Becoming an Industrial Becoming an Industrial NationNation

1865 - 19051865 - 1905

What are some inventions What are some inventions that have recently come that have recently come out that have changed the out that have changed the way people live their way people live their lives?lives?

New Ideas & New InventionsNew Ideas & New Inventions

The late 1800’s was a time when new The late 1800’s was a time when new inventions and technology spurred rapid inventions and technology spurred rapid industrial expansion in the U.S.industrial expansion in the U.S.

This time period is also known as the This time period is also known as the Second Industrial Revolution.Second Industrial Revolution.

This era of industrial change dramatically This era of industrial change dramatically altered manufacturing, transportation, and altered manufacturing, transportation, and the way Americans lived their lives.the way Americans lived their lives.

SteelSteel

Steel was not an unknown metal during the 1800’s.Steel was not an unknown metal during the 1800’s. It is created through the transformation of iron ore and It is created through the transformation of iron ore and

was extremely expensive to make.was extremely expensive to make. This all changed when Henry Bessemer developed the This all changed when Henry Bessemer developed the

Bessemer processBessemer process, which burned off the impurities in , which burned off the impurities in molten iron with a blast of hot air.molten iron with a blast of hot air.

Steel is much stronger than iron.Steel is much stronger than iron. http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/search/http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/search/

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So Pittsburgh was the steel capital of So Pittsburgh was the steel capital of the U.S……what now makes sense to the U.S……what now makes sense to all the sports fans?all the sports fans?

OilOil

The existence of crude oil was known for The existence of crude oil was known for hundreds of years.hundreds of years.

Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well in the U.S. in Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well in the U.S. in 1859 near Titusville, Pennsylvania.1859 near Titusville, Pennsylvania.

In the late 1800’s, crude oil began to be refined.In the late 1800’s, crude oil began to be refined. Oil could be used to make kerosene for lampsOil could be used to make kerosene for lamps The main industrial use of oil came with the creation The main industrial use of oil came with the creation

of petroleum.of petroleum. http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

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Horseless Carriages & EnginesHorseless Carriages & Engines

Advancements in oil refinement led to the Advancements in oil refinement led to the development of motorized vehicles.development of motorized vehicles.

These innovations led Nikolaus A. Otto to These innovations led Nikolaus A. Otto to invent the first internal combustion engine invent the first internal combustion engine in 1876.in 1876. These engines were powered by gasoline and These engines were powered by gasoline and

led to more advanced horseless carriages, led to more advanced horseless carriages, which were previously powered by steam which were previously powered by steam engines.engines.

AirplanesAirplanes

Internal combustion engines also led to Internal combustion engines also led to advances in flight.advances in flight.

Orville and Wilbur Wright were the first to create Orville and Wilbur Wright were the first to create a working airplane.a working airplane.

Their maiden flight on December 17, 1903 in Their maiden flight on December 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina was only a mere 12 Kitty Hawk, North Carolina was only a mere 12 seconds long covering only 120 feet; however, seconds long covering only 120 feet; however, their achievement ushered in the “Age of Flight.”their achievement ushered in the “Age of Flight.”

TelegraphTelegraph

The telegraph, developed by Samuel The telegraph, developed by Samuel Morse, offered a means of communicated Morse, offered a means of communicated over wires with electricity.over wires with electricity.

Morse filed for a patent in 1837.Morse filed for a patent in 1837. A patent is a guarantee to protect an A patent is a guarantee to protect an

inventor’s right to make, use, or sell the inventor’s right to make, use, or sell the invention.invention.

Telegraphs soon grew to be an important Telegraphs soon grew to be an important means of communication in the 1800’s.means of communication in the 1800’s.

TelephoneTelephone

Alexander Graham Alexander Graham Bell patented the Bell patented the “talking telegraph” in “talking telegraph” in March 1876.March 1876.

By the end of the By the end of the 1800’s, more than a 1800’s, more than a million telephones million telephones had been installed in had been installed in homes and business homes and business across the U.S.across the U.S.

TypewriterTypewriter The typewriter was The typewriter was

designed by Christopher designed by Christopher Sholes in 1867.Sholes in 1867.

Businesses created Businesses created whole departments whole departments whose sole job was to whose sole job was to type. type.

Women made up the Women made up the majority of these workers, majority of these workers, making the typewriter an making the typewriter an extremely important extremely important reason why women were reason why women were able to joined the able to joined the workforce.workforce.

Thomas EdisonThomas Edison

Thomas Edison was a very important Thomas Edison was a very important inventor during the Second Industrial inventor during the Second Industrial Revolution.Revolution.

In 1876, he set up a workshop in Menlo In 1876, he set up a workshop in Menlo Park, New Jersey.Park, New Jersey.

He was nicknamed the “Wizard of Menlo He was nicknamed the “Wizard of Menlo Park.”Park.”

By the time he died, Edison held over By the time he died, Edison held over 1,000 patents.1,000 patents.

Hypothetical SituationHypothetical Situation

A group of computer hackers have successfully A group of computer hackers have successfully hacked into all the electric companies across the hacked into all the electric companies across the United States and have halted the flow of United States and have halted the flow of electricity across the country. In a panic, electricity across the country. In a panic, millions of Americans flood the stores in search millions of Americans flood the stores in search of batteries and portable generators. You and of batteries and portable generators. You and your family are not one of the lucky families to your family are not one of the lucky families to acquire a generator or extra batteries. You are acquire a generator or extra batteries. You are informed that it is going to take approximately informed that it is going to take approximately one month for the electric companies to reboot one month for the electric companies to reboot their computer systems and restore the flow of their computer systems and restore the flow of electricity to the country. Essentially you and electricity to the country. Essentially you and your family are going to go through a month long your family are going to go through a month long blackout.blackout.

Your assignment is to work in groups of 3 Your assignment is to work in groups of 3 and discuss what life would be like for that and discuss what life would be like for that month. Try to think of things you use in month. Try to think of things you use in your everyday life that require any amount your everyday life that require any amount of electricity. Also, try to think of things of electricity. Also, try to think of things “outside the box” that you use that require “outside the box” that you use that require electricity. For example, cars would not be electricity. For example, cars would not be able to fill up with gasoline because the able to fill up with gasoline because the pumps are run electronically. Make a list pumps are run electronically. Make a list of 10 things and be ready to discuss them.of 10 things and be ready to discuss them.

Working ClassWorking Class

The industrialization of America caused a The industrialization of America caused a huge demand for laborers.huge demand for laborers.

Many jobs were filled by immigrants Many jobs were filled by immigrants hoping to build a better life.hoping to build a better life.

Other positions were filled by Southern Other positions were filled by Southern African Americans, women, and childrenAfrican Americans, women, and children In the late 1800’s, 20% of American children In the late 1800’s, 20% of American children

between ages 10 – 15 worked for wagesbetween ages 10 – 15 worked for wages

Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

Working conditions in factories were Working conditions in factories were extremely horrible.extremely horrible.

Workers worked 10-12 hour shifts, 6 days Workers worked 10-12 hour shifts, 6 days a week, for less than $10 a week.a week, for less than $10 a week.

Laborers were often fatigued due to such Laborers were often fatigued due to such long hours, which caused the risk of injury long hours, which caused the risk of injury or death to increase.or death to increase. In 1881, approximately 30,000 railroad In 1881, approximately 30,000 railroad

workers were killed or injured.workers were killed or injured.

Company townsCompany towns

Employers sometimes set up company Employers sometimes set up company towns in order to gain more control over towns in order to gain more control over workers.workers.

In these towns the company controlled the In these towns the company controlled the housing and the retail businesses workers housing and the retail businesses workers used.used.

Workers who lived in these towns were Workers who lived in these towns were paid in currency that could only be used in paid in currency that could only be used in the company town.the company town.

Laissez-faireLaissez-faire

Even though the government had passed Even though the government had passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, little was being the Sherman Antitrust Act, little was being done to stop the mistreatment of workers.done to stop the mistreatment of workers.

As a result of the government’s neglect of As a result of the government’s neglect of the worker, the gap between the wealthy the worker, the gap between the wealthy and poor was widening.and poor was widening.

By 1890, 10% of the population controlled By 1890, 10% of the population controlled 75% of the nation’s wealth.75% of the nation’s wealth.

Workers OrganizeWorkers Organize

Workers knew that the only way to stop their Workers knew that the only way to stop their plight was by organizing.plight was by organizing.

Uriah Stephens led a group of nine Philadelphia Uriah Stephens led a group of nine Philadelphia garment workers to form the Knights of Labor, garment workers to form the Knights of Labor, one of the earliest national unions.one of the earliest national unions.

In 1879, Terence Powderly became its leader In 1879, Terence Powderly became its leader and membership skyrocketed.and membership skyrocketed.

Under Powderly, the Knights saw membership Under Powderly, the Knights saw membership by skilled & unskilled workers, African-by skilled & unskilled workers, African-Americans (although not at first), and women.Americans (although not at first), and women.

The Great UpheavalThe Great Upheaval

In 1886, economic depression and other factors In 1886, economic depression and other factors led to a time of intense strikes and violent labor led to a time of intense strikes and violent labor confrontations that became known as the Great confrontations that became known as the Great Upheaval.Upheaval.

During the year, there were roughly 1,500 During the year, there were roughly 1,500 strikes involving approximately 400,000 workers.strikes involving approximately 400,000 workers.

Some of these like the Haymarket Riot turned Some of these like the Haymarket Riot turned deadly.deadly. Chicago workers were striking ensure a 8-hour work Chicago workers were striking ensure a 8-hour work

when a bomb went off among the police. When it when a bomb went off among the police. When it was all over, 70 officers were wounded and 8 people was all over, 70 officers were wounded and 8 people were dead.were dead.

Employers fight backEmployers fight back

Employers used different methods to combat Employers used different methods to combat unionsunions Blacklists: lists of union supporters, who would not Blacklists: lists of union supporters, who would not

be allowed to work.be allowed to work. Lockouts: if workers did strike, many employers Lockouts: if workers did strike, many employers

locked the union members out and brought in locked the union members out and brought in nonunion workers, also known as scabs, to perform nonunion workers, also known as scabs, to perform their jobs.their jobs.

These measures alarmed skilled laborers an as These measures alarmed skilled laborers an as a result they broke away and joined the a result they broke away and joined the American Federation of Labor, founded by American Federation of Labor, founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886.Samuel Gompers in 1886.

Infamous StrikesInfamous Strikes

Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike In 1892, workers of Carnegie’s Steel Company plant In 1892, workers of Carnegie’s Steel Company plant

in Homestead, Pennsylvania struck to protest a wage in Homestead, Pennsylvania struck to protest a wage cut. In the end 16 people were killed.cut. In the end 16 people were killed.

Pullman StrikePullman Strike In 1894, workers of the Pullman sleeping-car factory In 1894, workers of the Pullman sleeping-car factory

in Pullman, Illinois struck because George Pullman in Pullman, Illinois struck because George Pullman cut wages but did not lower prices in the company cut wages but did not lower prices in the company town.town.

As head of the American Railway Union (ARU), As head of the American Railway Union (ARU), Eugene Debs supported the strikers.Eugene Debs supported the strikers.

The government stepped in an ended the strike and The government stepped in an ended the strike and essentially ended the ARU.essentially ended the ARU.