L W S S U ~ ~ R Y ON RHODESIA - - This news sur-nary w i l l be pr.intcd regu la r ly a s a se rv ice mE in- formation on t h e Rhodesian situatj.or,, Nol'laa3.ly it w i l l cane out every day, The f i r s t i ssues , hawever, w i l l ca r ry a summary sf events f r o r ~ t h e Uni la te ra l Declaration of Independence, Nov, 3.1, (National Student C h r i s t i ~ n Federation C ~ m r ~ i t t e e on Southern

Africa, Novenber 23, 1965)

NCIVEI4BER 11: --.---- Eh4desia declared independence from Great P r i t i a n , '

Prine Minister Ian Sni th teoli t h i s a c t i s n folluwing unsuccessful negotiat ions with Br i t ian . k t i s s u e was .the rale ef t h e countryis 4 nilliean Africains i n a s t a t e present ly controll.ed by 228,000 whites. Bs i t i an refused ,9krodesisn indepeildence without guarantees which would,yradually include t h e African gopulat isn i n t h e government. A t pxesent they are only ab l e t o vote f0r 18 e u t of 65 members s f parliament, I n a b i l i t y t e reach an agreement wi th Br i t i an resullzed i n the uni.iatera!, t3eclaxastion of independence by Rhodesia, Rhodesia maintained alLcgianee t o t h e Queen, Censarship went i n t o e f f e c t i nned ia t e ly . so t h a t Rhodesians have ,no t heard or.read t h e in texnat ional react ion, except f r m radio.broad- czsta i n t o Rhodesia f ron out side t be country,

,'The B r i t i s l ~ Governnent dec3-ared Rhodesia s. ac t ion t o be rebe8lian and:treason. The B r i t i s h Governsr of Rhodesia, S i r Hlmnphrgy Gibbs, aus~ended Tan Smith and h i s cabinet from o f f i c e , .Rhodesia was exseXle3 f ron t h e s t e r i i n g area. IIer Cor~~ont-re3lth p r e f e r e n t i a l t a r i £ f tEcatment.v?as suspended, The puachaue sf tebacca, and sugar were . banned i n B r it i an . Tlie United Nations General Asser.ibly adopted a reso lu t ion appealing . t o .Gxeat Bxit ien t 9 take the s t eps e s s e n t i a l for endXng.the white r n i n ~ r i t y govexnnent i n Rhodesia, Only Seuth Africa 2nd Portugal voted aga ins t t h e res@lut ion, France abstained a n t h e gxeunds t h a t t h e i s sue w2s conp1etel.y between Br i t i an and her colony,

The United S t a t e s denaunced Rhsdesia8s ac t i sn , The Consul General i n Rhedesis, Rosewell D, ~ c ~ 1 q l l a n d , was xecalled and the United S t a t e s Inf s rna t i en ' Service w i l l be closed,.

NOVEMBETI.. 1 2 : The U,N, ~ e c u r i t y .Council cond~r~~ned f b e ~ u n i l a t a r w l .

dec la ra t ian of independence by Rhodesia, and ca l l ed an all-.member nat ions t o re fuse t o recognize o r a s s i s t i n ' a n y way t h e Rhodesian government, Michael Stewart, B ~ i t i e h Foreign-+Secretaxytl* sub- .

mitted a resoluthn t o t h e Secur i ty C ~ u n c i l ~ c ~ l ~ i n g f o r universal support for economic pena l t i e s iraposed by Bri t ian . The B r i t i s h pos i t ion r e j e c t s t h e use of armed force aga ins t Rhodesia; Aythux'J, G~ ldhe rg , Uni ted-Sta tes de l ega t c i t e t h e UbN. announced a complete U,S6 embarge on shipment of military.equipment te Iiho?es&a, The embarge i s aa csmpxchcnsive a s t h q t t h e u.5:, haar, aga ins t Sauth Africa, . including such th ings 8s . t rucks. which aeq3.d bekr;lseQ f.er m i l i t a r y purpeser. The U,S, w i l l . also cttzapexxril'.a~ti@n on a l l app l ica t ions fo r loans and c r e d i t guarantees, U.S, inves to t s

. w i l l be:;warned about invelvement i n Rhodesia, The. U , S , w i l l net re- new i.ts. sugar qugta for R h d e s i a i n 1966.

. . I n Br i t i an , Prime, Minister Wilsen asked par.liament for. increased power t a dea l wi th Rhodesia, The l c g i s l a t i w requested would en- a b l e Wilson t o l e g i s l a t e f o r Rhodesia by decree, t o anend' the Co~sti tuS;ion an* t o dec la re n u l l and void.any ac t ien ,by the re-: b e l l i s u s Smith gevernment, Action under khig 1egis la t iom'~rnus~ be approved by t h e B r i t i s h per l i anen t wi thin 2 8 days,

I n RheYesia, 1rxir.1.e IjZinistcr Ian Smjth. divested*:thq Governor @f Rhodesia, S i r HwpBrey.Gibhq mf- a11 executive power,

Rhodesian News

I n Bulawayo Africans demonstrated fo r the5 second night , s tening c a r s which belenged ts wh'ites. They alse s toned- the houses of Africans who had gone t o work f o r white erilployers. Rumors began t o spread t h a t t h e country 's judges woul9 not work under t h e new Consti tut ien,

NOVEMBER 13: - The U,N, Secur i ty Council was presented a reso lu t ion

by t h e Ivory Coast on behalf of t h e 36 independent African s t a t e s i n t h e U.N, It ca l l ed f o r "comp3ete in te r rup t ion s f economic re la - t ions" wi th Rhodesia, including an o i l embargo. It ca l l ed f o r d isrupt jon ef' comnunications through mass media and through diplo- matic r e l a t i ons , Further, i f economic and d ip lona t ic pressures a r e not a b l e t o destroy the Srnith regime, A r t i c l e s 42 and 43 of t h e U,N, Charter should be folleweii, a l l ~ w i n g f o r a i r , sea, and land force ac t ion aga ins t Rhadesia, Br i t i an , i n i ts resolut ion, had refused t o consider t h e use of fo rce an& hoped t o avoid re- f e r a l t o A r t i c l e s 42 and 43,

I n Salisbury, S i r Humpqhrey Gibbs refused t o abide by 1an Smith's s rde r which wauld have removed a11 of h i s pewcr as B r i t i s h Governor of Rhodesia. He i s refus ing t o move out of Goverment Eouse. S i r Hugh Beadle, Rhodesi.aas Chief Jus t i ce , who made a l a s t minute attempt t o avoid U.D.1, is l i v i n g a t Government gouse with Gilabe,: Beadle went t o London t o negot ia te wi th Wilson, aga ins t Smith's wishes.

I n Bar E s Salaam and LeopolJville, s tudents demonstrated agains t Br i t i an and Rhodesia, The protes ted Br i t i an ' s f a i l uxe t o prevent U,D.I. and ca l l ed f o r t h e des t ruc t ion of Smith's sovernment,

A t a meeting i n Mauritania, Senegal, i " J l a l i , Guinea, and blauritania ca l l ed fo r African nat ians t o set up a l i b e r z t i s n comaittee f o r RhsdesPa and cont r ibu te t roeps t o a m i l i t a r y force ,

NCVEMRER 14: - S i r Humphrey Gibbs issued r atatcment expressing h i s

r e f u s a l ts abide by Smith's orders. The B r i t i s h Governrr~ent backed him comgletely by warning t h a t any a c t i a n aga ins t Gibbs would be considered treasonous, I n Salisbury, senior Anglican Bishop, t h e Right Rev, D r . Cecil Aldersen, s t a t e d csndemnation of t h e Smith Government i n h i s ser- men and sa id t h a t Chr is t ians had a r i g h t t o disobey i ts laws,

U,S, Consul General Raswell McClelland and h i s family l e f t Rhedesia fs l lowing U.S. r e fusa l t a 3 recognize t h e Smith regime.

NOVEMBER 15: .. Prine Minister Ian Srr,ith warned t h e pol ice , the armed

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services, and c i v i l servants t o be on guard aga ins t B r i t i s h attern pls t a undermine t h e i r l a y a l t y te Rhadesia, Doubts w e r e egcpressed among some army camps a s to where 3oyalty l ay , espec ia l ly i f B r i t i an and<ahodesia should evex became engaged i n a f i gh t ing war, A semegvhat .thwarted s t r i k e took place i n Bulawaye, Seve ra i . p l an t s were forced t o c lo se down or slow epexatiens. 24 a r r e s t s w e r e made. Minor disturdances occurred i n Salisbury a l so . Several buses w e r e stpned and two schsols . w e r e emptied. R i e t policemen quickly had th ings Bnder control ,

I n Tel Aviv, I s r a e l , African s tudents demonstrated i n f r o n t e f t h e B r i t i s h Embassy, p ro tes t ing B r i t i a n ' s reeusal ts use iilitary fo rce i n Rhodesia,

A t t h e United .Nakiens, Sbutb Africa and l s r t u g a l were inv i t ed to p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e Secur i ty Council 's d iscuss ien of ac t ion agains t Rhodesia. Both refused t h e i nv i t a t i on , South Africa and

NOV, 15 cont.: . r i U

Portugal were asked te pa r t i c ipa te because t h e i r cooperation is great ly ne4ded f o r e f fec t ive ,ecsnemic. sanc t lms , Sq th Africa holds t o the posit ion t h a t the Rhodesian question is a Br i t i sh d6merstj.c csncern aver which , the U.N.. has ne..autherity ts act . Portugal declared the i n v i t a t t s n centrary to t h e Csuncil's ru le s of pro~edure. Numerous African delegates charged Seuth Africa, Pelctugal, and Rhadesia of' being bound I n ' s ~ c r e t agreements which were'.fkmed ta maintain white cen t ra l ef Southern Africa,

NOVFSJJBER 16: - - The Br i t i sh Parliament approved t h e 1egislation'Wilson

had asked fsr NOv,~12, enabling him t e n u l l i f y acts by Smith's Government and exercise juris4lictisn over Rhedeoia, The b i l l -p##ed &asfly i n the lwez hsuse, b u t there was q p s s i t i e n from the Conservative r i g h t wing i n t h e Hause sf Lords, a.

Irr..Salisbury, 4BQO Mrican pcest'al troqkerm refused t o sign pledges o f l eya l ty t o the l d t h Gorvernment. They were given two weeks t o s ign @r lame t h e i r jbloa. Guidance from Bxitian was sought by t h e African Pa6tal Wsrkers Unien, even i f it had to be broadcast i n syer shbrt-wave radio, . Economic action was beginning t o be f e l t , The only foreign trans- iiwtions that w e r e nermal were tho- with Oeuth Afnicl, Zambia, and Malawi. Smith*, i n an attempt t o made rell h i s dismisoal of Br i t i sh Governor ~ibbs, beg+ ts take minor act isn. The telephones In to Gibb s home were cu t off. GiZBBs has writ;ten t o t h e c~mnanders of the army ca l l ing on them t o r e w i n loyal t o him and nat t0 Smith. Br i t i sh s t ra tegy is t o undermine confidence i n Smith on t he pa r t of Rhdesians, Gibbs wauld then cal l f o r general e l ec t i sns and- assume executive reslysnrikdlitiee u n t i l the elect ion was held; Fsrtunately Gibbs has a l s n g h i s t e ry in Rhodesir,.coming'there 38 years ago. The question i8 whether +r net Br i t i sh act ion can i n f a c t un4er- miam Smith suf f ic ien t ly t d enabie Gibba t6 ac t .

8 % :a"

3u.Xiu~ K, Nyerere, President rif Tanzania, ra id that plans had been Jiscuroseil.with ICenya,.Bganda, bnd Bambia in Nairobi about taking t h e Rhedesian crisis eruC sf Br i t i sh :hands i f her act ion prover t o be ineffective,

>

IOVEMIBEIP 17 t .* - ,

Bri t ian reperteQ 't~. 'the E+aaxl"t=y C a r n i l t h a t she w a s wi l l ing t o extend her ;conomic sanctions and would consider t h e imposttien ef an Qil em bar,^. .She c r l l e 4 fer urgenk but c a ~ s f u l atudy of the .mbrrqql, including the e f f i c t i i t weuld have on ~ h o d e s i a ' s neighbors,

I n Salisbury, Clifford W, Dupont was appointed t o carry out t h e f u n c t i m of GQVernsr, s ince Smith h a m divested S i r Humphrey Gibbs

,.& )mer. GiIPbs hrrsreveri; haw refuaed te rcknowledgt Smitha# .action. Smith rmeved the c r c e n m i i r X gtmrd, the 4 pel icmen, t h e house- ~W~~.s@rvants , . and the rtven sZficisr1 calt.5 whi'ch had been at t h e .rervfsle ef G i b b s . @ibbla.*ab aid88 Ba-Camp ywe ordertd; t o with- draw. One of them, Capt. Christopher Bwens cf the Rhodesian A5&a$~,-Riflcr(, refqaed :te leave,

..:"In W&, an ak2;unpted m t e h by239 African schcaolboys w a s stopped. The par t ic ipants received 4 t o 6 strokes sf the cane which weze administered by prison guarde outside t h e juvenile court building. An attmpted march by 3080 Afrfcans in~Bulaiwayowrs lareken up by t h s pdice, lTcn ~ e t a r i c r w&xc .farced +a, c l e w aft4r Punch when workad mildl .t6, raturn * werk.

, . . . , (

Zambia'a president, Renncth munda harm aalced Bri t lan .far troops t o help protect the Kariba dm. He warned t h a t i f Bri t ian refused he

Rhodesian News

would f e e l f r e e t o seek help from other powers. The dam i s bcated between Zambia and Rhodesia and j e in t ly owned, The power s t a t i o n however, $+ on the Rhodesian side,

Wilson spoke t o Rhedesian Civ i l Servants over the radio, t e l l i n g them that any oath which s ~ u g h t t o replace the oat11 of allegiance .Go the sovereign which a l l c i v i l servants take, would be completely i l l ega l . H e assured them t h a t the Br i t i sh Goverrment would protect t h e i r pension and emplsyment r i g h t s i f they ~ e s i s t e d Smith's government.

NOVEMBER 18: The Smith Government began t o a c t t o counter t h e e f fec t s

of sanctions, S i r CornePius Greenfield was maae chairrilan of the committee of indus t r ia l , business, agr icul tural , and mining leaders t o work out t h e econemic problems of t h e nation,

A week a f t e r U.D,I.,protBst incidents continued but Smith's power seemed secure, 350 Afxicans i n bulawayo l o s t t h e i r jobs i n a t e x t i l e factory because of par t ic ipat ion i n a p re te s t s t r ike . Also i n Bulawayo, 2000 railway workers staged a walk out forcing t h e closing of general railway departments, They face the lose of jobs.

I n respQnse t a a statement by Smith expzessing h i s des i r e t o have discussions with Chiefs and the African p o l i t i c a l opposition, the United People's Party leaders s ta ted a policy of boycott of any such discussions. Jasiah Gondo sa id t h a t the party, which has 18 members i n the 65 sea t parliament, wsuld i n no way work with Smith t o fur ther independence.

Discussion of an sil embargo continued i n the U,N. Rhodesia's crude o i l comes from I ran and goes by sea t o Beira where it is sent by pipel ine t o Umtali. A Br i t i sh Cmpany, Lanrho Ltd, owns the pipeline. The o i l is refined i n Rhedesia by a company awned by a group of internat ional companies including: The Royal Dutch Shel l g r w p and t h e Bxitish Petroleum Co., which each hold 20 3/4 % stake; U.S . companies: Socony Mobile O i l Co,, 17 3/4%, California Texas O i l Co,, 15 3/4%. There companies would probahly be ordered by t h e i r gwernments t~ cease sperations i n the event of an o i l embargo. Coal, not o i l , i s the chief source of energy i n Rhstdesia. She uses 9000 bar re l s da i ly f o r l e s s than 30% of energy requirements. The U.N. Secilrity Council was unable t o agree on the wording of a .new resolution suppsrting ~ r i t i a n b act ion against Rhodesia,

Gamal Abdel Nasser declared t h a t Egypt was i n a " s t a t e of war" with Rhodesia, thus just i fying the closing of the Suez Canal t o Rhodesian vessels.

NOVEMBER 3.9: The U.S. has asked Egypt t o c l a r i f y i t s statement

. t h a t a s t a t e ,6f war exis ts . between Saljsbury and Coiro.which allows Egypt ts close t h e Suez Canal t o Rhodesian vessels, The canal can only lee lega l ly c-losed under conditions sf war., The U.S, i s concerned abaut the precident being established by Nasser8s action.

The General Agreement of Tariffs- and Trade, GATT, announced i n Geneva t h a t it would boycott Rhodesia. The Internat ional Labor .Qrganization decided against all".off ieial and unoff ic ia l contacts" with the Smith -Government,

+ v

A t the epening sessi,on s f t h e Organiziltion for African Unity's new defense conmittee, act ion concerning,Rhodesia had top pr ior i ty . Tanzania's Minister f a r Regional Administration, Oscar Kambana, ca l led fo r mobilization of a l l Afr ica 's forces t o bring majority ru%e to Rhode@ia,-

Rhodesia News

n@v. 19, cont,.:

Bolivia 9pEl CcLumbia presented a reso lu t ion t o t h e Sccurity.counei.1 which i s a ccmpromiee between t h e Ivery C e a s t and t h e B r i t i s h reso- lu t ions , It c a l l s on Br i t ikn t o t ake immediate s t eps t o allow the whole.of-Rhodesia 's people t o determine t h e i r awn future , .It a l so . c s 1 . l ~ f a r a l l s*,aCes t a r e f r a i n fram any ac t ion which would en- courage o r strengthen the i l l e g a l Smith regime, Included i n t h i s i s an o i l and petroletun products embargo, X t i s more mcderate than t h e Ivcxy Coast 's reso lu t ion i n t h a t it asks f o r an o i l embargo r a t h e r than i m p s i n g ene and dees n e t mention A r t i c T e s 41, 42, and 43 ,of t h e Charter, It 's moderate tone was-highly c r i t i c i z e d by ~ h a n a * s . ~ @ r e i g n Minister 3-lex Quaison-Sacksy en behalf of t h e in- dependent African states,

. - NOCTDER 20: ---

, A Units& Natisnls receptioH far ~ r i t i a n k Pr incess Margar&t . . . w a s b e y ~ ~ t t d by t h e ~ f r i c a n members @f the Commonwealth i n : p r o t e s t aga ins t B r i t i s h res)onoibi l i ty i n Rhsdesiale Declaration. of ~ndepcndence.

The Secur i ty council Appreved by a vote sf 10 ts 9, with France . abstain,i.ng, t h e comp%Omise r e s e ~ u t i a n urging a11 states t o impose an e i l and pstrsleum p r o 5 u c t ~ embarq~ on ~ h o d e s i a .

T+e-.United S t a t e s annsunced t h a t kn adeli$ion.to not having any quota far Rhoaesian sugar i n 1966, it would bar t h e impartati'on of any ahsdss i a l s 1965 sugar crop, 9,508 tons a# sugar, t h e quotap fop 1965.,are a l ready on t h e way to. the U,S , but w i l l be refused,

A t a ceremony f o r t h e 3ayjng of the. foundation stone f o r a $1 mi)lion gambling casino a t Victor ia Fa l l s , I an Smith warned nhodet:&.nns of hax@: tt;bmee ahead.. . He asked t h e wor ld n o t . to, prejudge P,!lade?f la, t h a t khe should-be. given a chance to prove t h e r e was roam f o r blacks . . and whites i n Rhodesia,

I n Salisbury, 406 of t h e 558 fu l l t ime s tudents a t t h e Universi ty of Rhodesia and Nyasaland ( the name is being changed t o t h e U, of ~ h o d e s i a ) signed a statement of loyql ty earlier t h i s week t o S i r G i b b s , A number of f acu l ty members, general ly from t h e a r t s facul ty , signed a statement which expressed r e fusa l to recognize t h e " i l l e g a l regime cf former Prime Minister Ian Smith." The science f acu l ty general ly supports Smith, The homes and o f f i c e s of those who signed were searched by po l ice i n an e f fox t t.o f i nd t h e document,

The Government issued a statement saying t h a t t h e 587 c h i e f s and headmen of t h e Matebeleland, Midlands, Victoria, Manicaland and Mashonaland areao had unanimously appreved t h e GovernmentJe Decaar- a t i o n of Independence, I n t h e Government's eyes, these a r e t h e l eaders ef 3.5 mil l ion Africans l i v i n g i n t r i b a l areas ,

The second bomb inc ident of t h e week occured i n Bulawayo, The f i r s t d id g rea t damage t o $he City Center but no one w a s hur t , The second explosion took place i n r clothing gactory and one white worker was injured.

N O V M E R 21: South Africa i s moving t o t h e a i d of Rhodesia i n i t s

present economic dilemma, South Afr ica w i l l probably o f f e r f u l l econamic support and replace Br i t i an as t h e main supplier of goods t o Rhodesia,

The po l i ce r a i d s on Rhodesian Univerri ty have g rea t ly divided t h e s tudents and have gtrengthened a group of f a c u l t y members who w s - t t o see t h e un ivers i ty clascd. Same 46 of t he 123 members of t h t f a c u l t y signed t h e anit-Smith dacuneqt, B r i t i an o rd ina r i l y con-

Rhodesian Mew8

t r i b u t e s $700,000 a year t o the school which w i l l be c u t - o f f as pa r t of economic sanctjons, Without these funds many m e m b e r s of t h e facul ty feeL the school could not function and should close, Both blacks and whites at tend the college.

The action of the U.N, Security council appealing for a world wide o i l embargo m e t no strong rsact ion i n Salisbury, Faith i n the Smith Gove,rnment seems to be growing,

NOV~MBER t~ t The most aerious demonstratien against the Smith regime

took i n Bulawayo. The pol ice f i r e d i n t o the a i r and used dogs t o ,disperse t h e crawc3.s. The Africans set up a t r a sh can barricade and threw rocks and t i n cans a t the police, A 24 hour . s t r ike was called, but i s was only 20% effective. N o one was seriously injured,

Press censorship has been extende4 t o include foreign newsmen, Press packet8 intended f o r Lifg? Magazine, Independent Televieion of Londen and the Rand Gaily M a i l ~f Jshannesburg w e r e seized a t the a i r p o r t i n Bulawayo,

Rhodesia,'.~ Minister sf Agriculture, Lord Graham, warned Bri t ian t h a t re fusa l t o buy Rhodesian tsbacca was lacing Bri t ian i n the hancZs of the U . S . tobacco m o n ~ p l y . The statement was seen a s an expression of concern over the tobacco boycott. Tobacco is the mainstay of tlae Rhodesian. economy, and Br i t i sh traders bought nearly half 05 it l a s t year. Already entrepreneurs fsom several ceuntries are a t work to.buy t h e tobacce cheap%y and then make huge p r o f i t s by se l l ing Ct i n Amsterdarcr and other internat ional markets under a f a l s e label , Bri t ian has i a rge stockpiles of Rhodesian tobacco and w i l l not need U,S, tobacco fo r at l e a s t a year,

S t r ikes continue throughout the country but have not been crippling, Rhodesia Railways reported t h a t t h e Africans a r e coming U c k to work.

(Source: The New York ~ i m e s )