BEAUTY & BODY MODIFICATIONDr. Sarah Rainey

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION/CUTTING

Terminology and Politics FGM versus FGC Clitoridectomy Female Circumcision Infibulation

Women’s role in FGC Ending FGC

PLASTIC SURGERY

Labiaplasty Rhinoplasty Tummy Tucks Liposuction Breast Implants

COSMETICS

Lotions, self-tanners, and crèmes Parabens

Make-up Petroleum Distillates

Botox & other injectables Chemical peels & other “medi-spa” offerings Nail Polishes

Phthalates Toluene

HAIR PRODUCTS

Hair care products Coal Tar

Hair-dye Lead Acetate

Relaxers and perms Sodium Hydroxide, Guanidine Hydroxide, Lithium

Hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide, Ammonium Thioglycolate

EMPOWERMENT?

When are body modifications…. a source of expression and empowering? feminist? harmful, backwards practices?