becoming human part 1 nova. early hominoid – where to look? rift valley of east africa southern...
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Early Hominoid – Where to Look?Rift Valley of East Africa
Southern Africa
3 Major Groups
Pre-australopiths (7-4.4mya)
Australopiths (4.2- 1 mya)Early Homo
(2.4 – 1.4)
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How far back?
7 – 8 million years
70% of our history resides in Africa
Extensive changes in the last 10 years1992 3-4 million1998 4.4 2000 62003 7 million
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Lucy 3.7 –3.5 mya
Don Johanson Dicovered in Hadar in 1974
Lucy in combination w/ Leakey footprints tell us about locomotion and stature
Lucy 40% of skeleton, one of three most complete, Pre-100,000
Accurate Dates due to Volcanic Ash layers
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Laetoli (Ash Footprints)
Discovered in 1978
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1. Convergent Big Toe
2. Clearly Bipedal
3. Arch
4. Slow Moving “Strol”
5. Short Stride
Laetoli (Ash Footprints)
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Chapter 9
The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and
Contemporaries
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Left: Homo Erectus (1mya)Center: Australopithicus afarensis (2.5mya)
Right: Homo Neandertalensis (100,000-32,000ya)
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First Dispersal of the Hominins• Close to 2 million years ago, hominins
expanded out of Africa into other areas of the Old World.
• Since the early hominin fossils have been found only in Africa, it seems that hominins were restricted to this continent for as long as 5 million years.
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First Dispersal of the Hominins• After 2 mya, there’s less diversity in these
hominins than in their pre-australopith and australopith predecessors.
• There is universal agreement that the hominins found outside of Africa are members of genus Homo.
• Homo erectus is the species for which there is the most evidence.
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Homo erectus – A New Kind of Hominin
• The first hominin to expand into new regions of the Old World.
• As a species, H. erectus existed over 1 million years.
• We can understand its success as a hominid species based on behavioral capacities (i.e.) more elaborate tool use) and physical changes (i.e. larger).
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Acheulian Biface Acheulean tools are typically
found with Homo erectus remains.
Lower to Middle Pleistocene • A basic tool of the Acheulian
tradition.• Acheulian tool kits are common
in Africa, southwest Asia, and western Europe, but they’re thought to be less common elsewhere.
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Homo erectus
• Discoveries from East Africa have established Homo erectus by 1.8 m.y.a.
• Some researchers see anatomical differences between the African and Asian discoveries. – They place African fossils into the Homo ergaster
species.• Analyses show that H. erectus/ergaster represents
closely related species and possibly geographical varieties of a single species
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Grade• H.erectus hominins represent a different grade of evolution
than their African predecessors.• Grade refers to a grouping of organisms sharing a similar
adaptive pattern.• Grade implies nothing directly about shared ancestry, but
implies general adaptive aspects of a group of animals
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Morphology of Homo erectus • Living in different environments over much of
the Old World, H. erectus populations shared several common physical traits including…
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Body Size• Adult weight >100 lbs,
average adult height of ca. 5 feet 6 inches
• Sexually dimorphic, weight and height varied according to sex
• Increased robusticity (heavily built body) that dominated hominin evolution until anatomically modern H. sapiens