enas eufleba enis

kursebze (sakvirao, araformaluri,

enis skola). aseT SemTxvevaSi

enobrivi sirTuleebi daZleulia

mozardis gamocdilebis mixedviT,

radgan mas ufro mdidari enobrivi

kompetencia gaaCnia.

asakobrivi definicia

meore enis swavlebis dros

SesaZloa ganixilebodes rogorc

enis flobis doneebis mixedviT

msmenelTa definicia da swavleba,

ise asakobrivi definicia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom enis

swavlebis strategia mSoblebisa da

Svilebis erTad swavlebis dros

ganixilavs pozitiur

maxasiaTeblebs, unda iTqvas, rom

zogierT SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT

ki, kulturuli mravalferovnebis

pirobebSi, msmenelTa asakobrivi

doneebis mixedviT dayofa ufro

gamarTlebulia. zrdasrulebisa da

mozardebis jgufebis dayofa

zogierT kulturaSi aucilebelic

aris, vinaidan zrdasrulebs

garkveuli negatiuri damokide-

buleba uCndebaT mozardebTan

erTad swavlis dros, gansakuTrebiT

sensitiuri faqtori SeiZleba iyos

Secdomebis daSveba, Secdomebis

Sesworeba jgufis wevris

(mozardis) mier, axsnili masalis

gameorebis siZneleebi, Sexseneba

jgufis wevris (mozardis) mier, an

piriqiT, zrdasrulis mier,

mSoblis/ufrosis poziciidan da

sxva.

situaciuri integracia

wignSi: „msoflio xvdeba

erTmaneTs sabavSvo baRSi“

(vainhaimi, 2005) aRniSnulia, rom

situaciuri integracia erT-erTi

yvelaze xelSemwyobi faqtoria

meore enis swavlebis dros.

Sesabamisad, sacxovrebeli garemo,

xSiri da intensiuri komunikacia,

samsaxuri, skola, sabavSvo baRi,

maRazia... SesaZloa iqces mzardi

integraciis, aseve, meore enis

Seswavlis ZiriTad/mTavar

motivaciad.

ra meToduri midgomebi SeiZleba

gamoviyenoT meore enis swavlebisas

komunikaciuri meTodi, jgufuri

da partnioruli muSaobis meTodebi,

roluri TamaSebi, romelic

aqtualuria yoveldRiur cxov-

rebaSi, maT Soris monawileTa

samSobloSi, regionalur/lokalur

jgufSi da meore enaze mosaubre

xalxSi.

meTodebi, romelic TviTSes-

avlas uwyobs xels, magaliTad,

werilebis wera, informaciis

damoukideblad mopoveba da sxv.

48


gamoyenebuli literatura:

boni, 1998 - Ocke-Schweden Bohn, Wahrnehmung fremdsprachlicher Laute: Wo is das Problem?, im Buch: Tuebinger Beitrege zur Linguistik, Serie A: Language Development, Tuebingen, Narr, 1998.

beikeri, 2010 - kolin beikeri, bilingvuri ganaTlebisa da bilingvizmis

safuZvlebi, meoTxe gamocema, Tb., 2010.

gabunia, ezugbaia, qiria, 2010:- kaxa gabunia, lali ezugbaia, Wabuki qiria,

enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi 2010.

lenebergi, 1966 - Lenneberg E. H. , The national history of language, Cambridge 1966. saxelmwifo enis swavlebis sakiTxebi, 2011 - saxelmwifo enis swavlebis

sakiTxebi: problemebi da gamowvevebi, saerTaSoriso samecniero

konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi, baTumi 2011.

ulrixi..., 2005 - Ulich, M., Oberhuemer, P., Soltendieck, M. (2.Aufl. 2005). Die Welt trifft sich im Kindergarten. Weinheim und Basel: Beltz Verlag.

Nino popiashvili Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Bilingualism and state language: Approaches and Strategies

ABSTRACT

The paper presents modern approaches during the second language and state language teach-ing process, in particular, second language learning strategies. When the level of the second language possession is the same within young and elder members of family, it is advisable to divide language learners as a mixed group instead of age group, because in this case language acquisition is easier. Second language teaching process in the mixed/integrated group doesn’t exclude communication on the native language, but it is considered that, during the second lan-guage acquisition in the integrated groups (groups included parents and children) there are common terminology, grammatical models, common perceptions of the second language, where all the members of the family are involved in the learning process and remind each oth-er vocabulary and expressions. They make a comparison and analyze of the second language grammatical and linguistic aspects, that makes learning process pleasant in overall.

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