bee informed pesticides, bees and bcas compatibility...during production planning stage. need...

6/12/2014

1

© 2014 Griffin Greenhouse Supplies, Inc.

Joanne LutzGGSPro Technical [email protected]

NJNLA Greenhouse Conference June 18th, 2014

“Bee Informed” –Pesticides, Bees and BCAs Compatibility


Why Do We Consider “BCA’s”?

“Green-growing” and sustainability.

Reduce resistance pressureon traditional pesticides

Part of ICM (Integrated Crop Management) where no one pest management tactic works in isolation


Why the Need for BCA Compatible Pesticides?

Abrupt weather changes from cool to warm increases pest

Ex- aphids, mites, thrips in the typical spring greenhouse.

Shortages and transportation difficulties from BCA suppliers.

6/12/2014

2


Why the Need for BCA Compatible Pesticides?

Incoming plant material has unexpected pests.

Overlapping pests that it is difficult to control all with only BCA’s.

An unanticipated pest arrives. Ex- European Pepper Moth

Stuff happens!


Choosing Pesticides Compatible with BCA’s

Considerations:Time to identify compatible pesticides is during production planning stage. Need ability to react quickly to save the BCA program.Determine acute toxicity to BCA’s & length of residual. Don’t forget fungicides and PGR’s.


Compatible Pesticides- Where are the Resources?

Biocontrol companies

University and extension researchers

Pesticide Companies

Grower anecdotes- careful with this…….

6/12/2014

3


What are the Challenges?

So many BCA/pesticide combos to test. Needed data often lacking.

Difference in testing techniques can cause apparent contradictions.

Greenhouse vs petri dish? Was it tested as a spray, drench or both?


BCA “Hit List”

Synthetic pyrethroids: 8 wk or longer residual-Ex: Decathlon (cyfluthrin), Talstar (bifenthrin), Tame (fenpropathrin)

Organo-phosphates: avg 4-8 week residual-Ex: Acephate/Orthene, Dursban/Duraguard (chlorpyrifos)

Carbamates: 8 wk or longer residual-Ex- Mesurol (methiocarb), Sevin (carbaryl)


What is a Biorational Pesticide?EPA identifies biorational pesticides as having “fundamentally different modes of action” and “lower risks of adverse effects” than conventional (i.e. neurotoxin) pesticides.

Ex- IGRs, insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, microbial insecticides.

6/12/2014

4


Examples of BiorationalPesticides

Fungicides

Actinovate SPAffirmCease CompanionMilstopOxidateRootshield

Insecticides

Aria/EndeavorAzatin/AzaguardBotanigard/MycotrolConserveDipelEssential oilsIGR’sM-Pede

http://extension.umass.edu/fruitadvisor/ne-small-fruit-management-guide/biorational-pesticides


Examples of Biorational Pesticides

Fungicides

Actinovate SPAffirmCease CompanionMilstopOxidateRootshield

Insecticides

Aria/EndeavorAzatin/AzaguardBotanigard/MycotrolConserveDipelEssential oilsIGR’sM-Pede

http://extension.umass.edu/fruitadvisor/ne-small-fruit-management-guide/biorational-pesticides

Red Font= Known BCA Toxicities


Biopesticides- Always BCA Safe?Direct contact: directed sprays may kill natural enemies or in the case of parasitoids they may be killed while in developing hosts.

Host elimination: May kill hosts, which may lead to natural enemies dying or leaving because they are unable to locate additional hosts.

Adapted from: “Compatibility Conflict: Is the Use of Biological Control Agents with Pesticides a Viable Management Strategy?”- R. Cloyd, Kansas State University

6/12/2014

5


Biopesticides- Always BCA Safe?Residual activity: Residues on a potential host may make them unacceptable to a parasitoid or predator.

Sub-lethal effects: May affect reproduction such as sterilizing females, reducing egg laying or impact the ratio of females vs. males.


Biorational = BCA safe?Conserve is a biorational pesticide that is safe for most mites but toxic to Aphidius spp., Encarsia formosa, Eretmocerusspp., and Orius.

Pyganic (natural pyrethrin plus PBO) is toxic to nearly all BCA’s with an average one week residual effect.


Caution is needed…

Beware:PGR’s??- Cycocel reduced spider mites for up to 6 months on hibiscus.*

“Inert” ingredients and formulations matter. Example: Beauvaria bassiana products.

*Osborne and Chase. HortScience 25:648-650

6/12/2014

6


Caution is needed…Beware:

Milstop fungicide- labeled in NY to control: aphids, spider mites, mealybugs, whiteflies. BCA’s??

Surfactants- CapSil gave 53% mealybug mortality in one study*, better than Azatin and Organocide (sesame oil).

Raymond Cloyd, Pest Management, Vol 26 No2, “Consider Alternative Products for Pest Control”


BCA “Friendly” PesticidesPesticide Pests Controlled Comments

Adept Fungus gnat & shorefly larvae

Aria Aphids, mealybugs, thrips, whiteflies

Azatin/Molt-X Thrips, whiteflies, others

Dipel Caterpillars

Endeavor Aphids, whiteflies Mod toxic to Orius, 1 wk. Aphidoletes also.

Enstar AQ Aphids, whiteflies, thrips Toxic to Eretmocerus sp, Orius nymphs

Floramite Mites Toxic to P. persimilis, swirskii<1 wk residual

Pedestal Thrips, whiteflies Toxic to Orius nymphs

Shuttle Mites Somewhat toxic to P. persimilis

Talus Leafhoppers, mealybugs, scale, whiteflies


Short Residual-”Clean Up” Pesticides

Pesticide Pests Controlled Comments

Avid Leafminers, thrips, mites

Residual 1 week or less

Conserve Beetles, caterpillars, thrips

Toxic to many BCA’s, short residual

Horticultural oils Mites, scale, mealybugs, whiteflies

A. californicus 2-4 wk residual, others ~1 wk

Insecticidal soaps Aphids, mites, others Toxic to many BCA’s but 1 wk or less residual

Pyganic Flying insects, beetles, caterpillars

Toxic to many BCA’s but 1 wk or less residual

6/12/2014

7


Timing of BCA Releases

Neonicotinoid soil treatments (Marathon, Flagship, Safari) very toxic to Rove beetles when applied before releasing them onto treated soil. However after 96 hours survivability greatly improved.

Effect of Pesticides on Adult Rove Beetle Atheta coriaria (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Survival in Growing MediumRaymond A. Cloyd,1,2 Nicholas R. Timmons,1 Jessica M. Goebel,1 and Kenneth E. Kemp3

1 Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4004.


Amblyseius

andersoni

Amblyseius

californicus

Amblyseius

cucumeris

Amblyseius

swirskii

Aphelinusabdom

inalisImm Adlt Imm Adlt Imm Adlt Imm Adlt Imm Adlt

abamectin Abamectin SPC ECArdent ECAvid

2 2 2 2 3

abamectin & bifenazate

Sirocco 2 2 2 2 3

acephate Acephate 97UPOrthene TR 4 12 12 12

acephate & fenpropathrin

Tame/Orthene TR 4 12 12 12

acequinocyl Shuttle Oacetamiprid TriStar 30 SG 1 1 3 3azadirachtin AzaGuard

AzatinMolt-X

azoxystrobin HeritageBacillus subtilis Companion Liquid

BCA Compatibility Chart


BCA Pesticide Compatibility

Toxicity Legend

Toxic >75% mortality

Moderately Toxic 50-75% mortality

Slightly Toxic 25-50% mortality

Safe < 25% mortality

Expected residual toxicity is noted as number of weeks and appears within the color coded box.

Imm Ad

Sirocco 2Shuttle OFloramite SC 1

Aphidius erviImm Ad

Sirocco 2Shuttle OFloramite SC 1

Aphidius ervi

6/12/2014

8


Pest Specific Compatible Pesticides

Key: H,T,OH= Harvest, Edible Crops grown to T= Transplants of edible crops for

re-saleO= Ornamentals

Note- Check the product label for the list of edible crops


Compatible Pesticides- AphidsPesticide Aphidius

colemaniAphidius

erviAphidioletesaphidimyza

LacewingC. carnea

H,T,O OMRI

Aria ? ? ? S O No

Azatin,Azaguard, Molt-X

S S S S H,T,O Except Azatin

Endeavor Slightly* Toxic 1 wk

Slightly* Toxic 1 wk

Slightly Toxic 1 wk

S O No

GrandevoPTO

S ? S ? O Yes

* Mummies safe


Compatible Pesticides- AphidsPesticide Aphidius

colemaniAphidius

erviAphidioletesaphidimyza

LacewingC. carnea

H,T,O OMRI

Kontos-drench only

S S S S T,O No

Marathon-drench only

S S S S T,O No

NoFly S S S S O Yes

Preferal S S S S H,T,O Yes

Safari-drench only

S ? S ? O No

6/12/2014

9


Compatible Pesticides- Fungus Gnats

Pesticide Athetacoriaria

Hypoaspismiles*

Steinernemafeltiae

H,T,O OMRI

Adept Toxic larvae 2 wks

S S O No

Azatin, Azaguard, Molt-X

? S S H,T,O AzaguardMolt-X

Citation Toxic larvae 2 wks

S S O No

Distance ? S S H,T,O No

Flagship- drench Toxic, 1 wk Toxic S O No

Gnatrol S S S H,T,O Yes

Safari- drench Toxic, 1 wk ? S O No

* Aka Stratiolaelaps scimitus


Compatible Pesticides-Spider Mites

Pesticide Amblyseiusandersoni

Amblyseiuscalifornicas

Amblyseiuscucumeris

Phytoseliuspersimilis

H,T,O OMRI

Floramite ? S S Moderate Toxic 1 week

H,T,Otomato

No

Hexygon S S S S O No

Kontos-drench

S S S S* T,O No

Ovation S S S S O No

Preferal ? S S S P,T,O Yes

Shuttle ? S S Slightly Toxic 1 week

H,T,Otomato

No

* One study indicated slight toxicity but did not specify spray or drench


Compatible Pesticides- ThripsPesticide Amblyseius

cucumerisAmblyseius

swirskiiOrius Steinernema

feltiaeH,T,O OMRI

Aria S Slightly Toxic 2 wks

S S O No


S Slightly Toxic 1 wks

NymphsSlightly Toxic 2

wks

S H,T,O Except Azatin

Botanigard S S Slightly Toxic 2

wks

S H,T,O Myco-trolYes

Flagship-drench only

S S Toxic 4 weeks

S O No

GrandevoPTO

?** ?** S ? O Yes

** Slightly toxic to A. californicas, unknown for cucumeris and swirskii

6/12/2014

10


Compatible Pesticides- ThripsPesticide Amblyseius

cucumerisAmblyseius

swirskiiOrius Steinernema

feltiaeH,T,O OMRI

Kontos drench only

S S Slightly* Toxic 4 weeks

? T,O No

NoFly** S S S S O Yes

Overture ?*** ?*** S S O No

Pedestal S ? S ? O No

Preferal S S S S H,T,O Yes

Safari –drench only

S Toxic 2 wks ? S O No

*Kontos, 3 sources said safe** NoFly- currently unavailable***Overture- safe on predator mites per grower reports, no data


Compatible Pesticides- WhitefliesPesticide Amblyseius

swirskiiEncarsiaformosa

Eretmocerus spp

H,T,O OMRI

Aria SlightlyToxic 2 weeks

S S O No


Slightly Toxic 1 wk

Slightly Toxic 2 wks, Larvae Safe

S H,T,O Except Azatin

Botanigard S Slightly Toxic 1 wk

S H,T,O Mycotrol

Yes

Kontos-drench only

S S ? T,O No

NoFly S S S O Yes

Pedestal S S S O No

Preferal ? S S H,T,O Yes

Safari-drench only

Toxic Slightly Toxic 4 wks

S O No

Talus Slightly Toxic 1 wk

Slightly Toxic 1 wk,

S H,T,OTomato

No


Active ingredient

Major Greenhouse Pests Labeled

Edible Crops-Greenhouse

Omri Listed®?

REIhours

Botanigard ES, Botanigard WP

Beauveriabassiana strain GHA -11.3%

Aphid, mealybug, plant bugs, thrips, weevils, whitefly

Herbs and vegetables

No 4

Met 52 EC Metarhiziumanisopliae strain F52 -11%

Aphid, mealybugthrips, whitefly

Onions, celery, lettuce, spinach, peppers, tomatoes, berry crops

No 4, 0 for soil incorp

Mycotrol Beauveria bassiana strain GHA -10.9%

Aphid, mealybug, plant bugs, thrips, weevils, whitefly

Herbs and vegetables

Yes 4

NoFly Paecifomyces fumosoroseusstrain FE 9901, blastospores -18%

Aphid, thrips, whitefly

No food crops Yes 4

Preferal Isaria fumosoroseaApopka Strain 97 -20%

Aphid, leafminer, mealybug, plant bugs, spider mite, thrips, whitefly **

Herbs, spices, strawberry, vegetables

Yes 4

Microbial Insecticides and Miticides

** soil treatments control: soil-borne caterpillars, grubs, thrips pupae, rootworms, weevils

6/12/2014

11


Summary of Minimizing Pesticide Risks to Natural Enemies

Pesticide records available for incoming plant material

Follow label and use lowest rate that will give effective control.

Least toxic products to BCA that will give effective control.

Spot treat where practical.


Photo credit: Matt Libhart Pesticides and Bee

Safety


Nature of Honeybees FactsAvg honeybee colony ~50,000 bees in midsummerOne queen per hive1 queen lays 1-2,000 eggs per day to maintain hives production of worker bees500-1000 drones (males)

Remainder worker bees (non-fertile females)

Information from Dennis Crum Ghs Grower March 2014 article and Matt Libhart, Apiarist

6/12/2014

12


Nature of Honeybees Facts cont’

Avg life span of worker bee is 4-6 wksspring/summerTake 2.5 million flower visits to produce 1 lb honeyAvg commercial hive produces 50 lbharvestable honey per yearEach bee produces 1/12 tsp honeyAvg honey bee forage range in non-agriculture setting is 2 miles

Information from Dennis Crum Ghs Grower March 2014 article and Matt Libhart, Apiarist


How Bees ForageMost honey bees and bumble bees forage in a predictable, diurnal pattern.Bee foraging activity often commences just before or close to sunrise.Bees tend to visit plants more frequently during periods of peak pollen and nectar production.Bumble bees with longer forage period than honey bees (extend longer into afternoon).


Other Environmental FactorsBeekeeping trade/extension pubs cite 55⁰F as minimum temp required for foraging.Foraging diminishes under high temp; 104⁰F likely high temp limit.Foraging decreases under windy conditions (10-15 mph).Foraging can occur in light rain and drizzle; bumble bees more tolerant

6/12/2014

13


Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)

CCD is a syndrome in which a sudden loss of adult bees occurs in a mature colony.

The queen and brood generally survive but the colonies are drastically weakened by the loss of the adults.

CCD is diagnosed when colony loss is noted in the absence of dead bees, implying that the bees did not return to the hive.


Contributors to CCDParasites – The Varroa destructor mite is found in association with lost hives. Serious threat.

Pathogens –Lost hives have greater numbers of pathogens present, including Nosema fungal infections. Viral infections(Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) also have been found.

Varroa/Nosema disease complex –Interactions between parasite and pathogen are suspected.


Varroa Mites Weaken ColoniesVarroadestructor considered to be “the most serious pest (parasite) of honey bee colonies worldwide” (NCSU Cooperative Extension)

Mite images courtesy of USDA-ARS

http://www.extension.org/bee_health

6/12/2014

14


Summary State Beekeepers

Loss rate is not sustainable, over-winter losses exceeded 30% since CCD first reported.Primary cause of current honey bee colony loss is not due to CCD.No smoking gun

Most likely multi-factorialMay not have even a single factorLoss rate has been building for over a decade


Contributors to Colony LossHive management- Reductions in genetic diversity, impact of long-distance transport of hives for pollination services.

Habitat loss– Changing agricultural practices: reduction in native and wild areas, which serve as rich sources of food for foraging bees.


Contributors to Colony Loss

Pesticide toxicity – In previous decades, concern focused on risks from the use of organophosphates and other highly toxic classes of pesticides. Recent concern has focused on the neonicotinoid class of chemicals.

6/12/2014

15


Communicating Bee Safety

This Environmental Hazard section appears on all labels:

Ex.- “This pesticide is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on crops or weeds. Do not apply Decathlon 20 WP Greenhouse and Nursery Insecticide or allow it to drift onto crops or weeds on which bees are actively foraging.”


New Bee Advisory Box Required

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sent letters on 7-22 and 8-13-13 to pesticide companies taking immediate steps to change pesticide labels to be more clear and precise for outdoor foliar applications and limit applications to improve protection for bees.

ClothianidinDinotefuran Imidacloprid Thiamethoxam


6/12/2014

16


Bee Safety Survey Says…

Toxicity Exposure Risk

HT HT T LT LT NT 1 2 3

Product A.I.

Very Highly Toxic

Highly Toxic Toxic

Potential Pathogen

Low Toxicity

Non Toxic

Direct and

Residue Residual Direct Statement

Benefit 60WP imidaclopridThis product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on the foliage of blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area.

Botanigard ES 11.3% Beauveria bassiana strain GHAThis product is potentially pathogenic to honey bees. Avoid applying to areas where honey bees are actively foraging or around bee hives.

Chlorpyrifos SPC chlorpyrifosThis product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area.

Citation cyromazine---

Conserve SC spinosadThis product is toxic to bees exposed to treatement during the 3 hours following treatment. Do not apply this pesticide to blooming, pollen-shedding or nectar-productiong parts of plants if bees may forage on the plants during this time period.

Decathlon cyfluthrinThis product is higly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on crops or weeds. Do not apply or allow it to drift onto crops or weeds on which bees are actively foraging.

Dipel Pro DF Bacillus thuringiensis k---

Discus N/G cyfluthrin and imidaclopridThis product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area.

Distance pyriproxyfen---

Endeavor pymetrozineIs suitable for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs as it has a low toxicity to beneficial insects (including honeybees and bumblebees) and mite populations. TEXT NOT FROM ENVIRON HAZARDS SECTION OF LABEL; FROM IPM SECTION

Enstar AQ kinoprene---

Flagship G thiamethoxamThis product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment on blooming crops. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops while bees are foraging in/or adjacent to treatment area.

Floramite SC bifenazateThis product is toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment but residues on treated foliage are not toxic to bees. Do not apply this product while bees are actively visiting the treatment area.

Judo spiromesifen---

Kontos SC spirotetramat

larvae adults larvae This product is potentially toxic to honey bee larvae through residues in pollen and nectar, but not to adult honey bees. Exposure of adult bees to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops can lead to effects on honey bee larvae. See the Directions for Use section of this label for specific crop application instructions that minimize risk to honey bee larvae. (for fruit and nut trees, notes apply after petal fall, avoidance 10 days prior to bloom, during bloom, after petal fall)


3

Convey EPA’s bee caution statementsHelp growers select products appropriate to their useProvides quick indicator for need to review labelEmphasize wise and effective use

Introducing the GGSPro Bee Safety Codes


Bee Icon Color = ToxicityHighly ToxicEPA describes as highly toxic or very highly toxic to bees

ToxicEPA describes as toxic to bees

Low ToxicityEPA describes as having low toxicity to bees

Special CaseSpecial use notes per label

6/12/2014

17


Bee Icon Number = Exposure

① Toxicity risk through direct exposure and residual exposure - avoid treatment when bees are visiting during both treatment and following treatment.

② Toxicity risk through residual exposure only- avoid treatment when bees are visiting the treatment area or after treatment.

③ Toxicity risk through direct exposure only- avoid treatment when bees are actively visiting or actively foraging the treatment area


Bee Safety Codes in ActionWhat you see:

The red bee means this product is highly toxic to bees while the number 3 means the exposure risk comes from direct spray only.

What you do:If planning an outdoor application, review the label. Avoid using this chemical when bees are actively visiting the area. This can be achieved by applying the product in the evening.

3


GGSPro RecommendsApply chemicals with direct exposure risk as late in the day as possible, preferably in the early evening.Alternatively, application could be made when temperatures will remain below 50⁰F for the duration of the application period.Select low toxicity risk products and avoid high residual risk application if crop will come into bloom within risk period.

6/12/2014

18


GGSPro RecommendsA though visual check for visiting bees should be performed.Provide 48 hour courtesy notice to nearby beekeepers regarding applications.Avoid applications to flowering non-crop plants such as weeds.


Upcoming BEE SUMMITThe U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) will hold a summit this fall aimed at addressing the nutrition and forage needs of pollinators. The summit will take place in Washington D.C. on October 21-23, 2014 and will be attended by a consortium of public, private, and non-governmental organizations. Attendees will discuss the most recent research related to pollinator loss and work to identify solutions.

http://pollinator.org/nappc/conference.htm

bee informed pesticides, bees and bcas compatibility...during production planning stage. need...

Documents