S. IIRG. 109-237

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: OCTOBER 2005

HEARINGBEFORE THE

JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEECONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES

ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION

NOVEMBER 4, 2005

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JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE

[Created pursuant to Sec. 5(a) of Public Law 304, 79th Congress]

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATWESJIM SAXTON, New Jersey, ChairmanPAUL RYAN, WisconsinPHIL ENGLISH, PennsylvaniaRON PAUL, TexasKEVIN BRADY, TexasTHADDEUS G. MCCOrTER, MichiganCAROLYN B. MALONEY, New YorkMAURICE D. HiNCHEY, New YorkLORETTA SANCHEZ, CaliforniaELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland

SENATEROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah, Vice ChairmanSAM BROWNBACK, KansasJOHN E. SUNUNU, New HampshireJim DEMINT, SOUTH CAROLINAJEFF SESSIONS, AlabamaJOHN CoRNYN, TexasJACK REED, Rhode IslandEDWARD M. KENNEDY, MassachusettsPAUL S. SARBANES, MarylandJEFF BINGAMAN, New Mexico

CHRISTOPHER J. FRENZE, Executive DirectorCHAD STONE, Minority Staff Director

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CONTENTS

OPENING STATEMENT OF MEMBERS

Hon. Jim Saxton, Chairman, a U.S. Representative from the State of NewJersey .............................................................. 1

Hon. Jack Reed, Ranking Minority Member, a U.S. Senator from the Stateof Rhode Island ............................................................... 2

WITNESSES

Statement of Hon. Kathleen P. Utgoff, Commissioner, Bureau of Labor Statis-tics; accompanied by John S. Greenlees, Associate Commissioner, Officesof Prices and Living Conditions and John M. Galvin, Associate Commis-sioner, Employment and Unemployment Statistics .................. ........................ 3

SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD

Prepared statement of Representative Jim Saxton .............................................. 15Prepared statement of Senator Jack Reed, Ranking Minority Member ............. 16Prepared statement of Commissioner Kathleen P. Utgoff, together with Press

Release No. 05-2118, entitled, 'The Employment Situation: October 2005,"Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor ..................... ........................ 17

Response of Commissioner Kathleen P. Utgoff to question of studies on earn-ings on women and men .................. ............................................ 47

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THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION:OCTOBER 2005

FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 2005

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE,

Washington, DCThe Committee met, pursuant to call, at 9:30 a.m., in room 2226,

Rayburn House Office Building, the Honorable Jim Saxton, Chair-man of the Committee, presiding.

Representatives present: Representatives Saxton, McCotter,and Maloney.

Senator present. Senator Reed.Staff present: Chris Frenze, Robert Keleher, Colleen Healy,

John Kachtik, Brian Higginbotham, Emily Gigena, Chad Stone,Matt Salomon, and Daphne Clones.

OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. JIM SAXTON, CHAIRMAN,A U.S. REPRESENTATIVE FROM NEW JERSEY

Representative Saxton. Good morning. It is a pleasure to wel-come Commissioner Utgoff before the Committee once again to tes-tify on the employment situation.

The employment figures released today may reflect the indirectaffects of the recent hurricanes. Payroll employment increased by56,000 in October to a total level of 134.1 million workers. Accord-ing to the separate household survey, the unemployment rateedged down to 5.0 percent, a decrease of one tenth of a percentagepoint.

Other standard economic indicators reflect the health of the U.S.economy. Figures released last week indicate that the economygrew at a 3.8 percent rate in the last quarter of this year, despitethe massive regional destruction wrought by the hurricanes.

So far in 2005, the economy has expanded at a 3.6 percent rate,roughly in line with the Federal Reserve expectations as well asthe Blue Chip Consensus indicators. Equipment and software in-vestment, which has bolstered the economy since 2003, continuesat a healthy pace. This component of investment responded espe-cially sharply to the incentives contained in the 2003 tax legisla-tion.

Employment has also gained over the period, with 4.2 millionjobs added to business payrolls since May of 2003. The unemploy-ment rate, as I said a minute ago, is at 5 percent. Consumer spend-ing continues to grow. Home ownership has reached record highs.Household net worth is also at record levels. Productivity growthcontinues at a high pace, although higher energy prices have raised

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business costs and imposed hardship on many consumers. Theseenergy prices have not derailed the expansion.

In summary, the economy has displayed impressive flexibilityand resilience in absorbing many shocks. Monetary policy and taxincentives for investment have made important contributions in ac-celerating the expansion in recent years. The most recent releaseof Fed minutes indicates that the central bank expects the eco-nomic growth to continue through 2006. The Blue Chip Consensusof private economic forecasters also suggests that the economy willgrow in excess of 3 percent next year, and that employment willcontinue to rise.

[The prepared statement of Representative Saxton appears in theSubmissions for the Record on page 15.]

OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. JACK REED, A U.S. SENATORFROM RHODE ISLAND

Representative Saxton. I would like to ask our Ranking Mem-ber if he would like to make a statement at this point.

Senator Reed. Thank you very much, Chairman Saxton, thankyou, Commissioner and your staff, for joining us this morning. Thishearing gives us the opportunity to continue examining the impactof the recent hurricanes on the jobs data and to try to discern un-derlying trends in the labor market. I want to commend Commis-sioner Utgoff for the hard work her staff at the Bureau of LaborStatistics has put into producing these statistics under extraor-dinary circumstances, particularly the hurricane.

As measured by initial claims for unemployment insurance, thenumber of people who have lost their jobs due to HurricanesKatrina and Rita has now exceeded the half million mark, andmore job losses are expected from Hurricane Wilma. In the comingmonths I hope the reconstruction efforts will stimulate a recoveryin jobs throughout the region.

Beyond the hurricane-affected areas, the labor market showedsigns of losing strength. For the economy as a whole, this month'sBLS report shows that only 50,000 net jobs were created. It ap-pears high gas prices may be squeezing employers as well as con-sumers.

Even before the hurricanes, the labor market was still feeling theeffects of the most protracted job slump in decades. Cumulativepayroll employment growth has been modest by the standards ofmost economic recoveries, and we continue to see evidence of hid-den unemployment, with labor force participation and the fractionof the population with a job still at depressed levels.

The typical worker's earnings are not keeping up with rising liv-ing expenses, which is squeezing family budgets. Gasoline priceshave been high, and home heating costs are expected to be sub-stantially higher this winter than they were last winter. In thepast year, real wages have fallen throughout the earnings distribu-tion, with the largest declines in the bottom half.

I am pleased that President Bush reversed his unwise decisionto suspend the Davis-Bacon Act in the hurricane-ravaged areas andrestored Federal wage protection for workers on Federal contracts.But the President's steadfast refusal to support an increase in the

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minimum wage still makes it hard to take seriously his rhetoricabout wanting to lift families out of poverty.

I look forward to the Commissioner's statements and further dis-cussion of the October employment situation. Thank you.

[The prepared statement of Senator Reed appears in the Submis-sions for the Record on page 16.]

Representative Saxton. Commissioner Utgoff, we will bepleased to hear from you at this time. Thank you.

STATEMENT OF KATHLEEN P. UTGOFF, COMMISSIONER, BU-REAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR;ACCOMPANIED BY JOHN M. GALVIN, ASSOCIATE COMMIS-SIONER FOR EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT STATIS-TICS AND JOHN S. GREENLEES, ASSOCIATE COMMISSIONERFOR PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS

Commissioner Utgoff. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairmanand members of the Committee. I appreciate this opportunity tocomment on the labor market data we released this morning. Iwould also like to say that I have with me Jack Galvin, who is As-sociate Commissioner for Employment and Unemployment, andJohn Greenlees, who is Associate Commissioner for Prices.

Turning to our data that we released this morning, nonfarm pay-roll employment was little changed in October, and the jobless ratewas 5.0 percent. Payroll employment was flat in September, minus8,000. That was a revised figure.

Before discussing the payroll survey data in detail, I would notethat the October estimates were prepared using the same modifiedprocedures that were introduced in September to better gauge em-ployment developments in areas affected by Hurricane Katrina. Wewill continue to evaluate our data collection and estimation proce-dures and will resume standard survey operations when it is ap-propriate.

You will recall that in our analysis of the September employmentdata, we concluded that the weakness was largely due to the jobloss in areas devastated by Hurricane Katrina. This conclusion wasbased on an estimate of the change in payroll employment exclud-ing all of the sample units in the disaster areas. That exerciseshowed that job growth outside the disaster area was in line withthe average monthly increase for the Nation as a whole during theprior year.

We did a similar exercise for October and concluded that the rel-atively weak increase was not attributable to the areas directly af-fected by Katrina. Rather, job growth in the remainder of the coun-try appeared to be below trend in October. In addition, the directimpact of Hurricane Rita on the national employment data for Oc-tober was judged to be minimal. It is possible, of course, that theemployment growth for the Nation could have been held down byindirect affects of Hurricane Katrina and Rita, for example, be-cause of their impacts on gas prices. I will note that HurricaneWilma made landfall after the October survey reference period, sowe may not see effects of that until next month.

Turning to the national developments by industry, leisure andhospitality employment edged down in October. This follows a sub-stantial decline in September, at least some of it which was hurri-

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cane-related. Employment in retail trade was basically unchangedin October after a large decline in September. In addition, therewas little job growth in professional and business services in Octo-ber. The number of jobs in its temporary help component showedlittle movement over the month as well.

A few major industries posted notable gains in October. Employ-ment in the construction industry rose by 33,000 over the monthcompared with average growth of about 21,000 per month duringthe first 9 months of the year. Some of the October gain reflectspost-hurricane rebuilding and clean-up efforts.

Employment and financial activities continue to increase, risingby 22,000. About half of this gain occurred in credit intermediation.Employment, health care, and social assistance also continued toexpand in October.

Elsewhere in the economy, employment in the information indus-try fell over the month, mostly because of a large decline in motionpicture and sound recording.

Factory employment edged up in October because of the returnof aerospace workers from a strike. The manufacturing workweekrose by an unusually large amount, four tenths of an hour. In-creases in the factory workweek occurred throughout most of thecomponent industries. Average hourly earnings of private produc-tion for nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls roseby $0.08 in October to $16.27 following a 2-cent increase in Sep-tember. Over the year, average hourly earnings were up by 2.9 per-cent.

Looking at some of the household survey indicators, the joblessrate was 5.0 percent in October. The unemployment rate basicallyhas held steady since May of this year. Both the labor force partici-pation rate and employment-population ratio were little changed inOctober.

I would also like to discuss some preliminary findings on the em-ployment status of persons directly affected by Hurricane Katrina.Shortly after the hurricane struck, Bureau analysts together withour colleagues at the Census Bureau devised a short series of hur-ricane-related questions for inclusion in the October Current Popu-lation Survey. These questions were designed to identify and solicitinformation from survey respondents who were evacuated fromtheir homes even temporarily because of Hurricane Katrina.

It is important to note that the estimates based on these ques-tions are not representative of all evacuees, but only those whowere interviewed through normal household survey procedures.Some evacuees reside outside the scope of the survey, such as thosecurrently living in hotels or shelters.

Based on information collected by CPS-sampled households,there were 791,000 persons aged 16 and over who had evacuatedfrom where they were living in August due to Hurricane Katrina.About 300,000 of these persons had returned to the home fromwhich they evacuated, and the remaining 500,000 had not returnedto their August residences.

Of the 800,000 evacuees, 55.7 percent were in the labor force inOctober, and their unemployment rate was 24.5 percent. The job-less rate among those who have not been able to return home wassubstantially higher than the rate for those who returned to their

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August place of residence. Again, these figures do not reflect thesituation of persons still residing in shelters, hotels or other placesout of the scope of the household survey.

Even with these limitations we believe that these data provideuseful information about the employment status of those personsaffected by Hurricane Katrina. As people make the transition tomore permanent housing, the estimates may be more representa-tive of the situation of all evacuees. We plan to keep these specialKatrina-related questions in the survey at least through January2006.

Summarizing labor market developments for October, nonfarmpayroll employment was little changed over the month, and the un-employment rate was 5.0 percent.

My colleagues and I will now be glad to address your questions.Representative Saxton. Thank you, Commissioner, for your

very concise and informative statement.[The prepared statement of Ms. Utgoff appears in the Submis-

sions for the Record on page 17.]Representative Saxton. Commissioner, in your statement you

have a lot to say about the weather events that occurred, namelyHurricane Katrina and Rita, which were back-to-back storms at theend of August and the beginning of September.

In looking at the employment numbers from the month of Sep-tember and now, of course, the month of October, we see a muchdifferent trend than we had been seeing for the months in the firsthalf of the year. In January, we had job growth of about 124,000jobs; in February, 300,000 jobs; in March, 122,000; in April,292,000; and that trend continued June, July and August. Thenumbers were 175,000, 277,000 new jobs, and in August, 211,000new jobs.

When we get to September and see the effects of, for some rea-son-and I assume that you have talked about weather events sig-nificantly because you think that had something to do with it-allof a sudden the September numbers were down to a negative35,000, which have just been revised back up to a negative 8,000,and this month's numbers were also on the weak side.

Can you venture some opinion, venture some reasoning thatwould support the notion that the hurricanes have had a lot to dowith this?

Commissioner Utgoff. We have come to the conclusion that inOctober, Hurricane Katrina, which is the hurricane that has mostaffected employment, did not cause additional losses, that the weakemployment situation is throughout the country. I think it is fairto speculate that things such as higher gas prices have influencedpeople's behavior in a way that has dampened the employment sit-uation.

The employment in discount stores and supercenters was weak,as was employment in leisure and hospitality. These are the kindsof places where people are not spending their money because theymay be spending their money on higher gas prices.

Representative Saxton. Not spending because they are spend-ing it on higher gas prices, that decision that an individual or afamily has to make about where they are going to spend their dol-lars.

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Commissioner Utgoff. Yes.Representative Saxton. In addition to that, wouldn't it discour-

age people to see $3 on the pump? So that affects people's behavior,and that negative behavior may be an indirect result of the hurri-cane that we see the resulting weakening of the numbers, whichoccurred simultaneous with the occurrence of these weather events.

Commissioner Utgoff. Yes, yes. There are many strong eco-nomic numbers that have come out this month, but the employ-ment numbers reflect an economy that is not growing as rapidly asit has been before.

Representative Saxton. Are there any other indicators in thedata that you have seen that would say that there are other factorsat play here?

Commissioner Utgoff. I would like to point out that manufac-turing showed a small gain because of return from a strike, butthere was also a 0.4 percent gain in hours in the manufacturingindustry spread throughout the entire industry, which is often asign that employers are on the cusp of bringing back additionalpeople. First they add hours, and then they add additional people.So that may be one positive sign, for this month for employmentto be stronger next month. We also have the lingering effect ofHurricane Rita and Wilma, which really did not show up thismonth in the data because of the timing of the survey and mayshow up in later months.

Representative Saxton. So the results of Rita are not in thissurvey?

Commissioner Utgoff. They are, but we had good responserates from employers who were affected by the hurricane. Nextmonth there may be rebuilding, there may be other activities thatgo on that will affect the employment situation.

Representative Saxton. Can you shed any light for us on thedifficulties that may have resulted from the devastating stormsthat occurred in having an effect on your ability to collect and ana-lyze this work-related data?

Commissioner Utgoff. The last 2 months have shown a real ef-fort by dedicated public servants to get out the best numbers pos-sible so that we could judge what was happening in the economy.The Census Bureau made every opportunity to get to every house-hold that they could. There were two parishes that they were notable to get into because they were completely evacuated. They gotback into those parishes this month. There was a higher responserate. That is for the household survey.

In the payroll survey, Herculean efforts were made to get re-sponses from people that when normally they would do things likemany people who do touchtone entry, where they pick up the phoneand they just push-call a number and push a few buttons, andthat is their response, we called all those people individually. Peo-ple worked long hours to contact virtually every person they couldin the hurricane-affected areas.

Jack Galvin, Associate Commissioner for Employment.Mr. Galvin. That covers it pretty well. We also had cases of es-

tablishment survey respondents seeking out different numbers toreach us and report their information via touchtone data entry.

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Our 1-800 numbers were down for a while, but these employersthought it important to report their numbers.

Representative Saxton. I see. The lack of communication thatresulted in the couple of weeks immediately after Katrina seemedto have been a very significant impediment to me in regard to yourability to collect data. I had a friend who still lives in New Orleans,who ended up in Baton Rouge, and I tried to call him for 2 weekswith no luck, and he was in Baton Rouge. It must have posed somereal challenges.

Commissioner Utgoff. We didn't change the definitions of em-ployment for the payroll survey, but as we discussed last month,we did change the statistical analysis of those numbers. For yourfriend who may have owned a business, if he didn't report, in nor-mal months we would have assumed that in first closing if youdidn't report, in the first period you didn't report, that you lookedlike other people in your class, size, industry, area, and we didn'tassume that this time. We assumed that people who reported zeroemployment did have zero employment. We went through all of ourprocedures for estimating employment and changed many of them.

Representative Saxton. Yesterday Chairman Greenspan washere to testify before the Joint Economic Committee, and he waspleased to reflect on the 3.8 percent growth that we saw in the lastquarter; he was pleased to project that growth will continue in thenext year or so at a rate, GDP rate, above 3 percent. He waspleased to talk about low long-term interest rates. He was pleasedto see that in spite of Katrina and Rita and Wilma, and in spiteof uncertainties created by the Gulf War, by the war on terror, andin spite of the interest rate increases that the Fed has deemed nec-essary, that he expects the economy to continue to grow.

Do you see anything in the numbers that would speak contraryto that view?

Commissioner Utgoff. The numbers that we are putting out,many of them are very strong. The only cause for concern is thismonth's employment situation is relatively weak compared to thevery strong employment growth that we have been seeing earlier.

Representative Saxton. In that regard previous Commis-sioners always have warned us about reading too much into themonthly data release. Would you say that this month's data is sta-tistically significant, or is it something that we need to wait andsee as we move forward?

Commissioner Utgoff. I will say the same thing as every otherCommissioner: One month data is not something that you want tomake a significant judgment on.

Representative Saxton. We have got the weather events thatcould have a temporary affect here, and we know from past experi-ence that the statistical significance of 1 month's numbers are notalways particularly meaningful.

Commissioner Utgoff. Yes.Representative Saxton. Thank you, Commissioner.Mr. Reed; I'm sorry, Senator Reed. My friend.Senator Reed. Jack.Thank you, Commissioner, and thank you, Mr. Chairman.

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We were seeing what appeared to be sustained job growth overthe last several months, but I understand the August number wasrevised down from the initial report; is that correct?

Commissioner Utgoff. Yes, that is correct.Senator Reed. The initial report for August jobs was?Do we recall a revised number?Commissioner Utgoff. Just a moment.Mr. Galvin. When we reported August back in September, we

reported it at 169-, then in our second closing last month we re-vised it up to 211-, and now we are reporting 148-.

Senator Reed. We went from 211- to 148-, and that was beforeKatrina and Rita and Wilma; is that correct, before the hurricanes?

Commissioner Utgoff. Yes, the August number would not havebeen affected by the hurricanes.

Senator Reed. So what we were seeing was growth, and some-thing suddenly might have happened in August to cause a revisiondownward. Then we have this month's report, which I thought wasinteresting, because in response to the Chairman's question, youpoint out you did not really see the primary affects of the hurricanebecause the weakness was nationwide; is that a fair statement?

Commissioner Utgoff. Yes.Senator Reed. And so, we saw revised numbers downward in

August, we had a hurricane, and now we are seeing very, I thinkbeing polite, modest growth in jobs in this month, which is nation-wide and not targeted to the hurricane effects.

The other aspect here I think is interesting is labor force partici-pation. That seems to be consistently poor. In fact, I think therewas a slight increase-I should say a slight decrease in labor forceparticipation in October?

Commissioner Utgoff. Down one tenth of a percent.Senator Reed. Down a tenth. Not statistically significant, but

indicating there is a huge reservoir of people who are not countedin the unemployment rolls because they are not actively seekingwork, and that seems to be stable at high levels. I guess histori-cally in terms of a recovery from a recession, these levels of work-force participation seem to be high; is that accurate, too?

Commissioner Utgoff. The decrease in labor force participationthat occurred with the recession that started in 2000 was signifi-cant and has not returned to prerecession levels.

Senator Reed. I think that is a significant issue when it comesto the truth of the situation of American families across the coun-try.

We have been talking about payroll growth and job growth, etcetera, but unemployment claims for this month seem to be grow-ing also; is that fair?

Commissioner Utgoff. I believe that the initial claims were-Mr. Galvin. Overall initial claims declined, 12,000.Senator Reed. How about in terms of, again, talking in terms

of the hurricanes; are those claims still coming out of the hurricaneareas?

Commissioner Utgoff. Yes.Mr. Galvin. ETA has reported that the number has gone above

500,000 of initial claims related to the hurricanes.

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Senator Reed. What is your expectation with respect to addi-tional claims coming out of those regions? Let me step back for asecond. Is there a delay because people have difficulty because theyhave been uprooted in filing their claims?

Commissioner Utgoff. There has been a concerted effort tohave additional places to file unemployment insurance in all theareas that have been affected and to make sure that the placeswhere evacuees have gone in large numbers have the ability to filefor both employment insurance and disaster unemployment assist-ance.

Senator Reed. Do you expect a significant number of peoplehave not yet filed?

Commissioner Utgoff. I can't opine on that.Senator Reed. Let me turn to a final topic. One of the things

that is both interesting and in a sense disturbing is we have an in-crease in productivity which is substantial, yet wages seem to benot reflecting those increases in productivity. Productivity went up,wages seem still to be rather anemic, and in real terms, wages arefalling. If that is a trend that is going to continue, that has omi-nous implications for the economy. People are working harder andharder, and the overall economy is more productive, and yet theyare not receiving any increase in wages.

How does that work for most of the people that work in thiscountry? Do you have a comment on that dilemma?

Commissioner Utgoff. Over the long run we normally see thatproductivity and wages move in the same direction; not always, butnormally. That has not happened in the last few years. Produc-tivity has increased faster than wages and compensation.

Senator Reed. That might be the long run, but that is-2 yearsof data is a significant amount of data, which suggests that this isa huge problem, because I think the premise that we all have inour market economy is that increased productivity will be sharedin some sense with increased wages. If there is a disconnect be-tween productivity increases and wage increases, that is, again, anominous development in the country and I think something wehave to be terribly concerned about. Thank you.

Representative Saxton. Mr. McCotter.Representative McCotter. Thank you for being here.Along similar lines, I am just curious if we have ever had a

study, because I come from Michigan. Just so you know, we heara lot in Michigan about the outsourcing of jobs, jobs lost. One ques-tion I can't seem to get answered because I don't know if anybodykeeps track of it, and if you don't, nobody does, is what jobs arelost overseas as opposed to what jobs are lost to other States. Isthere anywhere I could go find that?

Commissioner Utgoff. We have a survey that addresses part ofthat for large layoffs where there have been 50 or more people laidoff in a 5-week period and the layoff lasts more than a month. Wecall back the company and ask where the movement of jobs hasbeen, and it is far more common for job loss to be the result ofmovement of a company's activities to another State or anotherarea than it is for it to be moving out of the country. So thatoutsourcing-there is outsourcing, but it represents a relativelysmall fraction of job loss due to the movement of work either with-

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in the company or to a different company and within the UnitedStates and outside the United States.

Representative McCotter. Where can I get that?Commissioner Utgoff. We will be happy to send you more ma-

terial. We have both quarterly reports and a year-end report thattalks about that.

Representative McCotter. Can I get the latest year-end reportand the latest quarterly?

Commissioner Utgoff. Yes.Representative McCotter. Along the lines of what the Senator

talked about, the increase in productivity and the stagnation ofwages to match that rise, is there any analysis of how the floodtide of globalization is causing that? It seems to me that one of theproblems would be that if you have to compete globally with anynation, not simply developed democracies, what happens is you willtry to do everything you can to be more productive, and one of thethings that you can't because it increases prices of your productswould be to reward your employees for their increased productivity.Is there anywhere to find a correlation between those two? Becauseit is an ominous trend to find people working harder because theyare forced to compete globally with any country which may or maynot have similar protections for their people and find out at the endof the day that is merely to tread water and to survive economi-cally, not to grow and prosper and pursue your American dream.Is there anywhere that can be found?

Commissioner Utgoff. We have data on the increase in wagesand compensation benefits for the people over the 2-year periodthat you are talking about, and for people who do not have signifi-cant education, wages have been stagnant or falling. It is a starkexample of why we really need to have a good educational andtraining system to prevent wage stagnation in a world of globalcompetition.

Representative McCotter. Relative to Michigan specificallyfrom what you were just saying, then, is that it is probably statis-tically borne out that the people who are hurt the most will be insuch areas as manufacturing, it would seem to me, because the his-tory has been that you do not need an advanced degree althoughthe work is very technical to go into a very well-paying job, to beable to produce, and then what we are seeing now is that that nolonger is a career path, the statistics bearing out the people whoget the degrees generally don't go work at Ford on the assemblyline, or they don't work in the manufacturing area. Are we seeingthen from the statistics a special problem within the manufac-turing sector because of this trend?

Commissioner Utgoff. The manufacturing executives have toldthe Department of Labor that they have help wanted signs up notfor assembly-line workers, but for workers who have more trainingand more education; that manufacturing has become much more ofa high-tech industry where productivity has reduced the need forworkers with limited education.

Representative McCotter. If you would indulge me one lastquestion. Are they also telling you that they are able to take thepeople who are engaged in the manufacturing sector currently andthen bring them into those jobs?

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Commissioner Utgoff. They are all very interested in trainingprograms either on their own or with the help of the Departmentof Labor and the Department of Education to make sure that peo-ple graduate from high school with the skills that they need toenter the high-tech manufacturing workforce, because that iswhere manufacturing is headed, and to retrain their workers totake new jobs.

Representative McCotter. The high tech.Commissioner Utgoff. In higher tech.Representative Saxton. Good questions. Thank you.Mrs. Maloney.Representative Maloney. Welcome.Commissioner Utgoff. Thank you.Representative Maloney. What fraction of the population actu-

ally has a job?Commissioner Utgoff. Let me get to the numbers.Representative Maloney. If you want you can get back to me

later.Commissioner Utgoff. No, no, no. We have all these numbers.The employment to population ratio in October 2005 was 62.9

percent.Representative Maloney. What would the unemployment rate

be if you included people who want to work but have given up?They are not officially in the labor force, they have been turneddown 10 times, and are not actively looking? What would the un-employment rate be if you included those people?

Commissioner Utgoff. In October 2005, our broadest measureof labor utilization, U6, was 8.7 percent.

Representative Maloney. What would the unemployment ratebe if you included people working part time for economic reasons?

Commissioner Utgoff. U6 includes those working part time foreconomic reasons.

Representative Maloney. This also includes people who wouldlike to work but have given up?

Commissioner Utgoff. It includes discouraged workers.Representative Maloney. I would argue the real unemploy-

ment rate is 8.7 percent.Anyway, I would like to ask you to clarify for me-first of all, I

want to go back to the numbers that you gave us. You said thatthere was a net gain of 56,000 jobs in October and a loss of 8,000jobs in the revised September reading. How many of those net gainjobs at 56,000 are filled by women, and how many are filled bymen? Likewise, I think it is important to see who it is that is losinga job. How many of the net loss of 8,000 jobs in the revised readinghad been filled by women, and how many had been filled by men?

Commissioner Utgoff. The number that you refer to, 56,000, isnet. They are both people who have gotten jobs and people whohave lost jobs.

Representative Maloney. How many of them were women, andhow many were men?

Commissioner Utgoff. We don't have that statistic.Representative Maloney. Did you at one time keep that sta-

tistic?Commissioner Utgoff. Yes, we did.

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Representative Maloney. I find that an important statistic tohave. In fact, Senator Kennedy with the help of Senator Reed, pro-posed an amendment to put it back into the payroll data, and Iwould just like to clarify why the Bureau has discontinued thewomen workers series on the current employment statistic survey.Why did you discontinue it? It is half the population. That is animportant number to study.

Commissioner Utgoff. The statistic that you are talking aboutwould not be available to me to report to you for Octoberbecause

Representative Maloney. That wasn't my question. My ques-tion is why did you stop-why did you discontinue keeping thatstatistic.

Commissioner Utgoff. The decision was made based on the factthat the burden on employers for collecting that statistic was notworth the amount of use that statistic was getting. We know thatbecause we can measure the hits on the Web site. We know thatin the last 10 years that 6 articles have been written that partiallyuse that data, and we have calculated that if it takes employers aminute apiece to answer that question, and you use a relatively lowbookkeeper salary, that the cost of those 6 articles is almost $3.5million apiece.

Representative Maloney. I would like to request a copy ofthose six articles. According to the research that we looked at, thatquestion has an 86 percent response rate. It is the second highestresponded-to question of any on the survey; the only one beinghigher is how many employees do you have. The only business or-ganizations that responded supported collecting the data. Therewas no business that went on record being opposed to collecting thedata. They all came out in supporting it. Researchers use this data.The Federal Reserve Bank of New York has used it, and many oth-ers use it.

So, I cannot understand why in the world you have removed it.There is no substitute. Businesses don't seem to have a problemwith it since they all responded to the comment period at OMB, inthe original comment period, in support of it. Researchers use it,and there seems to be overwhelming support for it. The commentssubmitted to BLS ran 9 to 1 in favor of it, and I believe the Senatejust voted overwhelmingly, in a bipartisan way I might add, to con-tinue collecting it. I must say I have signed numerous letters in abipartisan way in support of it, and I have spoken to professionalresearchers who tell me that they use it, that it is valuable. I can'tunderstand why getting the number of women employed is not im-portant.

Now in your breakdown of these numbers by industry, how manyindustries do you break it down by?

Mr. Galvin. Over 1,000 industries.Representative Maloney. Eight hundred industries.Mr. Galvin. That is the national numbers. The women's workers

numbers were broken down to a high level of industry detail ofabout 40 high-level sectors.

Representative Maloney. Forty high-level sectors. I would liketo look at how you collected it in the past. I might say that I wentto your Web site in the past, and I have never seen it mentioned,

13

it is never in your press releases. If people don't know about it,then they won't be using it.

I would just like to ask you; it was my understanding that theNew York Federal Reserve testified to the usefulness of this data;is that correct, about the New York Federal Reserve Bank?

Commissioner Utgoff. There was a written response from theFederal Reserve bank that they had used the data.

Representative Maloney. If they are using it, I think we needto give them the data they need.

Does collecting this data impose a large burden on BLS, or isthere some compelling reason why we should not continue to collectthis data since the response was 9 to 1 in support of continuing it?Every business that wrote in wrote in in support of it.

Commissioner Utgoff. First, let me make an important point.The data on industry by women is available in the Current Popu-lation Survey. We are making that more useful to our users by pro-ducing a longer-time series. It is just the nature of when you askan employer do you want to put this data down, when they spend12 minutes a month-excuse me, 12 minutes a year responding toit, they are not going to write a letter.

It is our job as a statistical agency to make the judgment that12 minutes a month for 400,000 employers is a very large burdencompared with 6 articles in 10 years.

Representative Maloney. Commissioner, if no one writes in inopposition, why are you even having a comment period if you aregoing to make a decision not based on the comments? Nine to onethe comments were in support of continuing the data, and re-searchers have told me, that the other data that you are using isnot the same. They have told me that the CPS data comes from adifferent source, individuals rather than employers, and has asmaller sample size. BLS states that-you have stated that it isless reliable for month-to-month employment changes. The FederalReserve uses this data. I would respectfully urge you to continuecollecting it.

Now, if Congress passes a bill forcing you to collect it, would youcollect it?

Commissioner Utgoff. Yes.Representative Maloney. I would urge in a bipartisan way

that we put in such a bill. I know that Senator Kennedy and like-minded people will be working in the conference committee to keepthe legislation in, and, quite frankly, I am absolutely appalled thatof all the things to cut out, it is keeping data on employed women.I think that women's data should be kept, and I urge you on yourown to make this correction.

Commissioner Utgoff. We produce voluminous data on women;earnings, use of their time, and when they are displaced from theworkforce. We cover every aspect of women in the labor force.

Representative Maloney. Maybe I should wait until the secondround.

Representative Saxton. Actually, Senator Reed and I have ten-tatively agreed not to have a second round.

Representative Maloney. May I have a follow-up question.Representative Saxton. The gentlelady has made her point,

and you are rapidly approaching the 10-minute-your red light has

14

been on for 5 minutes. If you would ask another question and con-clude, I would appreciate it.

Senator Reed. I have one more question.Representative Maloney. What is the Bureau doing to study

the wage gap specifically, and what are you doing to determinehow much of the wage gap is attributed to discrimination by em-ployer, and are you designing any surveys on this issue, or do youhave any surveys on this issue?

Commissioner Utgoff. We just produced a lengthy report, I willsend everybody on the Committee a copy, on highlights of women'searnings. We publish earnings by age, race, all kinds of groups, tocompare them to men so that we know in what industries womenare making progress relative to men, in what educational groupswomen are making progress relative to men, occupations. This isa 40-page report that was just recently produced and will continueto be produced.

The data that you say are being dropped were never used by theBLS to evaluate women's earnings and the progress of their earn-ings and are not suitable for doing that.

We will continue to be a major source of information on womenin the workforce and how women in the workforce are doing rel-ative to men by numerous categories.

Representative Maloney. I thank you for your testimony, andyou may not be using the information, but other researchers, in-cluding the Federal Reserve, are using the information on the num-ber of women employed, or losing jobs, and that is valuable infor-mation and I would respectfully urge BLS to place that back intheir column of items.

Representative Saxton. Commissioner, I would like to thankyou for being here with us this morning. We appreciate it verymuch. We always enjoy these sessions, but we enjoy them evenmore when you bring us good news. Hopefully next month we willhave some good news.

Commissioner Utgoff. We have had a spate of hurricanes, andhopefully that will die down. And no snow storms next month.

Representative Saxton. Thank you.[Whereupon, at 10:22 a.m., the Committee was adjourned.]

15

LIZfk CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES

Z JOINT EcoNoMIC COMMITTEECHAIRMAN JIM SAXTON

PRESS RELEASE

For nmmediaterdtxc ReleaseIENT OF Contact: Christopher FrenzeNovember 4, 2005 OFExecutive Director

CHAIRMAN JIM SAXTON (02) 225.3923

OCTOBER EMPLOYMENT SITUATION

WASHINGTON, D.C. - It is a pleasure to welcome Commissioner Utgoff before theCommittee once again to testify on the employment situation.

The employment figures released today may reflect the indirect effects of the recent hurricanes.Payroll employment increased by 56,000 in October to a level of 134.1 million. According tothe separate household survey, the unemployment rate edged down to 5.0 percent.

Other standard economic indicators reflect the health of the U.S. economy. Figures released lastweek indicate that the economy grew at a 3.8 percent rate last quarter, despite the massiveregional destruction wrought by the hurricanes. So far during 2005, the economy has expandedat a 3.6 percent rate, roughly in line with Federal Reserve expectations as well as the Blue ChipConsensus.

Equipment and software investment, which has bolstered the economy since 2003, continues at ahealthy pace. This component of investment responded especially sharply to the incentivescontained in the 2003 tax legislation. Employment has also gained over this period, with 4.2million jobs added to business payrolls since May of 2003. The unemployment rate is 5.0percent.

Consumer spending continues to grow. Homeownership has reached record highs. Householdnet worth is also as a record level. Productivity growth continues at a healthy pace. Althoughhigher energy prices have raised business costs and imposed hardship on many consumers, theseprices have not derailed the expansion.

In summary, the economy has displayed impressive flexibility and resilience in absorbing manyshocks. Monetary policy and tax incentives for investment have made important contributions inaccelerating the expansion in recent years. The most recent release of Fed minutes indicates thatthe central bank expects this economic growth to continue through 2006. The Blue ChipConsensus of private economic forecasters also suggests that the economy will grow in excess of3 percent next year, and that employment will continue to rise.

16

SEN. JACK REED (RI) 109THCONGRESS

SEN. EDA..M KENED (MA)

sENJErE1IGAMAN NM) Congress of the United StatesRP. CA.OLYN B. MALOEY(NY) Wsu.DC 205 io.465REP.MAu=CEHWaE(Ny) Joint Economic Committee 202-224.0372RE, LoUATA SAIaZ (CA) FAX 20N.221 50RUP. ElAHECuN341NOS(MD) Democrats u-'s' dl

STAn DGRR

Opening StatementSenator Jack Reed

Joint Economic Committee HearingNovember 4, 2005

Thank you, Chairman Saxton. This hearing gives us the opportunity to continue examiningthe impact of the recent hurricanes on the jobs data and to try to discern underlying trendsin the labor market. I want to commend Commissioner Utgoff for the hard work that herstaff at the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has put into producing these statistics underextraordinary circumstances.

As measured by initial claims for unemployment insurance, the number of people whohave lost their jobs due to hurricanes Katrina and Rita has now exceeded the half-millionmark, and more job losses are expected from Hurricane Wilma. In the coming months, Ihope the reconstruction efforts will stimulate a recovery in jobs throughout the region.

Beyond the hurricane-affected areas, the labor market showed signs of losing strength.For the economy as a whole, this month's BLS report shows that only 56,000 net jobswere created. It appears that high gas prices may be squeezing employers as well asconsumers.

Even before the hurricanes, the labor market was still feeling the effects of the mostprotracted jobs slump in decades. Cumulative payroll employment growth has beenmodest by the standards of most economic recoveries, and we continue to see evidence ofhidden unemployment, with labor force participation and the fraction of the population witha job still at depressed levels.

The typical worker's earnings are not keeping up with rising living expenses, which issqueezing family budgets. Gasoline prices have been high and home heating costs areexpected to be substantially higher this winter than they were last winter. In the past year,real wages have fallen throughout the earnings distribution, with the largest declines in thebottom half.

I am pleased that President Bush reversed his unwise decision to suspend the DavisBacon Act in the hurricane-ravaged areas and restored federal wage protections forworkers on federal contracts. But the President's steadfast refusal to support an increasein the minimum wage still makes it hard to take seriously his rhetoric about wanting to liftfamilies out of poverty.

I look forward to Commissioner Utgofr's statement and to a further discussion of theOctober employment situation.

17

Statement of

Kathleen P. UtgoffCommissioner

Bureau of Labor Statistics

before the

Joint Economic Committee

UNITED STATES CONGRESS

Friday, November 4, 2005

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee:

I appreciate this opportunity to comment on the labor

market data we released this morning.

Nonfarm payroll employment was little changed in

October (+56,000), and the jobless rate was 5.0 percent.

Payroll employment was flat in September (-8,000, as

revised).

Before discussing the payroll survey data in detail, I

would note that the October estimates were prepared using

the same modified procedures that we introduced in

September to better gauge employment developments in areas

affected by Hurricane Katrina. We will continue to

18

evaluate our data collection and estimating procedures and

will resume standard survey operations when it is

appropriate.

You will recall that in our analysis of the September

employment data, we concluded that the weakness was largely

due to the job loss in areas devastated by Hurricane

Katrina. This conclusion was based on an estimate of the

change in payroll employment excluding all of the sample

units in the disaster areas. That exercise showed that job

growth outside the disaster areas was in line with the

average monthly increase for the nation as a whole during

the prior year (about 200,000). We did a similar exercise

for October and concluded that the relatively weak increase

was not attributable to the areas directly affected by

Katrina. Rather, job growth in the remainder of the

country appeared to be below trend in October. In

addition, the direct impact of Hurricane Rita on the

national employment data for October was judged to be

minimal. It is possible, of course, that employment growth

for the nation could have been held down by indirect

effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, for example,

because of their impact on gas prices. (Hurricane Wilma

made landfall after the October survey reference period.)

19

Turning to the national developments by industry,

leisure and hospitality employment edged down in October.

This followed a substantial decline in September, at least

some of which was hurricane related. Employment in retail

trade was basically unchanged in October after a large

decline in September. In addition, there was little job

growth in professional and business services in October;

the number of jobs in its temporary help component showed

little movement over the month.

A few major industries posted notable job gains in

October. Employment in the construction industry rose by

33,000 over the month, compared with average growth of

about 21,000 jobs per month during the first 9 months of

the year. Some of the October gain reflects post-hurricane

rebuilding and clean-up efforts. Employment in financial

activities continued to increase, rising by 22,000; about

half of this gain occurred in credit intermediation.

Employment in health care and social assistance also

continued to expand in October, rising by 23,000.

Elsewhere in the economy, employment in the

information industry fell by 15,000 over the month, mostly

because of a large decline in motion pictures and sound

recording.

20

Factory employment edged up in October because of the

return of aerospace workers from a strike. The

manufacturing workweek rose by an unusually large amount,

0.4 hour; increases in the factory workweek occurred

throughout most of the component industries.

Average hourly earnings of private production or

nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by

8 cents in October to $16.27, following a 2-cent increase

in September. Over the year, average hourly earnings were

up by 2.9 percent.

Looking at some major household survey indicators, the

jobless rate was 5.0 percent in October. The unemployment

rate basically has held steady since May of this year.

Both the labor force participation rate and employment-

population ratio were little changed in October, at 66.1

percent and 62.9 percent, respectively.

I'd also like to discuss some preliminary findings on

the employment status of persons directly affected by

Hurricane Katrina. Shortly after the hurricane struck,

Bureau analysts, together with our colleagues at the Census

Bureau, devised a short series of hurricane-related

questions for inclusion in the October Current Population

Survey. These questions were designed to identify and

solicit information from survey respondents who had

21

evacuated from their homes, even temporarily, because of

Hurricane Katrina.

It is important to note that the estimates based on

these questions are not representative of all evacuees, but

only those who were interviewed through normal household

survey procedures. Some evacuees reside outside the scope

of the survey, such as those currently living in hotels or

shelters.

Based on information collected from CPS-sampled

households, there were about 800,000 persons age 16 and

over who had evacuated from where they were living in

August due to Hurricane Katrina. About 300,000 of these

persons had returned to the home from which they had

evacuated, and the remaining 500,000 had not returned to

their August residence.

Of the 800,000 evacuees, 55.7 percent were in the

labor force in October, and their unemployment rate was

24.5 percent. The jobless rate among those who have not

been able to return home (33.4 percent) was substantially

higher than the rate for those who had returned to their

August place of residence (10.5 percent). Again, these

figures do not reflect the situation of persons still

residing in shelters, hotels, or other places out of the

scope of the household survey.

22

Even with their limitations, we believe that these

data provide useful information about the employment status

of those persons affected by Hurricane Katrina. As people

make the transition to more permanent housing, the

estimates may become more representative of the situation

of all evacuees. We plan to keep these special Katrina-

related questions in the survey at least through January

2006.

Summarizing labor market developments for October,

nonfarm payroll employment was little changed over the

month, and the unemployment rate was 5.0 percent.

My colleagues and I now would be glad to address your

questions.

23

N ew s =UniedStatesoftLabor

Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212

TndmicalinxtoHouseholddata: (202) 691-6378 USDLO5-2118

Establismietdata 691-6555 Trammismsonofmaterialinthisrleasehtp:Jhvww.bhgo/ccs is e dbaloud until 8 30A3M (EST),

Mediacontact 691-5902 Friday, Novemnber4,2005.

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: OCIOBER 2005

Nonfarim payroll employment was little changed (+56,000) m October, andte unemployment ratewas essentiallyunchanged at 5.0 pacent, the Bumm ofLabor Statistics oftheU.S.DepartmentofLaborreportd today. Avaphouehyeamingpofpwducnornonrvisyworkinpdvatenffafmpayrolls rose byS cents over the month.

Hurricaes Katia, Rita, and WV ma

inOcober,MS i tngfhe uschor oldsufveyltmmedmOrleansandlJeffsouparwsnm Louiaiana. hflriswe notcon asdr mho a inSepmSqt mber blcausehy woundermandatorvscu onateosn Otbes rwinomadatacofleoton nd eimaionp -dures wesed tehhousehold svfeirbothmontms.

Forthe Oobaatablibsme nt s uvey esbme tats , several modification to thesa esiMa-bonmpsocedes wevapmusedtobette lectan p ikymwnAtimKatrina-affeedr Thechangeswincludd: (I)modficnofpocedustoimpte .loymentcontsforsweyno _ pw omitbemostheavyimpaced asa,(2)adjust itatsao weightsfrsample rits in the mobroadlydefined disastrea to _pnsate for lowerthan-vsurveyrespose ra, and (3) modification ofbe adjusent EproedUre forthebusiness netbuWdicb/e tMrreflecthlkelydamsinbusm bifb/dethpalenism fdLsaea

Hunic Riita made lonD Gulf Coast athe lad Tea . borderin lalt

September. ForOctober, the numberofresponsa totheestablisment sweywas onlyslitlybelow nomal inthe areas affetbylita. Thereforeno speim ationprocedureawused for those -cm

Huncane W shadtkFlonida after teOctbermu yrei periods, but duringthesurvycollectionperioda. AswilhHunRicanita, the inpact on data collection fortheg~hdm wurv s minmal, and no special etimninp ed w used forthe

affectedareas B de eierefraepepiods forbothsuvesocu redbefoccHuniameWila stbuck, any npact oftbis stom would not bereflctede m Octobea's ploynt andwunenioYmtmatestm

Formore in lon on bousehold and ea ma nveyprwedures a estimates forOctober2005, seeb ttp:/ww.blgov atccesqetonshtm oD the BIS Web site orcall(202) 691-6378 for infosmation about the household survey, and (202) 691-6555 for infm-tion aboutthe establisment surey.

24

2

Table A. Major Indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted

(Nurnbes hi thousands)Quarterly Wcagvcs I Monthly data ' Sq

Category 2005 2005 Oct

nSEOD I DAA 1. Iabor or.a t

HOUSEHlOLD DATA . Ibor ft=c stats

Civilian labor fore................................E loyment....................................Uncrpla enL ..................................

NOain labor fae...................................

AM workers..........................................Adult mm...................................Adut w. ..............................

Tee . .....................................White .............................................Blak or Affican American ...................

H ispanic or a e.c.ty..............

ESITABLISIIMENT DATA

Nonfarm a ploym ...........................

Goos-rduig 1 ..............................

Co truction...........................ManactuI........................

Sevc-rvidig .............................Retail trade 2 ...............................

Professional and business services..Education and bheath a e s ...............vi:

Leisure and hospitality....................

Goverment..........................

TOal private ....... .

Manufacturing...............................Overtime.

149,003 149,835 149,841 150,093 150,079 -14141,404 142,319 142 449 142,432 142,646 214

7,599 7,516 7,391 7,661 7,433 -22876,671 76,587 1 76,600 76,880 280

thonplnt aes

5.1 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.0 -0.1

4.4 4.4 43 4.5 4.3 -.24.6 4.6 4A 4.6 4.6 .0

17A 16.1 16.5 15.8 15.9 .1

4.4 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.4 .1

10.3 9.5 9.6 9. 9.1 -.36.1 5.9 5.8 6.5 5.8 -.7

Enplyawat

133,429 p133,961 134,013 pl34,005 pl34,0

61 p56

22,134 p22,146 22,159 p22,146 p22,195 p49

7,217 p7,260 7,267 p7,279 p7

,312

p33

14,292 p1 24 14,260 p34,232 pl4,244 p

32

111,295 pl11,815 111,854 pil 1,859 pi I,66 p7

15,180 p15,218 15,231 p5l,173 pl5,167 p-5

16,867 pl6,997 16,983 p17,044 pl7,056 p1217,289 pl7,415 17,418 p17,451 p17,462 P

13

12,741 p12,799 12,830 pl2,767 p12,749 p-18

21,753 p21,841 21,849 p21A8 v11,86 plO,

Hours ofwork '.

33.' p33.7 33.71 p33.8 p33.81 p0.0

40 P4015 40: p40.6 4 p

4. p4.5 4.5 45 p451 P.0

Inecs of aWretwefky hours 2002=300)'

Toual private .. ................. 10241 p103.01

102.91 p103.21

p103.21 p0.0

Averagebhourly eaR nnAtoalpvst e ......... 516.031 p16.171 536.171 p$16.191 pSI6.271 p0.08Averar wekly earnhigs, total private. ......... j 54086 p45.36| 544.931 p547.2 p549.93 p2.71

' Includes otber industries, noit shown sqrately2 Qutely avages and die ov eromont change arc calculated ing unrounded data.

3 Data reate to private productionornousupervisory werkers.

p= p inar-

25

3UnCVQpvaIent(HouseholdSurvev Lbh)

Both the umrber of unemnployed persons, 7A million, and the unemployment rate, 5.0 percent, werelittle changed in October. The unemploymentratehas ranged rom 4.9 to 5.1 percent since May. Theunemployment rates for adult women (4.6 percent), tenagers (15.9 percent), whites (4.4 percent), andblacks (9.1 percent) showed little orno change over the month. Thejobless rates for adult men (4.3 per-cent) and Hispanics or Latinos (5.8 percent) both declined fom Septenber. In October, the unemploy-ment rate for Asians was 3.1 percent, not seasonally acjusted. (See tables A-l, A-2, and A-3.)

Afterineasingbyasimilarmageitude in September, thenumberofpewnsunemployed duetojobloss fell by2Ol,OOOin Octoberto 3.5 million. Since Deceber, the mmberofunemployedjob losers hasdecreased by 585,000. (See table A-8.)

Total Emklomnicgt and the LaborForce (Household SuvevLData)

Total anployment, 142.6million, and the civilian labor force, 150.1 million, were little changed inOctober. The eroployment-population ratio (62.9 percent) and the labor force participation rate (66.1percent) also were little changed. (See table A-l.)

In October, persons employedpart time for economic reasons-ho who are available fir and wouldprefer foil-time work-decreased by 330,000 to4.3 million. Thisn nberhad been tradingup in recentmonths. (See table A-5.)

Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)

The numberofpersons marginallyattachedtothe labor force was IA million in October, down firom1.6 millionayearearlier. (Dtatare not seasonallyadjusteL) Theseindividualswantedand were availableto work and had looked for ajob sometime in the prior 12 months. Theywere not counted as unemployed,however, because they did not actively search forwork in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. There were392,000 discouraged workers in October, little changed from a year earlier. Discouraged workers, a subsetofthe marginally attaced, were not currently looking forwork specificallybecause theybelieved nojobswere available forthem. The other 1.0 million marinally attached persons bad not searched forwork forreasons such a school attendance or familyresponsibilities. (See table A-13.)

Total nonfan payroll employment was little changed (+56,000) in October at 134.1 milHon. Employ-ment growth was fiat in September (-8,000, as revised), due in part to the effects offHurricane Katrina. Inthe first 8 months ofthe year, payroll employmenthad increased byan average of 196,000 per month. InOctober, consntuction,finnd acliviies andhealthcareaddedjobs, while employment inmostothermajorindustries showed littlemovement (See table B-.)

Overthe month, oonstruction employmentincreasedby33,000, withmuch ofthe gain(20,000) ocrm ginresidntal specialtytrade contting. Piorto October, consructin enploymenthad been expanding byan averageof2l,000permonthin2005. O tober's gainmayp tlyreflectrebuildingandclean-up effortsfolowingHuricaneKatr Minng continaed totrend upward, adding 5,000 jobs over the month.

Manufacturing added 12,000 jobs in October. Emplymentintransportation equpmentinreasedby22,000, largelyduetotheretumof 18,000 strikingworkers intheaerospace industry. This gain intrans-portation eqlupment employmentwaspartlyoffaetbyjob losses in computer and peripheral equipment(-2,000), electrical equipment and appliances (-3,000), and miscellaneous manufturing (4,000) inOctober.

26

Employmenmfina a cvities con edtwin October, rismgby22,O00. Employment gais incredit intermediation accounted for about halfofthe over-the-month increase. Overthe year, credit inter-mediation has added 107,000jobs. Employnent in insuance edged up in October.

Health care employment also'con to gdow in October, increasingby 17,000. Ambulatory healthcare services, which include doctors' offices and outpatient clinics, added 11,000 jobs. Hospitals also con-tnbutedtotheaeployment gain with an increase of 6,000 jobs.

Employment in the leisure and hospitaltyindustryedged down in October, afterdecliningby63,00 in

September. Withintheindustry, food servic-which includesrestaur ant drikingpa-countedfor the weakness over the month. Prior to September, food services had been adding about 26,000 jobspermonth in 2005.

Retail trade emloyment was essentiallyunchangedin OctoberfolowingalargedeclineinSeptembe. InOctober, there were job osses in department stores (-1 8,000) and automobile dealers (-9,000). Followinglarge declines in August and September, employment in food stores edged up by 9,000 in October. Sportinggoods, hobby, book, and music stores also added 9,000jobs over the month, largely offsettinga declineinSeptember.

Professional and business services employment was little changed in October. Overthe last 12 months,however, the indusizyhas added442,000 jobs. Overthemonth, employment incomputersystems designand related services increased by 8,000.

in October, employment in infimation decreased by 15,000. Much ofthis decline was due to ajobloss ofll,000inthe motion picture and sound recording industry. Despite the October decline, employ-mentintheinfommationindustywas aboutunchangedovertheyear.

WeeklvHouts (Establishment SurveyData)

The average workweek forproductionornonsupervisoryworkersonprivatenonfarmpayrollswastm-changed at 33.8 hours inOctober,seasonallyadjusted. Themanufacuringworkweekincreasedby0.4hourto 41.0 hours, and factory overtime was'unchanged at 4.5 hours. (See table B-2.)

The index ofaggregate weeldyhours ofproductiornopervisorywokers onpratenonfat pa)rolls was unchanged in October at 103.2 (2002=100). The manufacturing inde, was up by 1.3 percent overthe month to 95.1. (See table B-s.)

Hourlvand WeddvEaminUs (Establishment SuaweData)

Average hourly earnings ofp-ducton or nonuvisoryworkers on private nonfarmpayrolsroseby8 cents in October to S 16.27, seasonally adjusted. Average weekly earnings increased by 0.5 percent overthe month to $549.93. Overtheyear, both average hourly and weeldy earnings increasedby2.9 percent(See table B-3.)

The Employment Situation for November 2005 is scheduled to be released on Friday, December 2, at

8:30A.M. (ESTf).

27

Explanatory Note

Tin elese statisties fBom tW D~or survey, theOmens Pophalmon Survey (household iey) add r CurrentEmployett St aurvey (estalisent srvey). Te hn-bold urvey Provides the lfousrirotm aO tbe labor force, employ-wet, and otemployenet that appears in the A tables, mturkedHOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a umdle survey of abot 60,000 houseb"h conduted by the U.S. Ceae Btremt for the Bus of LAhorSttiti (B5s).

The establishment survey provides the information en theemploymnxt, bos, ad eint ofv workes on neofarm payrolls thatappeaWs in the B tables, nurted ESTABUSHMENT DATA. Thisinfoematin is colleced from payroll reco by BAS in eoprltiowirh mm ageases. e ample includes abot 10,000 busineseeasd govraneset sqteis eovering Woinnaely 400.000 individualworaites. The aive antle ineudes about one-dthd of al nonfirmpayroll wo*kes The ample is drawn Bow uaeapg A ofuemptoyment insurance tax aceontas.

Per both brwveys the dna for a give month relate to a *perleelarweek or pay priod. In the household srvey, the refdresce wek ingeaalythesledarweekthatsaiesthe l2thddyoftbewnth. Indie estabisdument arvey the refaecee palod It dte pay perod in-ctidg the l2d, whicd may or may net directly to theceadaur'ewi

Coveragetlnfs dIferesbetwoen sure y

BHusteold suvy. The umple i selected to reflect the uirmciviis oonmseilettital ppalea. Bwi at r _onntoeaes ofquestioonk maiadjobsarsbeities eachperon 16yearsadover in a sample bhouehold. is c iefiedi aesiploy ueneployed oro in the labor form.

People m dacssiflkd ns eapfoisd if they did soy work at al anpaid espy during the reinsece week sored in thor owe buse-nea professioneaon their own ftrm; or wedxwithot payat last15 bhon in s funiy bhsinas or fBam People we elso eal asemployed ifthey were sptea-iy a t fim their jobsbecese ofilltnsabw vrsotugesdisaeorpai

Pop*le cbssifiedasuereotediftheymeeeuliofthefwrgcrisoetTheybhadwoe loynsdrinmgthbe oreeeworkthewereavailable fr week at that tine ad they made speeific effois to findemplynmnet sometinm duaing the 4-weck peried esding with theeforeneeweek PerseewlaidaoffBma jobnbdespectinreeall xirtbe e fkinrgorkttrobeesmtedisemlyed. Thet raemoy-meet da derived Biom the household sveyim no wy depend uponthe digibility fr or receipt of snempoyment insuance bseft

The afian labofor isthe mn of emeployedad semployedprmes. Those nu elassified a employed or uemployed we sotistheaboarjfre. Theuo mployweatmueisdtentutbeermtmptoyeda a pcent ofthe labor fr Tbe Iaborereeps ratroseinthe labor force as a peea of the popuation, and the eypeesr.puptadon Md in the employed as a perIem of the population.

Etatlslsmeet arvy. The ample eatisents e drawnBfenpemprtenenfaesstaeeieemo fdeastheeies office ead storesaaoWall asfedWol, State, a0d tal goveetane nuses. Erployees oneaf p> tsee who reeived payfbrny pelt of the refer-ene pay period, ittctieg peneor paid hve. PaPersnsarecutted

it eweb job they bold. fBotrs rid emip dat we for private blai-reses am d rte ole y to prodctionw ers in the goodroduciegsctor and rastpervisoy workes at dite ravice-prooidtg sectorbIdesries we classified on the basis of taeir preiipal activity m

dace with the 2002 esson of the North America l*dusoyCassification Sysen.

lffses le aepnoyscit d _t The nrmeus, mwet-oil and meehodolojeal diffireees bdween the household adestablidstent suveyn reulst importat diednatincs in the employ.ns es derved Bam Br srveys Asrong these are:

* The bonelteld urvey mchnadcs agri enwkas, the srelf-oployed, enpaid bfiay worka. ald private hosehold wooka rthe nploye. Theseupseedred tohe esblse ey.

* The besadld srry mchbdes people on runid hv ang reemploed- The estalidaran swrvey does ane

* Tbctoeottldmrveyins"iuo 1wahsl6yeosofsgendolds.The easblez o amy iryo net 1'it by r

* The b rhe ld amy ho na ddplication of individuals, besateindivdu ale erodeday ano even if rby bhid moe Ba oejob.Ia Be establishment xrny, emplsyees weskin at mme Bta na joband Ba p on more ace Payroll weeld be counmeted srwtly for ash appcrne.

seasowi .uet

Overtbecaeteo'year, tbrizeofthenati-laborforcendtbelevels of eployment and une nploneat undogo itamp nluosatios

dsetoaehacbaasevensctd einwatberaeedscedorespadedpeoducti, bvt n;pr hoidrs and tb opening ad edaeg ofsachots. Theeflkctoftue seasonal vasistia ca be vey WM aeasoral fluctuationsn ay mcontfer smuch as95 pematofthe mon-toumanth dchmq ia remployment.

B thesseasoeel oevels fotlow moem or 1 reguhar p

eact yer, their inflene on statisse onsd cm be dlnmiatod byodjusle gdsthersftrammrootb toumt Tbeseadjustmemmkenatmoasi developotesu arh as d riwa a ecommic asssly orn in the psiapatin of woman te blabor foree, eair tospot For e ctmpte, brue tnmbsr of yoalu etring te labor b6rcee c e in likely to obscure sy otherechnges tha hove tas piserelative to May. muin it difficlt to detetmine iftte level of oo-namic activity has ires on declited. However, beesose tbe effct ofstudents h'I'sh dcool in pneviwo yeas in hn, Bt tatisciforoerreetyew cat be mjustod to allo faracompasble ctae.baoof s Br asonal mjdusrenlt is mde correctly. tBer djusted fi-gre pov d mora e eild tool with whicb to malyze changes inennimac tty.

blst seasonallyadjusted sdies are indepdently adjusted in bothder hosehold and establith suveys. However, the ad-

28

jmd tories for mnny maer tinut, nab total payroll employ-m sen, employtrni in moat neretes, totaibal eampayme, andunemployemnt K csaputed by ageging inde ty usedcomponent strita. For enxamle, total unemploymnmt in derived bysumming the adusted fer bour mnajr ag- cemponeats;this diffv finm the oncstployment esmt t would be obtoinedby direy adjusting the total nr bytyanrining the durtan, Masts,armoaedaailadagoectgai

For both the household mad establismnt suv , cntseasonat arustment methodlogy is used in which new seamnnaf n ow calculated each morth, tsing all rvt data, up to andinealing the datafortho cort monti. Inthebooeboldasrvey~newweasnal tae owused to adjs only te catil mlnth's data. Inthe establishomeaturvy, bowever, sewa _atal factors iesed eacbmonth to atust the dte mst recent monthly estimates. In bothsuveys, revisions to hbtorical data o mnde amc yar.

Reftlblultyf westlinatmStatistica bated on the household arnd estrblishmaent anaes ow

objecttnbobthamplingendnoonsatlingeter. Whenmat*rperamthertbnstheentirepopulatimnihrveyed thererihs d thattbesnipitii u e m ay diffr from th e true -p c olatiecn v tlu e they re p e n.The exact dfrence, or gslag eaw, 'aiis depanding on theparticular eane selected, nd this vasribiity is _eattued by theamdard earar ofthe es M here isab a 90-poreet chao4e or

kmv ofeaifidenet. tha n estimatebateden a tplewilldifrbynomneeimt 1.6 standard earmofrnm dt eWe popltionvalue becauseof sampling effer, BIS miayses w generally rctadacil tt tbe 90gpenxntlkvel of Midence.

Foremmmpledccalneeintarlfertdemobtlycbt in tetJemploymnent fen the household muvey is on the order of plus ortnnns 430,00 Supp the tinute of tetal camplmt incraby 100,000 fim one mouth to the next. Tbe 90-praent asnfideceinteval on themotblydtangewouldetge from -330,000 to530,000(100,000 41/ 430,000) Thseo figu do nt men tha the onmplerena w off by these msgnides, but esther that dime in about a90pcent chance that tbe -we overwnontb dingo lies withinthis intervad. Sice ts ange ineltde values of les than ran, weeculd noteaywith confidaencethtntlploynicthad, in fct, increatsed.K btwever, the repoated employenat rise was half a mnllio, thenall ofthe values within the 90pent craefidnce inteval woeld be

Itor zanZero. lhthiocasitinlalky(stleata90-ancmtcbnce)tht an enmlytten rise had, in ftlet, IomtI At an uneromloynentrae of round 55 perontt the 90,-ercent confidee inteval for themrthbly change in unesployment in about 1- 280,000, mnd for theesonthlycbhngintheunensloysntmtertitnbonte-.19pIeensgo

pointngesiaules otslvingmanyfdidtclorc# tbshel_

have lower rtadd aTaOI (relative to the Ide Of the estimate) tanestits whidi ow based on a snal nuan}r of obsesvations. Thpcisin of eirs in aln upeved wben the data are enmolatedover time sdi as for quartesly and annual as-ages. The aatioaladjusunsnt prm cen* also improve the stbility of the monthlycutoatms

7he household aid eablis surveys am also lffected bynonsanqilng awr Nonmpliag aers etn occur for mny ressoningchdi tbeifc l t oftle tnep uoffltbie in blliytoobtain information ft all la in the sanpic, inability orarwillhingoes of respondents to provide comect information on atime basis, miestaks m e by respondents, mmd arens made in theeocetion r peocessing ofthe data

For example. in the estabilisohmen uvey, esaes for die mostrent2 months me bats on mieoimplete retuns, for tureasn, toeeestimtes or labeled preliminay in the tables It is only after two

osuceadv revision to a monthly estimatei Vhen nealy all srmple.et have beatrecived, that the i is considered fi.

Another Dmaqr touree oftnoonapling eamr in the blidntoxve is the usability to capture. on a timely basis, employmentgenSratedbyneifniesa. Toecwrctibrthissy aticemudeoionofensloymmetwowt, Nn catiestion 1roceur ewith twOcomiptbmnihusedwatecountfnrbasinesbirths. Thefitrtcast apoentewmbushriedeathlto mimpute enployment for bosineat bLitha. This to incorporatedimo die sampldased link relative estimate procedure by sinply not

collecting sanmpleunits going out ofbbutinm but imputing to them theam trend iisthe r ftm imthetc The secondemaqonet isn AflM timesisemodel denod toatantb ehetnalol net birWdcath bepottot oaconted frbytdhinhputtiL Tsebistaicalthmeciusedutoaeate - d test the ARIMAmodel wasderived fromthewuptoymonamornm vese mic labed,tmdrefiethe ctueal re" oat of bints and deaths over the past five ype

t de atnple-bated estimate fim the emblitamect onevey rwatusfed once a yew (on a lagged basis) to universe eaun of payrollemploynent obtained frem t tive of the UD0mploy-mtes u nce program, 7oe difference between the March wb nt.based eaployaent estlmats and the Marih universt cmats i ownt u benchmak revisiont n ves as arough proxy ir tood unmeyear. The new bmdinasb aim incorporate changes in the clasrfatsion ofindusudeo. Over the pastdecade. the bendinak revision fr

tetal nonhem aemployment ha averaged 0.2 p carnt, in g froeslm that 0.05 pon-e to 0.5 percea.

Adiftiond glattMs and ~UterfmtionMore onivpeheive statisties re contained in EupaDljva and

Eimatgp,pabliabedeacknouth byBIS. ItisavasilobteforS27OOperissue or SS3.00 per yw from the U.& Government Pdnting O0ce.WatshingtonDC 20. rI rde ust beprepaidbyandingacbeckor money oeder payable to the Superintendent of Documnnts, or bycharging to Mastercard or Visu.

EADejo oranldbanpalsoprovideesme ofsling etefor the hobushold and establainhmet suvey dam putlished in thisreee Far teetpoymeet mnd other labor foree categorics, theseDtCs appey r in tables I-Eithrugh l-D ofitosExplnmtoryNotes.Fortbe establisunct carveydat, the snmpling wermesuretand theacula eften duetobmbcsiuk adjusn s peg I tables2-B througl 2-F f 6 ad Enip.

Indbemnation in this s will be nuale avalable to sensory an-pired individuals Wp request Voice phone 202o91-5200; 7DDnager al * 1-80.774339.

29

HOUSEHOLD DATA H 1USE30L0 DATA

T4b5e A-1. EWbruild s060. 6666 d1 PoLeoll by 86 SO MPO6 h5.80o5

__o8pnft __l& a& Meod'

TOTALX _ _ 7~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~2KIM lMM 1 2XnM 7ZIII MID 2Xtt DM MMG~~1.01346~~dP~~p~e06 014.101 011601~~I *2X 01403 Win06 46.k01 011631 "UN4 t16.8

P | MD 661 0a.2 a" do 6a1 a"8. a" 61ld P. U0.4 lS0,11 M3,W IM4 MAN 1a *a46 1*a Xt JWb?_A____l 7*8 ON on 7*59 7,497 7*1 7*1 7*2

U ~b &I_____ .1 4. SS &D 60 4.9 61 60I68 0664866 ___,,,. _ ____=__ 7214 76.606 7M6655 7628 78.7 756A 4, 7804 7660

P06663~6046*63J0....-..--......-~..~ 606 470 4.306 & km0 Ws61 4.013 4.07 4*7

WAn. 16 yam md over

t wI..&.V Wp - WU13415t 1MM473 1061o I66 17 t 101ot. 166 IOW5 1I6.714 01640 0Wo6 70t20 646O smug6 SD 014*7 6270P _ 4 73 73.2 70 733 734 7.4 70 73A 73.

Ea0d 70,1 7446 7860 74.?, 7man 727 7.469 7876 1730_tD an 781 62 Oka 60 06l < CBS WI

U, oft64i6 4*80 3.06 M.4 km2 3.07 3.1 WM 4SW 3.464867806063646~~~_____________ 61& 4.6 4 SA6 00 4.&.0 6 4.0

dhi0 2r 1 ______- 751 2363s zk31 2W03 Z3*8 2*1 2U3M 29.144 MM3S

an 2 yeamn anI.6 1.1 4060 SU0 1M754 10.674 1m42 MAN3 10I*

75.744 78.70 76.678 7an 76s4 386 74 7.1 76.M 76.e1___r___ ___________I_ 750 760 710 757 7m 7&0 7&1 75.3 766

_ _________-________ 7us2.l 73A7 760 71*8 73.14 73ua 77 nr3 73.3S_ _______________ 72.4 7. 761 72.0 723 72.7 n7 32 7n

l)066 _ ________ X15 3,3 3.417 zJ 3.736 3.46 3 3.4 x4n71 37Lbt0byi08 - 4.5 4 X 3 4.9 4 4. 45 43

6068606640663 ____________________ 24.16 24.36 26*2 32U2 3626 24.250 36.13 26*8 36*6

06064361S176 U# ad 0760

C0861464*463644 l _ __ 116.016 17.216 117.a 14t6.4 116.6 1133 117* 117.8 S17.363C.0nG66 __________..5. 6606 G.0 664 6863 6* 74 06.631 6.70 06.4P ww. W- L2_ ______ _____. 6M7 864 6.1 06.3 663 a" 660

M 62 564 67 660 664 MD 664 Su 5MD1k. 4 __ __ 3.S7 3.4a5 3M 3X51S 3.070 3431 SN 3.X57160S 1m6 6.... 64 3.1 - 0 0so 61 64 4.8 64 61

868,066406 _7.6 47= 0,7. 4743 a 4730 47*8 C7A 47*2 47CA

WVstun. 28 ye= and 0v6

63C86l64*46*60068l~ 106*2 1n6114 46*8 1062 10. '77.1.0c0m1"km6 16 l .1os 4 101278Cr6 6___ __--- 06277 637 664ra 666 634u70 e67306 UO30 f.3 &m1_*_ ____________________ 66" GM7 mg 03 M2 664 as as me0

am01 6.163 "Al4 0127 6451 6.06 WS.06 ".67 skin_____________ r0w7.7 7) 06. 574 07.4 MA) . 68 6767 Xm

_______________________ .. 06 3.06. 2s2 3.401 3.010 3.7TS 2.64 3s5 J 31800_ 46 4.6 4.7 44 4.8 43 47 44 4. 4.6

Na6406640663.. ~ 4.7 h7* _7.70 ___ 43.46 473113 43.230 .M1 43AV7

BOUO Sexs.16 019 ya

c iv rr.-_ _ _- ts,6*7 1,463 446 16*7 40* 416* 1A71 1tk463 w4e437.06106640606 _________.~ 6.46 846 186 7.4& t 7.101 7.101 70 7.173 7*a

___________________ 63.8 41 41.6 43o 43. 43. 46.4 43.6 4306b770 *.706 0S. BA46 6.3 SW4 4060 GAN a04~~648fl0060606b~~~~~ea0 ~330 66L2 662 063 667 067 668 66 362

18.Wb~d 1.6 12 1.0 1.Z7 1.178 1.106 1.101 1tog 1.,I _6- 44&4 1t1t 103 472 14 14. 16i 13.6 10I

8686hd-fa * Itl24 mm 144 .4 so?17 72 61274 Q36

*11 xx1: b. Z ~ d n ~ ~ _ tI63 R l08l0667 6944~6Md0d8k-4040

30

HOUSEHOLOVATA HOUSEt DATA

Tab _ do pyss ts -cum CMbSSI PM9 M by ac. s. s d- ove

pk80. .. W)

E:: n= I - I I

cmr15A0440bpqsi4 15.15 104,876 105.35 1071510518.4 184 35018,9010 184.51 187.C. M___ _21.634 1__ 1M___ 121.273 121.95 172^3 5.6 12817 1221.7_ _ _ _ O b FL2 0.5 5.4 a5. 5.32 . F5 4 05.4 564

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~1106151 17e00 11714, 1156$ 11A."sn 1Itl40 17. 11 117.337 W83.4 GU U? 531 83L4 as 43 a3 54

(5 W d _ _ _ _ 5 173 s164 s m(5 57 5 5 2m 5.214 3.19 7 5.50 8.81_ O _ _ 4 3 42 41 4.7 43 4. 4.2 4 .s .4tNwbih - _ F U F4 et227 5.15 .1 541 5O1Y7 GM5 5g.34 2.231

Mon. 7m yesmad oW.sCwt46o, e__ 5_41 __4 53.652 5.65 IM73 57.54 5X54 5mP s~~l 15 ......__ _____ 1___ 702 782 7eM 68l 782 72 A 782 72 7.2

_ ______ _ _ F5 .3 5 81.38 six " , 46 413 S 1 37 St = 0 1 81 el " 6 613, AF^_db _.____.___ ~~~~~~~~734 71 TM 29 t M 73. 735 7&I M1(556884 -. .7 Z.24 Z7.67 7.878 3.2D 7. 2.354 2.37 2.445a_-_ --__9-__o-->*__- I t~~~~~~ as U2 Xl7 tFz 3-u0 tYW V ts e tO

Um41 _ ____ ____ 3 1 4 41 53 7^ 7 17 4. 3.

Wram.., 20 Yeasam 640086Ckft .smw - o.. . - 25412 5311 5Jt64 s5270 a1m3 5.737 5s7F S.5 5.260

E 6 _.55U* _U04.45............ 572 67.5 0_ 5712 Va 37.4 a 73 37. 872135 _1_ 1.374 7.54 7041 2.3 1.951 73 7.154

c 1__5_ sw & 4.6 13 4. F 32 3 2 39e4 4.I

M ______=____- S.?" 7.815 $.$ 7.911 SAN SAN 6.61 6.65D 754___ 6-..=.| 452 4L52 405 45 47.1 47 472 47.3 54.4tso5 5,012 4.33 1017 7.,?1 5,121 3.101 216 6.053(516845.65645.45 3We _2 I5 5" 4ADA 4U 403 41A e.-Ww ____ __ 75 753 a54 5 Ms 852 G1 841_( Fs m ." _ _ _ 14. Ito 11 I&I 4.2 li6 I 2 1U s 142

BLACK OR AFICAN AMERICANC wn,---=--~-~ 26s2034 l25AIlt X 21.204 1272^u XtWO 28.=5 2k&N Mt tik ISA93 17.*13 II= la,= ~~~~~17.147 17.15 17.150 17.W 17.15P _5*s56. "5 042 6__7 642 67 GU3 84J 002. 444

_ 4 4 5 ~ d . . . . . . . 16.3 1__ _74 1 .742 17a 12 13.378 155 1SO4 15,56 175Ee** -" f5 " A 5_ _ a J s7.6 a.1 5.7 5.2 5t 2 S L5U _sl 56e _ _ _ 1.7 5 16 1.33s 1.65 * .75 1 . 6 1. 5 I .35 125L0u 61 ISA 630 85 1r.7 101e 85 VA 84 .13H. . .212 .SAW4 9.40 036 41 9 .25 89.17 m1 S.

ckv__ _ 7 ? 7.712 7.732 7.490 7.705 t.785 7.75 7.6 7373_______ _ _-=-e71t6 721 7.1 7 6I 712 72A 72524 71.4 713E ., 6 ... ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~6,767 7035 7.107 G.72 6.6 7.158 7.077 7,017 725

_ w _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _2___ 84 o 5 2 5 3 67 4 GM an u go5 M Sa - s SLY _______ 2 LI 17.2 S3 3.4 05 6e a.5

CN140=11W - 6.5 6e712 8677 8.015 SAN RAM 6.4 0374 6.75P6~45l1646................................................... . 643 64. 852 860 6. 6432 662 64e 6.

7.75_ GAS 4,123 7.756 7An 7'3 7.352 7AM 6.05_ 53 a" 5.4 5. 58u 5.0 S." 5. 53A

________ 75 M 855 M75 752 75 72 74 on04401564134. 3.6 7. 7 3.69 83 82 62 1 72

_ _ - - -6~' 33.2 27 5A 2 7 633 327 5 S 2 3 1 2 1,4 5 2E~~~o~~~d -~~--553 45 312 524 551 06 an1 433 M-8 5- _ | 72 2.3 1S 8 52 5 2 6 .6 72 3 7 2 5O 3 t u I " 2

___ 36~~~~~~2 214 232 23 284 278 2D 235 236W5 4 .2 __ _32-- | 6.5 31.1 24.7 =4 . 352 Xe5 no

A545____ ___ 3 270 5 (2) (t, (6) (5) (6) (.)

----- __ _ _ _-- --- 4 . 4 I I 4 ') (W) (P ) (5 ) ( ) (

.. 7.25 7.4 335 (1) (2) ( a) ( (6)_ _______ . 15 270 7x13 t}} (t} (3} (t} 2702M

(2 a1 _ ______ 4J 4~~~~~~~~~~~~.= 11N (a34 P" 1 (} ) I.)

. 6 4 5 5 6 6Sd - P-ed 6 , DMa - 81-1*8 be J-4 y 20 1418660w23=L W64 6m64504181354517

31

EI8U5EHD DATA44OUOWV DATA

ToMA43 48 b e d X _b or 9ano p 1 A,58 q

.h _)

2W4 2 = 584 2M 2 =

HWAIPAI(C D4SA ATOEMOCt- -- 71418 7171 79 455 1431 al M78M 2m I 1542U 2M MOB

8 .8 8 . ._________ 19.8 18159IS mm781 1 4 1t.777 19 9 19914 19J41 mm9--- I ~~~~~~a" WA. W2 S5U MO as9 eo e9 aoP88 ______ _____ U5m 878 81,2 38 18.9 578 mm 188 Am

______h___._______________-- 18.58 19.58 18919 Ml 1s 5907 I51 US54 "a98

o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~II ==-l 1,1s54 > z I' IS3 SA 3 > 3________ 64.4 698 84.4 84.1 (') ( 4' 91 (" 843

1878818862 9887~ ~ f2 SO

_ o.= 15E9 Km "I t 4 (8) (8) (9) 4841n.o 449 11.8 1() (,) (I) (84 42) 4t)

___ ___ __ __ - 7859 78) 87 (84 (8) 49) ) (84 (8 (94E d =. 8 E69 5t 5 ( , I .7 ) ( ' ) | a 44 ., (, I), I.,

_____________ _ I_ "88 58 5U (2) (8) (8) (84 (,) (,)q _ _ _ ~~__ . = ______ .9 4.8 4.4 424 (4 (t4 () ( 84|* (84I~~~9m. U 78889188916 a,= &Ml 7"

w l __ ._ ___ lCSS 172 74)9 49) (84 (8) "( 4t) 4)

_--o - =1-._ MI 87A (2) (8) t7) (8) (8) (8)_ 1 8.58 8.o1 7.5 (') (M) (') (94 48) 4

1._ 7 17.0 17J (84 (94 (8) (" (84 4')_______g =* l~ 49h__1 882 7J (9 (4 9) (9 (4 8

T (A7 4. I at tthd. p7 (8) ()25 (8) t4 f4 4d8)

IS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ q ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _- J __118 8 8) (4 (4 8 8

2W Z l2CS 2W$0 am 2Me 2WS Ml 2D5 z_

P.*ok ^s 457 44 lO 45A a55 Al U4I 3 4&

(8u788 --______ _, 88.7 173 18 (84 () 484 ( 48) 48)gn 1.0 M I8118818 .w68.8.6.4889 77 7.6 &S U1 pl578 8884788is82 tl1

t85. 18 _ ( eo818__ 3788978 aws b7 .782 3"* V4 4848 xws 384

E.b~ 36=1 3MV 3kS^ 3Ea 72 3UW 35e120 74S35W 3UN 36.0s

~~~~~~~~~~~6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,5 I Ia 725 AM 1j 1.773 IA39 IM IDo li

U_ _ _ - _3 . 47 & 47 so 4

__ d____ ae~~~~34725 3,154 #Am "Als 34.45 sust J SA Wn o3.

Ee ' W 33JO 3S3" 34.17,2 S7,lt2 2& wa 2XI 3"N amtz_4 27b GU _ = -5S. 8& o 8 -7 -

__ __ - 7.1 I2.= 12.5 182*9 12358 18.1 12.1 127) 12.819

a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 ___ ___ _2 19 & s a T US is U8

P981 _ _________ ___ .____ 44. 45.n7 n 4 47 ."5 4. 7.5 88.1 *82 4l.4CIAI 98188. 4=1 M17 418M 412 40.9 4.80 4A8 41.8 M)2(88e49 _.__ _ ............... ___ 5)7e2 912 1.6 8*9 n .9(7zz7s48 5 87.7 7.8 6. 82 1.877 77.6 M 78 8 77.1

0.4(918888888 _ *. 57.818 18292 8148 97..182 3 7ILS me 7S 71 6 *3 71L09_________- 88.11 I. gm w27 18.8 121 anC7 .a 81.13

124 1.7 21 * 135 23 Z7 Z* 213

I* ,s,88 da 881~885818~~9. . .. k- t * da

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32

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T7bk . P_ I10 .d 6p 8 8by c h n 64 .686 684 mdp 4 0. p

3h *1 . 3 )

HOUSEO5LD DATA

Oa -t Om Oa A V804 2M M_ MM 86 _ _ _ I

CLASS OF VM2RKER

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M6A060.kowIo. IM 13311 11D329 141.101 137764 MM6 13.M6 14.36 13461O 14un4p60.i7*.1. _ _am 1316__ 131.480 1M 1tM70 19 131 1 848 131.1U6

3380 ___ _1 _ 2473 1 4 ,.v 1680 20.2s1 16304E6 m._ _ _ M .... 10 110.471 110.8 * ...l. ...G... ...W __ ___.j... t 1 ltw7106 b .co 137.171 168.31 1106113 107.80D MM.8 109AM3 168.76 168. 101.80~ 680 0.413 9.713 9.80 0.314 6Om 9.8536.8

S ______._. ____ 4 _ _ ') 4 (' ')

PEROhS AT WOW PART TOM 2

PM 6f. .34 . a. 4.477 4.nD 2313 478 4,45 k4,8 4.468 4A1 4,33. Xh .. . ........ _ ... _ _. _ _ 3.05 2 Zen Z723 2.768 Zen0 280

C.MoA 660___.,...6 _ _ 1.312 1p31- 1.8- 1.281 I.80 I.= 1.80 1.38 1.318PS owe_ __._ -. _ _._022*1 19, 23.M 19mo 13 19"53 1 6 1906 %.16

P 0 1I0.b 8~~~~~~~~~.~~~ 4.310 4.168 0.01 4.M2 4.36 4AW6 4.43 4.8 4.1711P~k..k~b,~-Wb - --- bzat _764 Z.n X64J 2071 266 Z673 2X747 ZM2 2C1C.Im 1 1.312 1.23 .33 1.414 16 1,0D *1.8 1.80

P6860141f .6nm.680.1042 12,414 33.13 19.26 18.30 19.68 19.141 19.168 1.0

3 o p 9 81. .1 4. 0 1t~~~~~~~~I Pt--e NM, O.W _Wdb.l nhl

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33

I'D6E14W DATA

T M . 8 06d.CW I IYd 66466

(016-O6)

I' DO62 DATA

Soa soaWy aOm Oa e S .Da214 25 z8 MG 230 Z mm 2

7, sis~~~~~nezr .r t7 1s~~AW awo umm I.tV ulma~ UMMr uX4^ UladU I42.1066 l013. 3.771 SIM s.681 slue 640n 6.64 G.5 4mm 9504Isup z>t f sw D 2x xMt 2x11 LMS I"e X2= X21 UNt1 t46t1063 3.615 3.153 3.570 *M 3.711 .7 3 3.739 X 75 7 3,31

134= 130u WA= 138 3. __x6 13.164 1mm mm63tt

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"s 103 1 S w _ ___ _ 73.3 7.4.8 I763 74.31 783 73 76.46 W*N 11066101.84 - - ~~~~~~~~~~Z93. Z.OS 3.01 3.88 Zs"1 3.81 2.1 3.916 3870

186617 13...1.031 1*1 1*1S 1.57 1* 1.014 1684 I.06 I65to61036 .80 .77 1.788 I1.87 1.31 1'A0 Ia6z I.13 1'A4

2D0S 73S. 7W.7 7x56 711 75174 73. 73W7 73.31a 73.8356634541 756 7.168 7*1 7.36 7?,6 7.414 7.31 7.M6 ?,3050,8i 65.082 -6.441 6w0ss KM 67 sum s.m 6.063 65.2a7254 54, 52__ _ _ _ 7s6 53s 741 x7S' 5.834 1658CX 533 sum Wa4s235634= V- 7.M30 17.164 17.205 16.3 1t67 1 17.119 17,MS 17.106

46 1 17.1D5 15OD 7.5 17. 17.4633 17 .70 17.W 17.40 175055030... .Yd_______, *xr x765 13.31 12.01s 133 1M I1278 13.714 1376

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No30_po.. 4 - - -S -43.40 43.673 45877 4127 4517 45406 4s7J0 44313 487V _ 4316566.__.1308 __- 3s.2n3 34.074 3.160 8563 340 6 3 34313, 8 356

3114440401646 - 6.44 6.68 ('Is ('7 I) ') ( ('7 ('7

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34

I DUi3640L DATA I'USEHOD DATA

TOM ^.T. Sdect4d boUaws h 0-50 -my

_ O O d A* A got-

26 2 2Mr s2 235 2m

T" IO.W- _.___ 8 i7M 7.c 95 so so 4.9 &1 so

lO t 1S .____.________ U27 1 sX = 030 i126 f7.2 5 *6 M a IS 1 53 Iss1*1017966 *o ___ _ _m Ms.7 12 13.7 1" 6 A1 117loft Ib M 6 _ a6 Ifa 12 144 19.1 13.9 1"2DI-Owd e _ _ - 8.83 G.MS 62O 44 4.5 4.) t4 &44MW 1195 I'm 364 12 as '8 3a 9 9 7 " asw 5__ ___ __ s19o 43 3.9 4*0 8 1 ' 9

351056y6b. 4.435 4.249 421n 44 .1 42 4.0 42 125Y034 - _ 1.7651 1747 1 210 9 2 52 2 so 0 .4 4.9351044o6.....w... 1.409 t.33 134 4.1 .)8 58 V7 17 92

1a2m 1a 1" 16 5. 14 3 3. 1 .OFF 674 M7 54 &I 35 1 2 3. 32

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3.76 x471 3217 4.9 9 42 4. 4.5 4.)2D b24(--7 9a1 763 102 S. 9.7 13.1 2 9S25y 9. e - 290 224 4198 43 37 1 .7 9. 13 372S3104 yc 2.401 224 .1(2 44 3. 39 3 4.0 3.25034 93D 911 764 52 4* 46 4.4 &I 4.4251046o6...-...--~. 749 673 672 4.0 6 14 3. 36 36S

45 00 6. b s __ _ 6042 63 15 4 17 52 35 35Ssf-- - an _ _____ 432 416 41 &I 52 12 1 &3 12

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20 ktm~~~~~~5.( us49 9409 U 4.6 4.7 44 4.8 U.2510267866 .......... 67G 324 SR 9.4 _.1 7.7 75 7?A 7.5# w d e~r __ _ -__ __ - 31 x5.4 O224 42 42 4.5 4.o 42 42

2s5.4205 5.73 _ 113 44 4.4 4l 5 4.2 4.4 4.435)6s0~ (91 03 77 I 3I 3.0 5.6 b_8 9s 3

35 b044. G .- _ 60 7 75 I1 . 42 5.9 1 44 s b . 56 54- 612 &. 14 15 32 15 1r

; 149 453 3_7 5. _5 4.1 3.6 as X 6I

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FWW__%w643 9.611 OM2 9.0(9 14 A9 4.6 4.9 LI 'LoP la~l.666S6. _____ __ _ _ _.401 136 I 1.45 92 5.4 a5 9. 92 562

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35

IDUSSAHOLD DATAHOUSHOLfD DATA

rai.n A 34 7. p. by 5 69 a c e 1 1y74

06. S.7I Om Oa A9. k2M ti 2105 Z14 2qos 2 _ mm -M XW

EMR OF UNEMLOYE0

Cha.34~9.t6.d~yI43 - M SIM %IS2 4.0d4 aM 3* .410 3.124 0745D

Ob -_______ .ro - 047 67 109 347 8v t8) 8

&O15 =.76- am 7.127 2.707 2.64 610 Z747 ZMs

$ _ 5010 tX0 tt0 th0 0X0 *tL0 *X0 tE0 tR0au 70seadt_ _ >~~~~a s_ 1. 67 4 (' 0 12 ('2 a' (* 02w *

h _ r 10 a 916 e Yn a" an '2 an anft.-" oI. 76 2* 2.11 2 ts 219 7-4 2.451 27.f 2

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PW67 DU~~~~~~~~~~~62 " am 'lut

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9.mS. .. ________ 67.~~~~~~~~~32 as6 SLIP 2M4 30.0 655 311 .7 51.7~~~9W -~~~~~~~~~~~~ U ~~~~~7.9 6.5 5.3 8. 6.4 6.5 6.1

U415PLOSEDASA PECENT OF THECruJMI.UkASOR FORMS

2.5. 750rs LS7 5 21 Zs .4 735 2L5S

1"7 X,5_____ _________ _ 2J1112 22r2 XtOZ X2MD X"2.6 A4 A A 6 A 2 A 527 _6 0 a__________________ _ 1.6 1D64# 1 .5 'A I5s 'A I.6 'A 1.6

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- tie 15.2 151 16.7 17.1 17.6 16.5 16. 16.1

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1677TIE

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*19 _____________ rS ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 26 8a

mmDnbft __=_ _ 330 319 50 5sa

_ _ _ _ _____ __ '219 218 4.0 4 89

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TV- -6I _r ab Ccnt_k h--W

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HOUSEH4OL DATA

Tab A-M2 AM.-U. _ d bt

HOUSEHOLD DATA

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NOT 361HE LABOR FORCE

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38

ESTAB3U8B(T DATA ESTABUSHNOET DATA

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Voi" Oad _&B_

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ftkft I -S Caden Sq;4180 1,3121 1,294. 1.188 1,187.1 1*6.3 1*2. 1,269 1*.1S 1*20.1 1*4,0 31Fo and 3 o Xa - - ,02. ,1 2 Xt1ss X21 362 32 Xt2 Xs X5 X,11 2,X.7 - tJH11.34 1d 0422 181 0498 1071 941A 06.7 6tsc 082A4 14.1 WU 4.1

Ow l- W76. 183 18.7 MI1A 6771 74.0 180 0 .52 876. 183, 2.0Cd 181068d1s b8s1_ 1,F04 1,0041 1,677 1,S0 1,7t0 1,406.1 1,89.6 1,4t00 183 1,42 4,X

G aft . 60.3 WU 32. 641.1 10. WU6.2 0372 OM.7 0007 O4. .1Gs~dAidwwuidU.369.-.--... M73,6872 3011 2,56. 2,141 3,000.2 381 3,18.1 Z2,12. 21062 2.9442 .141

_ _6181844 1*24,1 1,0982 I1,60.0 1*A7 1,184.2 1,000.7 1A471 ,151 1000.1 1,12.8 .16.1Mmoslanow an 'MUI- MA.9 3296171 6172 MS0.8 104. 22 OM1 017.1 6121 .6.1046 r s ___ _ 4320 4131 40.1 431 4218 41S6. 416 021.1 41 421.1 .2.

Trx~mwic NW 1919 4*9.9 4.041,2 4A411.? 4.4111 4,2791 4*984,2671 4,361M 4*3 4,32. .1Ak _ I _ _ 146 1017,2 9664 407.7 514,2 607J51 18. 103U8 487. 4971 .1Rdoua-- 188 1825- 2,4 184,2 1810 U 23 4 ZVLO 2.39 223,1 222 21L2. -2~~~~~ 67~~~~~~~~~.7 66.1 941 002 67.7 012 013 1018 SU3 62.2TTu* '-- 1*0.5 1,41&0 14141 1.417,2 ISLO 12.2 1,11 5 8 9I2.4 1,20 1,4007 01TW0idU9wd29W uW3418O1 40A 18. 4041 4661 1893 3 11 206. 1. 4s 2 3142 I

261d 6w. I 2 s6 1M 5 2181 2s6 213 2, 260. 2601 261 -9W*96I0bdIb49 __, 26.1 26,4 261 18 18. 3,4s 18 o p~ 7 o 26 4SS&W~l41 0484116is - 6421 100 9612 MIA1 00919 5541660 14 5 172W.3 R 5184 41.CO9WS admuenger - 83 1811 660. 9681 964,4 810, U4 MA 106. 0U6. 2.0aoo_' ad 670.9 104. MA631 1 180s32 632 341 9S.s7 6071o 187.1 .

u -on - - 10 96. 676.2 5792 s70.3 071 67&1 0771 577s2 672 2.0

3,128 -0.1614 3,144 2,110 3.131 3,1461 .146 2,147 2,152 31 .1554*81*6 "4*b0 mass5 mixe 107.7 911.4 106.8 966 OK6. 1071 910 O06 186. 106. Iso k- W91 ad s8's imiumbl6e 10. 40710 3071 9661 32 M1 222 390s 402 611 410.6

618196018861a14 b60*0189 -- 10.1 20 s2. 26.32 310 3.6 ss 26, 26.1 2364 2T18..a18061,,,. ._____ _ IA,1M3 1.01#5 1.02,2 IW.T 1O4t l4. 1053, 1,0A34 1t0385 102 ..3oft beam15 6mft 43 p132*1 260A 231 3011 166. W26. 962. 361.2 3262. 26al6 200. 4.

S Pm , Mw4 60.7 101 4.6 402 10 1A0 10.9 $U2 4MA 4A .2

r __ _ - 6.32 6*7 8,20S 8,70 8,I 0 2 0,1 2.37 1248 50.6 6,265 18FU1 65066 _ ,,,~ _ 0,961 zl 18 8,069, 4,16. s 64 6, 062.8 6,072.2 61064 0.1OZ 8,1187 16.3

. uo,15mgadmltmak - i52t12 z20A5 20A°4 2X1 21473 IND2A4 z2n 2"st 2O2 296291;on_5 X __~= 31.2s 18l~ 18, 1,81 31,2 18,4t 18.1 18,2 18 ,52n 18. ..Cm~fersiiga 51 ISCR6648W.- 3,941. 2.6402 3,104A4 2.943, 2T947 3,010.4 3*7 2,001,2 Z3A92 2,6041 i1.1

0IQoetar6o 1.7611A 1.017.2 1,0061 1,A, 12760.N 1,96 1i.9042 11A05 1010O1 17A4 0.4Cm~~wM bmft ~ 1,26.=32 1,181 1,014. 1,814, %1,233 1,311.0 U1,111 1,811 I1,16.8 1.21.1 ILI

sov9960I321omM .774.7 718. 7316 794,2 777, 790.6 766. M61 792.7 716.4 2.7_ wa10rommard d Main 3,I1 3 27.72 ,234,2 24, 3253. Z251.7 22,82 z22654& 2,24.0 4z0

Poo4.934.t1t4wdhwftamM -= 8201 102 8s4 641 SU MA. 6107 60.2 4.?7 6MA3 Alestabdu51rembladleaft --- 106.9 2,241 2,179.23160201, ,4. 2.161L O. U I418 ,1611 3,1001 3,186. LO

deso 31,401 1*6 1.4908 1,4802 1*1 1.961, 1,470.7 I a1,4731 10S 108 3Re18 d airta -,,, , 645A4 671 961.1 63 646.3 10. 186.1 13 6 0 6672 a .1Lawas aoauid noW16014be18 M"14 --... 246. M 261 2, 37.1 242 182.1 18. 20.1 18.4 39, A4

s866 329a0. 1ad

40

ESTAULBr DATA

T" " Erfs.. fas I . by h . w oobin a.*Nb, dft*-Owi

EITABWSHLT DATA

do* am

A4tdaJ s48d_ _

,ruOQ040b*1S840

8mmm61100.1rv04'

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7212

14.150W0U1

2.l180

17,103

1.10.'792

a22.31,74&21477.7k145.2

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17.043

2,127.'412

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4.4011U"n

1061.1

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41

ESTABUS*NT DATA ESTABUSHIEmT DATA

Tad. 3 AW W 9sut oftpho!d81 or ; I . I5q _ o usZu pow by I In y sedorodgo i o 0 . hId m

NORa A.I0s3 . I Oez f i XbsI nI .tIO cI3934I39'i&I~ I a' 239U III MI3052'OI&-

TdaI pke 28 335 3 33J 343 3 7 27 27 321 33.5 0.0

_9oD&Xkm 4 ~ 401 40.3 40.6 4D. 3J 333 39 3"9 393 40.3 A

N~msggwces Kid oft_ 45A 463 49.3 483 443 453 459 48.0 45.7 4.7 .0

Csnm -, 35 7 S9 39 4 39A 390 39.2 353 392 353 312 3.5 .3

^_hdz8t 40.7 40D 41* 412 40.7 404 403 4D5 40D 41.0 AOvebiSI 1o 4.7 4.7 43 4.7 43 4A 45 4.5 4.5 43 .0

Dable0 goods 412 41.1 41 2 41 2 412 40.9 41.0 41.1 41.1 413 .O _rl h _n 4J8 4.7 4S9 4a 4.7 44 4J8 4.7 4J8 4.7 1

Vkwd badls - _ 03 403 4492 412 403 39S 39J3 39. 39 403 1.0Mmmota b colossal poduc - 42.3 422 427 435 424 41.7 13 413 413. 42fl 1 3Powy1-1 423 4238 43.5 433 430 4237 43.1 43.1 43.3 433 .3Fgdxlbd au43 __ 412 40.7 41.1 413 41.1 40.7 403 403 40.7 413 JWd y .... 42.0 41J 420 4203 422 41.9 4.1 42. 413 42.4CMtWid I I p*po3. 4D2 393 404 40D 40.1 393 4.1 39.7 403 40.5 .0Bduo1 wimwi and 14mD.9 403 4 40 4 U . 40.3 402 403 40.9 412 413 A71up4twdn _____ 42.4 42.7 433 430 423 422 422 42J 42.5 42J .3

_tid ,,,d pb.m 42.4 42.7 432 43.1 422 420 413 423l 423 42.8 2Fwrk 0 d -- 3&9 39,5 3.9 393 391 392 3 31 39A 392 - 2IWbh9 _ 35.4 :IIL7 - - 3 3 8 S9U 34 37 392 3J 33 39.7 3

l44awb gDo9 3903 39.7 403 49.2 393l 387 397 3.7 393 40.0 .1oafll t a . _ _m- 435 43 43 43 .43 4.3 43 43 4.3 4.3 3

Food taxadlai 39.1 3932 394 39D 39A 0 38.0 3 393.7 57 D 0bass0 bsm _ mg.___ 39.3 40A 39.7 41.0 393 40D0 39. 40 390 413 19Tem w a- 309 3fl9 404 402 4D.1 40.3 402 4DD 40D1 40.4 .3Tom Produt a _ 392 3SU 39 3 39.1 35.1 352 393 354 395 .1

_ _W 35fl 35 S 359 39 39 393 354A 353 35J 35.7 35.9 2LO_ NW di ed VO& 353 33 3354 355 7 39A SU 35 39 35.4 393 .0Paper__d pp prd -- 422 422 431 433 42.1 422 422 42S 42J 43.1 .3PNOW 0 edm1 _w Oss 393 3 32 3U3 3 392 3594 354 39.7 393 .1PF_ ad cooalp - _ 4S1 44.7 452 487 48. 5 453 48A 453 472 48A -.Oholu _ _ 42.5 413 413l 433 42.7 421 42.0 41.7 41 42.7 3

0Ud Mad pabo _ 40.1 393 403 403 40.1 393 393 393 40D2 40.1 .1

Ftdb e AMVWU~u 3, 24 3 32.5 133 29 32A4 32A 3 A 324 3274 324 .0

Tabulsoa1818186od 3_ _ 3 _ 335 3333.6 3J. 33!3 33! 323 323 .0

V _bdnab ~bu 37.7 373 373 38.1 7.7 373J 373 nJ 37.7 37.7

I n~d _ _ 3D 7 3D97 530 .7 7 395 3DJ 30.5 3 39! 393 30 b

Tqlukpnf 0nd _ DJ373 37.1 .35 J 73 373 VA3 37D 39D 35 3 3836 .1

41.0_.___ __41 413 413 413 41.3 412 41.1 414 41!. -.1

Ia _ _ 38.3 MA 3e5 K93 39.3 39 383 3S. 359 3U9 0

Fhind a_ _l 38.3 359 33 35J 3S7 380 391 39.0 3S.1 391

P _ os 4n8mOld b1uo r 342 341 34! 343 34! 34.J 34.3 342 34.3 343 3

6i od t1l se 21.4 323 323 327 3.5 3233 32.7 325 327 32SU .i

LaiN hpf 2__ 25J , 293 254 25. 28.7 25A 3S7 2S7 25.7 92.7 3

06trSI ..C_ 30.l 31.1 3D9 31.1 3D9 313 31D0 393 3D9 303 3

1D0i 481 In IatEd bussawdg*"d 'Osldes br ididgorveids .14 nd m WA

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42

ESTABL*187 DATA ESTABLO4MT DATA

TAW6-3 A wmlp b0615 NW -W~H~Y WMisi ga pro05ck w nmmqi Is oou .ootm,m I pIdo noI oS Y f by1 8 I~ ~I - wmidol Amto0d hidooby 064

Kewmp h=V dO~nk Awwap idy t __ _

eww bay~aXbzs2DO _ _&124

Tow po m-.V 8___ SMOB s16.3 SI6N4 s634.72 544.43 54824 5555_e nbd _ _ 15.81 16&17 16.19 1627 53438 54493 547M2 549.93

SoC D0J48G - - -- 1736 17.71 17.76 17J1 697.34 713.71 M O1 123.09

NakOi i d NW _n6 18.07 18.78 18oS7 18.67 s20.38 67 27 S75.4 673f i 6

____ud~ml ~ _.__ 19.47 19.0 18.69 19.75 763.49 770.28 73.7 77025

Mm o*465*.9 1982 16J0 18.64 18.75 861.78 6O7 68224 6s884

011*8 8 .__,_____ 16.86 17A2 17.45 17.51 6s9.5 715.96 724.18 73367Wd po . . 1303 13.02 13.07 13.12 52A41 520.80 52s41 5402416 . i 15 _ l163 18.4 18.73 1864 701.06 710.65 713.4 23.84PFmy nm05 _ _ 18.73 19.00 19.07 18.96 801.64 81320 89.56 827.53F _6d mOW 4b - - 18.38 1588 18.93 15s 633 648.32 654.72 65430Mad - - 16.84 16.8 1. 17.03 7072. 708.78 714.06 720.37Cmvp id ___po0 . 17.62 1881 18.67 1a3 70430 738.98 75427 760.10Eb tW*Wo mld _wo 18.05 15.33 1.40 15.50 814.54 S246 640.64 608.89

Tim~pwo m bmi eqkm m I . 3 - 1.78 2228 33 328. 923.47 851.36 966.78 975.67FTAM ri pvS _ 13.27 13.47 M1358 4134 516.20 533.07 641.04 943

Mt3o6mom nawftt - _ 13.92 14.13 14.06 13.96 534.53 548.63 546.30 558.40

Famldnd- god - - 13.11 15249 1533 3 15.25 603.40 608.03 617.45 61.627Food sm *6u 1*g .. 12.94 12.89 1312 13.66 50614 50092 516193 $0 .4Bomogmi m__ooos--- 19818 18.42 18.4e 18. 734.5 744.17 73216 740.05

_ _ _ _ _ 13.11- - M 13.44 13.33 13.31 481.8 498.36 45813 494.86Tlidbp~dudodn06 . - 11.42 I1.70 11.74 1113 44A.S 46.38 45036 458.64A .PWW . 9.97 1021 10.31 1024 357.92 366.54 3610 367162Loom NddS poxs _ 1158 11.55 11.71 11.64 44593 443.52 450s4. 450A7PFp md po ........ ... 17.93 17102 1794 18.10 786.66 758.3 77321 763.73

ed oidd 1 _ _ 15 95 1 1556 15.06 I5M 18.8 15.3 614.6 609052 E3 63 818.68Foo0ow widw d psdo06 - 24.33 24.11 24.36 24.76 1467.36 1.07772 1175.12 1,150.29a 4 _ _ _ ._ . 19.42 19.71 19J3 1.7 8 ZS.35 617.97 9 32 96248.

FSb OMd a118w _ _ 1455 14.1 1414 1474 563.46 593.42 803.80 S4102

R W *ol wmidm 48 9 15.4 18.63 153.8 1514 49 .8 6 507.65 51112 91814

Tl ., , and ____. 14.6 14.5 18104 15.10 492.12 5023.2 Wo34 6058.5

Wviasat ___d_ 17.75 18.16 18,31 18.47 66.18 66106 66312 70371

Rd0 ftt 1___7 12.37 13.36 12.36 373562 38223 379.45 37759

Tqoom md w dd-U18 91 18.59 1E 1 18.69 Q 80 6.13 6Z35 6 5 623.82

LC _2 ._ . 36.69 .09 27.17 1,068 10S.65 1,137 .e 11Z7956

h _i ._______ _ 21.69 2Z.14 22A. 22J1 767.25 810.3 90a.26 E4119

Fkw __ _ 17.68 17123 1807 18.4 827.60 6433 646 67.58

PiFtosdos md b haon seim . 1714 17.96 17.8 1836 589.97 61329 617.06 633.42

948 4 1 mihow MOM _ . - _ 18.36 16,73 181 16.63 638.12 843.40 548.33 06

L1pa and l8 -- - 0 .05 8.23 8.3632 92 0.91 2358 23.1Z9 236.91

ce_ _ .ws_ _1460 14.19 1425 14.33 434.48 44131 4125 445.68

011106 1, tItle pop'ubrdbooy.

I 90 btrm I t b &P'Pwjy.

43

ESTABL81LUTWDATA WTAB1J14IIY DATA

1*160.4. Awi' ' 'om" Oct 2005u wb

200 20-5 J45 2i0b

C( tflld64in0 811.81 811.07 81.1 111.17 11.1 1d27 05Caubow8(I81dOftms. 0*3 Ut2 0*D IS 120 "A (1)

G _1d40ine - 17. 17VA 17.60 17.67 17* 7.74 5

Nl , aid It Ism I _ 1.10 106 174 tas7 18.2 1110 .1

_orab n . l 4 1* 192 Is.105 10.t 10.13 11.60 A

1d 11.8 t 1.55 18.15 1.2 15.70 .7_ 114. 1570 1Sm 1.7 15n72 11.d3 .7

lab god 10.5? 17*2 17* 17.40 17.2 17.20 .7

OI1008o1 po__ _ . . _____... 15.15 15.20 1525 10.30 15.20 11.20 -5

Pl8mwhsp1 v-_ ___ 15.0 15.7 117d 15.77 110 15.81 5

Tid. VW lbl ud _Ud C 14.0 121 14 10= 15M00 151 AOS

VWld0 8dd 17.70 1.11 18*5 154 15.22 IBM A

PANla , 12LI 12# 11247 12a 1t25 2L" 5

Trarpal03iaNWwmhoua ..... 11.11 11.10 10.7 "8.6 1883 10.1 A

UWS2I - 20.00 20.37 27.00 20.o9 20.0 27.13 A

b'_ _ 0J n 21.1 0 ;110 22.10 22.20 7240 22.4 11

F wmdill ______. 17.71 17D 17.10 17.87 11.07 11515 .

P _I I Sdb1 sWA _ 17.03 17.81 11.5 111 11.10 1L20 1.1

Bd 0, ld h08 ,1 11.21 1.7 1673 WS7 t75 1.2 2

Ln Wd hqplk b .I UI0 .18 9113 t1.16 gm21 .1

ahW ______ 1.* i 14U U25 14* 1425 14.32 .3

1h. Carmr Pws m*andx s Udbp _EinM

Cau10-1.21 -toss Aso 20O bOFS. 200 ftbumho swil

4~dbpa.11iztbiQ 820~,u 1101uo 4epid0

NA -n13.1904red. Pld _-Y

44

EBTA01ISHTUM DATA EffrABUOH3T DATA

TOM&& kdl of ag -B. -P'w9 a' PuftcoOfopgAMY 94w9O I p Sucbm PIVOib M&-DY -fstf d

bftOm I Mml a I a- I--I

]a oa l-m It Sutas t29-I V. Till ..Tom plwa 101. 1043 1117 104.5 101.2 1813 lO IMS. 1812 191 02

_cot**E4 0 9.2 1013 1M01 1020 972 S1 9a1 9. 9a4 09.? 13

900gds nm ____ 109 s 1093s 12J.1 1t 121.1 1oss 114.09 153 1Im. 11n3 117J .0

CaCXMC __ -_, 1082 1U.1 IS4I 11 .3 103.0 105 IO 090 IOU IOU 10. 1

M w _ -- . | s439 943 0i63 9. 94A 89 03.7 GM GU 9a 1 1J

9b _ _ g . 08 97.0 ss 9. a 952 95 .5 sa 0 93 073 1t

VFod PM_ 102.0 1003 1013 1933 101iS 982 90 99.1 983 101.0 22

xIntpdx._w* 1 0tJ 002 100.1 101.7 sao 9S. 99.1 9.3 DU3 9S3 Z

Pd=Y_ _ __t- GM mt 04.1 043 81.2 813 9a . 03s0 937 94J 12

FaW~bl91dMM9PbO* 982 GM GM 101. GM 983 893. "A3 ItO IO. 13s .. OU982 07D GM 09.3 972 080 9I. It W4 1982 13

CwmoWrt_ pI&M--. 9. It GO 100 oJ 90a3 94 II 96. 973 99A4I3z _IVipArno 9s _. 8_ Itst l903 903 ez 897el3 INt? a9 4 982 a1 G

Trtuq98ta0019qIpa 98a4 972 9ac 092 t1 s O 993 072 sa? 9a 3o

9ow01d d puf' _ GM 94.3 GM6 993 Itt98.0 903 94. GM It 2

Ftur9uD,9WOoIa9I . G 913 81.1 MA. 812 012 9120 93 01.0 9032 -3M984uuo o 913 912 Go 9G 01.1 90s 99.7 91.1 91.1 GM 13

_ POD _ _ 913 813 81.2 GM 903 9836 9os n O913 .1

Faoo cadao1 - I9t? 90. GM 9773 GU3 s9o GM sIt 9s1 WI 3

_emmap9tW wbt pmmd GM GM eG 1la3 sS1 94J 943 9O03 9 1012 93

T0ax___ _ . 773 71.7 7A 10 M1 73. 7Z 71.7 714 71.2 -2

Tp=M I IT 81.1 GM GM GM GM 93 G.9 931 Ma 5 94.1 . A

AM" 7. 7 .7 GSA G2 63.4 72.4 05.4 GA 04.7 94.4 63. -2.0

Laai8u adA pmA 9 87.1 GM 973 873 It4 253 a73 GM GM aG -J

PaW 9 p W _du96 G2 aG 01 91.3 983 e9.7 94 s98 GM S9. It 2

Pnfk kNW OJd OWdS - 94.0 9n.7 GM GU GM 91A 913 91.7 GM 4 -2

PeNsm NWmdIO 1U 10M5 1W9 1073 1082 10730 105 104.7 1s11 10GM .13

Choulo - 962 94U K1 GM GM M92 GMs ss1 Ms 972 1A

PIMo ndbwp'8 94.1 93 04. GM G 912 91.1 9132 GM ns7 -.1

Fb 1G---- lm 5 19.O4 103 1. 1m.1 1M 1042 1042 1042 1042 42

Tla _ alU 900.4 102.1 101.4 101t 1G02 10DS 112 1012 1IO3 1003 .1

_ GMb 101A 10t3 102.7 GMt lI0. 10G 100 ioU 4 10t.4 3

Rotl Irat _ _ a9G 1013 g9 109.0 GM 109.1 100s 190D 3 1 It? A0

T_9oponafta wAU _09.1 104.7 103 1O83 103S Itl 1051 19O9a 104o 1042t 3

U ._ _ 943 97.7 GM 9s3 943 G9 0ao 072 WI1 sG -1

_ _____-- 9s8 197 ts oM 103.7 1005 1m 1023 15t 10 104.0 1.a4 -

Fkurd sMOAN14 10S3 105 1M1 10o2 1094 G toU Mo 10GM5 J 2

PA wA Wsbi i 1_M 1093 108a4 1GM 103s9 1097 1017 1aM 1072 1W72 O

E hw 1GM 10. 10 944 2 I 18 IOU w021GM IOM 107.1 1GM -3

LemdI - 13 _ 1143 1082 10835 sO. IOU 10GM Io 109.7 105.7 D

co S - _ __4 S9.1 97D a72 093J II W1 907 173 07.1 -J

2kikd99IW9VWi9, We08 bdisbd SWI oieonft 2M2 &~M awwW byeb. A_9 h999 eb a_

N0di Ttomipwk oIfMdd ,89b4h 99 er9l Idb

NlE Tl~~~~~~~~,w dbm h"www21.9mm9

45

STABUASHIT DATA E3TABUST DATA

Tabb 4. Wbbfs of 0 - k pqa , p maIwwof bvWOM M N Y M*890 I.1 I.1. ckm F qwbby Id.I OI SMkOW hTob d _-d s_ b-Cfdld

lNasa'i - _ _b~aud _ _

k6oy Oct Lk .2OC 09L2ee4 A$ WVz 20De 200 2035 a X zf 2005 Sq200

_____ _ __ __ _ ~ oat

*dp lwas 107.9 112.3 1125 1142 107.1 1103 111t0 111.3 11 112.4 0.5

Gap~j - 106. 110.1 110.7 111.3 102. 10U t 0. tI064 t1o.3 1O6. tS

Pnaiusmx0 sulr**lg t 1t51 13t.2 IUJ 1281 1323 1341 125.2 125.2 12813 1261 J

COMMZuclk. 113. I&7 121.8 1213 ia2 1071 111.0 1111 1123 112.0 114.3 1J

1061 108.? 102? 104.0 106.05 1012 IOlA 1MI1 1019 1O0. 2.0

goods lO1.5 10.7 10.7 107.7 1012 102.0 1o3 104J 104.1 1060 A

" s 96.7 96.0 106 4 06.9 06.1 06.1 071 971 96.2 SU A

Pdw has-oAdoa 10. 113.1 134 116. 109.0 111.8 1128 112. 111 112.

TAIC" - 1092 1OO9 Ioar 10W 10 107A4 1o08 1064 1071 1064 1

v_1 ~'- -, traft 104.1 1061 1061 MA 1041 1071 1o05 1061 1004 1.8 A

PM &df 104.1 1071 106.7 1062 1040 1O. 107A 1OU. 103 1058 A

Tmapmoom id *Ihm - 1101 111.7 1132 114. 109 111.2 111t 112.0111.0 lilA 4

t t1080 0II6. 1112 111t t1025 10.7 100.3 106.2 110A4 110.8 5

9 _0on.......................................... .__ 107.1 113.7 114 117.1 1072 112.2 112 1131 12 1131 A

F h t Wt112.0 116.1 I16 128.0 11. t 13e 1171r 117.7 119.0 1167 A

PW 10. 118O .IA4 118o 116.4 100 113.0 1141 S14 1151 116. lb

EdmgInwh .. ..._ 112.5 114.8 11715 1198 1111 110A4 1175 t17.1 1182 11.1 I.

WanNW hNbA_ 108.2 1021 114.1 1319 1067 112.5 11321 11. 13 1130 .1

ohrm ss96.7 108.5 10t 101 99 1011P 101.4 IMA 101. 1013 JD

I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ * S m SWB 6.4 I. ob BP. pORekow t ORMW9Idofeskwn atsofau hull .iwr~p. sumpsei wm an. h ul100 rak qup sypybwOtob btda~m4 a~wyaabuw¶lwNM The' wt I'll pro* wilOUbpoi Iby

by RI~d |op b

46

ESTABIIUT DATA

Tat& 8T. MW00kftm of I % clhW.

EWTABU IT OATA

2MD ---

306 _____3030

03_3004- _

20.

00.Zlttt __

2 0_ _

306 -

nm_

204 .0___.

mm --

Ovw 134w0M Mm

2=--.-----34___

2WS _

204 -, _ _

a2= ._ _ __ _

40

44A

a~s

S5&sasW3.

asa2SU

2t"7

47.0"0.0

.0.53&031.0as01.0

3.0

as42.3

10.7

12.1

as23.0

t0.0

7.110.1114a2

47.73.3L7

615

40.

3.4A

.0.3

ad3.0

a~sM5A

skaasDeas

31.31.5004.7

17.3t9A190.4%

14.0tas

30.4

WAA0.3

10.1

44.0

310o0.0

14.46.

40.63s.7

sasass^3.7

asLSU

ea7

sA

t2A

302as44.0SU.

ng3.O10.0

S.041.1

10.711.3as4..9

65S2A

7.,eW

4L3.

as:&a

.5A47.0t

. . 7 . . . . 13. 0

41.4 .0.0 43.1 3.4 00~$.4 4.

57.6

01.7 84.7 00.0 84.0 0~34.2 a

bt7

D S7.033.0 41.7 37.0 37.4 4~~3.0 0.

30.4 645 01.3 3.4 '87.~0 '6.

*coas 3.7 as as 335 31.01.37 a 5

.a A 47

04A.0

3. 0 .40.0 40.0 as 43.0~~~~, 3.6 87

as 3. 37 31 3. .

17.032.111.6as47.

14.317.0IS

asu40.

1.6

0Y.030.338.0Itt

44.0

'B060 an1 10u M4 bd4d6 for 1- 3, NW &Morrwt wd w labd tbfo do 124.rhsw

NOMP Fo.lImeta60b6. 1346.143693INOIE Ftw0 u w9w604_d 61hg_ us|

Aadp,07r606. 84 _1I

32.

44.0

14.014.010.760.041.7

7.

3.4

7.1

3.6

23.61.63.0

11.92OL210.7

3.57

11.0

10.787.13.0

7.131.3.0

t13.3.7s3.7

Ils2133.614.3e.s41.1

13.1II.4.A

3.13l.

10.7437.1

43.0as

as5

40.639.0

9.5

33.65as

11.010.13.034.6

16.0

40.0as3.7

t552B.632.40.0

p 44.6

7.734.0tSL,s4A

'as10.714.3

tO.7

4PA

40.0

17J3

35.1

P 1.7

t75

44.0

7.1

107

0 40.3

10.7.1

10.7

0370

42A440.63.4S4A85.4

34Aas73.4

30.033.184.4as

40.312

as

14.0tS16.3

4iA4

11.3t&'9

45.

7.7

65.0.34.6

40.

11.910.7

443

3.13.7

7.7*2S43.0

0.3

04&

go I mbffim oukaMgoWmubabawkxknt weh I uI IWomd, i 0 wookyMaw 5.0 6. 46 Ioudw~lddkt_141b7103.d

P* -_ m, 276s I

3S I V7.41.0 35.1Ws o 0SO047 54.3

st5At 3.7asI soas. 136.

37.6 3.1464 40350i.7 55.6

37.1 I~32.0 31.7

. . . . . . . . .

|

. . . . . . . . . . .

| E - - -

-- L-- I - I Aw. I mw I j-- I k* I Am. I s-A I o-L I Nwja.

SLYSU41.4474$1.7

4L314-2

MAGZA

4"

31

31.3UAU2

4u3Q4=A

4LYa"

4U4?.?3BAW7

54.7

34239.44I.?7,2OU3'..,

$7.437.860. 11V

45 .020F..',65.7GOA

W?4ze42.1SMSes

VAADA37.4

a"61.3

SUSA33A072644

4&3

no

32.76793.9

MO4&030AS&SSU

37A4'37AS"SM4

SLO

30

SL2 -a"51.5

4&931.333357A473

UO30.04LO$,a

pGM2

3&437.14&469.9

04&8

34.238.043.7

p$4.1

37.8204W6LI

,59.0

47

LL S. Deparumal of Lebot OODMVffiU1ITD~~~~~~~~~w~a of Lo SulgurSUbCS

WastingtiD.C. 20l212

NC 30 200

The Honorable Jim SaxtonU.S. House of Representatives2217 Rayburn House Office BuildingWashington, D.C. 20515

Dear Congressman Saxton:

At the November 4 hearing of the Joint Economic Committee, Iwas asked if the Bureau of Labor Statistics had any studieson earnings of women and men.

I am pleased to provide you with a copy of Highlights ofWomen's Earnings in 2004 which was released on October 7.This annual report presents earnings for wage and salaryworkers from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthlysurvey of about 60,000 households.

In 2004, median weekly earnings for women who were full-timewage and salary workers were $573, or 80 percent of the$713 median for their male counterparts. This ratio wasabout the same in 2003. In 1979, the first year in whichcomparable data were collected, women's earnings were63 percent of men's. The updated Highlights of Women'sEarnings provides 2004 earnings for women and men by variouscharacteristics, including age, race, educational attain-ment, occupation, marital status, and presence of children.In addition to the 2004 earnings data, the report includesinflation-adjusted median earnings back to 1979.

Highlights of Women's Earnings in 2004 is available on theInternet at .bls.qov/c/cswom20D.od±.In addition to this annual report, we also issue data onwomen's and men's earnings from the CPS in our quarterlynews release, Usual Weekly Earnings of Wage and SalaryWorkers. A copy of the most recent release is enclosed foryour information. The Bureau, of course, will continue tomake these important data available in the future.

48

If you have any additional questions, you or your staff maycontact Mr. Thomas Nardone, Assistant Commissioner forCurrent Employment Analysis at 202-691-6379.

Sincerely yours,

KATHLEEN P. UTGOFFCommissioner

Enclosures

49

United States

evvs -of LaborBureau of Labor Stafistics Washington, D.C. 20212

Te icalis (202) 691-6378 USDL 05-1977httpiAwww.blasgovlcpa/

Forrelease: 10000A.MEDTMediacontct 691-5902 Thursday, Octber 20,2005

USUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS OF WAGE AND SALARY WORKERS:THIRD QUARTER 2005

Median eekly eanings ofthe nation's 105.4 million full-time wage and salmy wdkesa wee S649 in ttetW quarter of2005, the Bureau of Labor Stwistics ofthe U.S. DepartmentofLabor reported today. Thiswas 2.7 pnhierthan ayye lir c d witha gin of 3.8 pe inthe ConiemiPie Indexfor All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) overthe same period.

Data on usual emnin are olleced a pat ofthe Cue t Populatio Suvy a ton wide samplesurvey of households in which espondents awe asked, among other things, how mud each wage nd satuywoskerusuallyeam (Seethe ExplanatoryNote.) Highlis from the rd-quarterdat are:

-Women who uually worked fill ti had median eam fofS55 per week, or Sl .7 percen ofthe$716medi formen. le female-male eamings raiosw eh igamong blacks (95.5 pc) andHisanics or Latinos (86.5 percent) than among whites (80.6 percet) or Asians (79.0 peree). (Seetable 1.)

-Mediga earnings forblack men workingat full-timejobs we S533 per week, 72.3 percentoftheedian for white men (S737). Tbe diffce wa less am og om as blackwosen's medianearnings

(S509) were 85.7 percent ofthose for their white counterparts (S594). Overall, eian easnings ofHispanics orLino W worked full time (S462) we Iower than those ofblacks (S520), whites (S667),and Asianas(761). (Seetable l.)

-Among mn those age 55 to 64 and age 45 to 54 badtthe highest median weekly earnings, SS58 and$S48, respectively. Among women, eatl ts were bighest for45- to 54-year-oldo and 55- to 64-yearolds,$640 and $639, respectively. (See table 2.)

-Amongthe maoroxyuational grou, paspos employed ful time inmm a fu andrelated oc ations bad the high median n yeak nirs-$l.103 for mn and $812 for womenL Menand women in service jobs eaned the leasL (See table 3.)

-Full-time workers age 25 and over without a high school diploma had median Weekly eanings of$413, compared with $583 for high school graduates (nm coleg) and S 1,014 for college graduates holdingat leastabachelor's degree. Among college ga tes witb advanced degrees (professional ormaster'sdegree and above), the highest-esrng 10 percent of male workers ade s2729 or more per week,comparedwith $1,858 ormore fortheirfetnalecotntrpats (Seetable 4.)

50

Explanatory Note

The estinatts ia this retate owe obtted bonw the CutenPopatti Seey (CPS), whiel peweide. the batc intolstion ethetIsboreeenetphopwlo, aoduowtepte wewt Tbeso-eyTismoetedtncthly fee the Bue of Lebee Statisics bythe U.S C tfherflonzoaecieihraltlyorlacrdtutiomti onplefabte60,OCweOb~ttwitheoeWsgeabtaril0tandtbeDirrintfCtefobiL TbeeetdaoowteeollectedbenenqotroftbeofteCPSwethlysmetndtelibited to waes and aterie The dots, ietore, exchtde self.

nttftloy toe t int o e etefetaiottetbitrdehte witlbe mtdennstl bletoweooyhepaied

iUdeidissuponeqoL Volce pbhou: 202-691-5200. TDD _sseeod- phoneu atoba, 1-300-7784339.

ReliabilityStaiseics based on the CPS we subject to bath -pftb uad

onpling mor. Wbentt asaniple, n bstt the moire pepehid t,is oryd, there e a chance that the stsple e t mty diffe hmstthe *-e popolation nler they re t. Tbe ats dib'oe, orat gere., ncsde rpendiongthteptef cui renmpka eathe4dadthfir oibility is teteed by the -ard emr ofthe eatimatc Theseio bet .9 0.ie em e oeo rl eselo ei fd atee thalatmoho tebatede-a..enpLeeeIdfforbytomeretha l.6wadadereftiowtheooepopUdaiaeotteubeoamofseeopfingeawr. sLsatymMwe blYaondected at the 90htcattt lcvel of eorfld

iebCPSdcthoot=eeffectedbyn qing.rS. N.teoephogwere ntate senr for msny ra e ind diog the thitW e to swope axment of the pepedll, inabdility to obtatn infho ion fho af1rsepoedeotinomen.p insbilitymortti ineofrspofmoopmr ide co ne intob stre. ad wen, etade in the eitenti orpreoesieg oftbe do.

For a fidt disn-aioet of the bibitity of date fow tbe CPS adirftoau on meounting sotodurd wvern, =the"Exphateey Notes,ad Estiesta of f Eeseetion ofE fiy-enated t.i.

Thfleepu nipe deiintiososoed ineeotecton withthe c tacisritwredeswibed briefly beow.

Una al kly sear. Data represmot erings bdbre mat andoth.e dedctueoms end inctrd any ovateme pay, _oroaios or tip

usollcreivdtt inhtbe casefmtofltiplejoblde) PMimrto 1994. rspodeot wcn aed how meb they emAItY owned peew Sioniwe en9Dy 194repdenthebetat skcdoideoio~tfyheowirstwey forthontorepeo wte inp oeeeey we klybireblwy~teeieewonthiy, monthly, etmrally, other) hi b ee mh they wtIIYe w iwttwcp.,teddntmepenod& fnigsrpoltcdomabseth tawekbYrcosveedtoeweketycqsiuoeo Tbetemrisatpmeed

by the respondent If te respondent ah for a defeite of uof

at I c t MWttftiedtO t atwneethoehalfthoe

towrkd demon the pan 4 a 5 wtrs

Mo&w (tdahavquet at W) eofwly - pe. l. t(oupe ait ofthc secnd qrl)uthei b t kh diides a fwe

tduibo m "ea qtWols6on teg kpebmtheot-Atendtoethe ing wo enpsbdo.e1-dowt. Tntpretof a gim= disrl lwt bare rn obloutte opp. ttmir of the firstdocU(90pO hzftb bawnwitp 25peenrrewiangebdo-the uppelrt h oftbe ftS ateC (75, pt howhigherae thgsyh .75parenet he earningp bdeow the uppe. limt of the thid qtwtile (25p. htCbhiitXee ) wd9Dpoelen terwruegsbee theuppe Ihtit ofthe. ridthilcI (w10 fp eelthighchtreouetns).

nheshoue Pdre piseweachrepetred or mleewecktyCtnins este incto S5Owde mrvals twich -Centlred msentd

molttiphs of $50. The ntual Weute is esumted dthoug the tuarineepolahon of th intevl in which the qrputilb boundary tLs.

Oeehtdvcmn intens(atudobqo euielrhedr t)horEimcfrponpeeeoeusemldlybem nmowi tbetuoyveuts

eedfotrtheuorfowhqutileboundlry. Themouuonoaeuoiothispotsible..dyr,(I)TbeaecooddbeacteseiguntreleiveeigietFtheottdue. For eolc te uediac ofboth 16-e-24

yproltudoatdtc 25yrmodatee..iftta;-Wutftbhlo eigle6424 roup ats for a gretly increaed he ofte teet. theoerll udituond alybmh(yfThweedbm eelgrachgem inthebaheoftheditleiweofreporeedoiegnpmsibadmyttewe tiile

boandry. Thiu toUd be ceased by swory oosnt that atechmoerdatresredkj .gc.S250. S30D a41o. AorimseybieginlSO-Idc mloieriega xhbn deo arerpike teudsto bageocre towly tbr oee iu othee iurteLs

Wqge -akmrywrr. Work wbo reeerw - ames.con-wrsr tinm nontinkind.orpieneeoose. Thegroepinchudesemployesn heb thetsorto ttud psbentokw Wbofethe purpoftheeatinpsi eeladesdal eienl plyedpanonsrptlees

of rhothee or uot dee tb sirebrs ore Inorporaede

Fudll r. Woehrssbo oshyvrk3S her oun eru m perwee et their sok orprincipal job

Pee-eowork-n.Watwoauw llyworebfthwb 35 beorsper week at their we oerpinuipal job.

C-rtd tlr.lTheCuonwe-Preh ooduslurAllUdwCoussurnors(CF'-U) is uaed toerrewt CWeDt dloothtoeonsent (1982) deMlt.

HNope -r Wahoelekiwy. Ibis frt to petoetteo identifiedthbweant tt. eh woar pttist, ra being Spanish. Hiqletic, orIaim Poreos whose aticity is idnfid as Hispaic or ULtino

rry be of aely nce nd, tiherfore we clilted by ethoicity as weltas by -a

51

T.O l. Mta tm a 4w oibg ofb tfltO w and itaywtk bS fsirncd cfmdmbUMa qurySmnott seasoay _dimtd

Q _ holil~~lt D-{1Uflaild -

2tOZ~~,O~p~ 0,s 30 m 153 r

-DO 200 13 Ifl Is I2tC4 2D3tS 200't 2005

SE AND AGE

Tot1, 16 aSWS .I.._IMAM 152.3 25 Sm652 S4 T :t 0318

#A1,1B Id l .i.... _ ._ ...y...... . 57 EB ' 6775t 704 71s 350 0116 ID 24 _lit __ ....._____._.____.__._.._0355 .07 40 407 23 3025 emnt -- -. ...... ..m_. 51- -33.1 570 7 5 9 6 377

1ww W i -_. _.__ .____.am ,4 03 371 04 s n 6 29 t 26 7

0408013W1400 .. ....*4.344 4_._.= -- St13 4 ....... 5.3..0.......... 39,3.. 271 6 M Ght 306 30t

RACE. SP"AC OR LAThOET EnOMW A11D SEX

. ... . 0_= 30 _ 4G __7 5t3 327kim _ ... . _ ._ _ . .._..... 45.172 4SS7 721 737 07 351W __._ _ _ __ .2_....._.._. _ .__ 3251 3 #1 4 0

61 1 1h Atl=iAt, __. -- 41 12.74 531 So 270 2501t .n..._. . ........... _ .7_7 0.14 7DS 57t 33 2 1 2Wfft .... . .. ............ _. . .... . . $0 6 ,37 9 2580 250

Ald. ON~~~~~~~~4.0 4. A74 701 701 057 3732.581 zoo0 am 034 40m 409

Wl .an_ . . . .. ._ _ _______. _ __._____._ ....................._ ___ ......... 37 200S s09 69 30 32 3

_i_____ _.=_ = ....... ...... . 1443 14913 43 402 233 232an .... ...._ .-_.__ -.-- 1 477 453 2t9 27

NOTE 061Jt Y0, 9 > i teal.,i ltO (4004. oml, AO0,a Aokt5 s44 S~443W6!0.4 '360Ol lOtlrtt O~.0~.p.00.4 .0*y4 k. .Wd as I~oLO44moob04d 11ywa4 006o. W 300064M by a0 *07, n . S W b13.4 e gnhn5J2t4i d 0a ~ M*Wt. pot15 3O00 th1t4MI. fthalo 001.

52

TAbNA 2. 1edCal s~mda Weekl eiln ig bildkbfle m. ai ally urS by se. rcKWspwor LalbioewdiftwWiSM I mmd t662W5 868630S,6 nct 6863u"Y a*bd

mm ea a 41I am~Aak ~. Wd- p " W LM ed -ift vaW.ux)I di

TOTAL

IA 1 139 . . . 2.83 310 l. = 221 263

...658 .... ................ .... ..... .......... ......... 3333 667 63.761 76 40=7 61525 I 64 ........ . .... --- 78.744 69 44.605 76 34.186 613

3954656 " yea.. 63A 78D 15,607 an3 11,89 6224045 t t AM--------6.. . .............. 23*732 745 13.67 64n 11.65 060

fi0564ym.- ... . .......... -....... ...... 1.........731 741 6.666 Bs 5,743 686065ew..MAnd ..... . 1.914 612 1.167 663 746 3oo

loya~maod . .. . .. .............................. ....- 63.8 667 46.587 737 36.61 AM4161025561. .......6 . .... ..... ... .... .. . . .... .. 6.92 386 5*96 411 4.010 373

75.638 717 43.652 792 31.86 am. ..~~~~~.. ~~63..e 712 36.706 762 06.510 6an

55 ~~~~- W la~~~1236 743 6.946 671 sms 6SW

AN* a, A6ftklcAmwle

s1660 .4 V06. ....... ....... 13.714 W an1 u33 6476 36B25 3 m.4o6 ............ ... 1.....8-------6 61 5,630 A71 0.1- 531

25 t.64~~ .... ....... 11 338 4.773 067 5.138 63455v-1d01 ......................... ................. 1.467 SW 717 AM 770 SW6

~~~~~~~ ~~~ 4,674 76 2.635 614 5.M 6am161054y11. ... . . .......... ........ .. 346 406 164 406 1se 41226 vem.4 .. i.......................... . ....... .... It= 763 2.471 o7n 1'M 69D25loS4y ... ........... ........ . ... . .... ..... 3.72 710 2.125 671 1.38 692

..5 . ............. am 770 345 o77 237 064

166-6. 40....... ......... .. . ..... .... ... ........ 14,913 -463 Am5 461 S.333 416.............. ... .... ... .... ... . .. 5176 37A I.465 36D 721 355

267~~~wd ____ 5.73 464 8.128 302 4.*11 434

55va-.d ~ . . ....... ... 1,131 463 an3 463 452 4065

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53

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I In I~W1~I 8686S I ____

O85achebOa ~ w _ _

=UAL

_NMP- lembL md-W-V& -G ____3 7,060 MG1 tlmI46l~.8688. b~uUSl -U~o~.8U~o - 14. *4,21S 11 656 U5

_ s4,1 69 141Y6 4 411 410C VW 28nw.lvmm __ .399 i5S35 U56 MO0

S l_. _____ ___ 08 ___8OOG 3t2 588 1U6OUSUrd l 1US -.- 158.<3 1*.5t4 s5o 5W

MMnW _ssamow .M 12.2866 613 418FP4844 .50,o aray .__.-. m777 Gm 383 352

6_S38 7.31 602 6248US~ ,Ns886US. U_. Iqu~r . . _____48 42594 693 7U5

F ons68o_ "--'-'1~ US~W1 448396359 15375 15,44 52D 524Flaam Ml P . . .............. 6,Y11 6.453 519 516Twlpo.d US 1W a_ _ _ 14 7p43 521 541

Mkftu-9. P?6b9US WIG W S41639 . 17,719 la35 1.111 1,103Mlogslw.8US VW Ww vw .8 MO ,_ _ 7,928 8.166 1.169 1.147P,8i wl VW ts _ocr ____ _ _ _ 937 10.120 10651 1.87

S~ .( ___ __ __________ _____ 7,166 7M 470 4545 dam. 491 10,153 668 6 82son 58 W " _ _---- 5 .701 5,792 723 748a s. 8 ul 868448 _ 8O8 m . . .___ 3.650 4X31 US GIGN~451 '66418686. 681831t"1 Ul.8888,W ~ , (UlbW _....__ 11.247 11,734 618 US

F..Ulb, 6 .gd ___ - Us 7198 # 1

4blim -ao _ad MO ___ _ _ ___ 4.086 4,148 US 7M4Rtw, ftw.Uwtm a, s.9S 11 ___ 112054 12324 575 5 77

_1O.O. __wjom _ _ _.05 9 6.070 591 584TWUISP-U 6 nd 8 3iT; , ____ _ _ _ 5,985 8.234 548 55

U-

?.w-gwl4. w45t8U w b o m . _ 17,955 18,754 776 81218mouS6. 8 S sk a .VW, ___ 6.494 6.705 7i9 USFldnbral ad 1t _8 _ _ _ _____, 11.47D 12,04 757 US

5N ____" ________ ______ 7.C01 7.S 382 U3SS C 4 __ __c ___d- . ..... ___ __ S708 1.7853 B8I 814

8S 7641Nd O8_, _ .._... _,_, 4__ 4JS S * 455 457OMdadlkt*XM_ -1J54 11I 533 M38

Ne55a606. 881_ .U _ 488 8 _ ___ 433 554 434 471F&Mft ftt*¶U 4ly 41 . . ._____ 121 184 357 324C8¶~uSUS. wldm l _------ 112 154 059 459k'8uft _ S aml6 SW ISO ___2_,___ 18 i 207 we 728

pF_,a 3UI 41d 516083 -___ _ 5'J21 3.173 938 4189bWO P _ _ _ 2___ ,502 2i35 394 416

. } u n "tr _ _ _ __ _ 819 810 408 C S

NOTE BeO."bJaUYM US 7Ac.Vdh Jdp n88CM 88d bin ftd howshld sy.

54

Tab4s4. _uwM= mW Md dec_ of 8*2 Mimb-go km-Wm ww mi sary wo Im by hdmld_"avbfts. 1d606 *Mt 28 Bvaugno 14t samsnf aSO

I 01~ I dw I 61 6651IN4 I14

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woneni ........... _. _. 289 B 5es 62 L

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...... _ . .. -. - - ' ' ' , 26 3 359 12 760 1.123

A.i . .._ ..... .__.. . 4 4 3_5 48B 761 1,172 I7'2Ia'M *'. .. . - ....................................... ... .. 2A65 373 a 834 l.333 13917

Wailip, - ~~~~~~~~~..... .. 3..... O 376 433 es8 283 1.440

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1. . ...... _ _.840 328 408 S8 85 1.117

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V. 20 Y8 18 ... . .... ... ... -... 761 355 Wso 76B I.118 1.762Lmtmahighs638hoO I I... 6.38 281 336 461 62 851Hosow19h aftW S. .. . .. . ...... _ ..... 16.128 341 46 5 62 8c28 1210

E d mst l .......... . ........ . is, 377 541 M766 1*3 1.424d~~~~~~~jM ~28 6 518 1.758 2.0B 8d8br. *M::h .. ..... .. .......... i 248 730 1.168 z1

AE _ ..... - . .. ..... ...... ..... -. .. 83 628 9233 1.32 1.912 72

Wa, 25 NOsn .. . . ... .=........- .. 40.537 307 415 615 g3 L21888184 tioh.dl88Ibm .. ............... ... ...- 2. 227 281 343 446 577

.daw W .. .... ..... .-... l6 281 368 61 s 919B9 =Up a=- dqt . ...-.-.............. .. 122 315 420 594 815 1.1i6a98i6e .8. 6dli

0............................ .---- --.... .7 4 637 874 1.m 1.8,s

8.d4holf8 56.6 . ..--------- 8- -- 42? 286 812 1.143 1.28Ad ,W AS68088 ... . .... .2 SID . 74 W2 1.328 1.858

1 *.p0~if .19046m1 181.6m8 8* q.ul 8110318 miSaeadS 988916 b68ei 9480 89 01i1d7 kchs F~-a- i -rdh s, s, SW-MM w mt o ~ mft &-d a*kk*P .ha...=. I 4 d del e. Ef~ tor ft S Wap tibt. btka A-1

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55

not uum _~

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2004 200 200 9 0

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wa 96¶Ady698-- .40 * 14.1029 1¶44 2W 210¶6b2'wU9..-.-----.-.--.-...... ------- .. 4.3 4*o iS2 05929mo _o_1-._ _ --- 10260 10.294 229 246

RAM WSPANIC OR LATNO EnM1r, MND SEX9.

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_ 1 _2.4e ¶29M 209 212

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v~ __ __ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ X¶7 'A6" 167 191

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Di h J2107115 , 4d fO66 1)o1)da* 0114 ad M _n0 han1chMb*.

56

Highlights of Women'sEarnings in 2004

U.S. Department of LaborU.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsSepterrmber2005

Report 987

Ln 2004, median weekly earnings forwomen who were full-time wage salary workers were $573, or SO percent of

e S713 median for their male counterparts. This ratiowas about the same in 2003. in 1979, the first year ofcompa-rabte earnings data, women earned 63 percent as much asmen did. (See chart 1.)

The women's-to-men's earnings ratio varies significantlyby demographic group. The ratio was about 89 percent forblacks and 87 percent for Hispanics or Latnos in 2004. Forwhites, it was 80 percent, and for Asians it was 76 percent.Young women, those 16 to 24 years old, earned almost asmuch (94 percent) as young men did, while women 35 yearsand older earned about 75 percent as much as did their malepeers.

This report presents earnings data from the Current Popu-lation Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly surveyof approximately 60,000 households conducted by the US.Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Inforna-tion on earnings is collected from one-fourth of the CPSsample each month. Users should note that the compari-sons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and donot control for many factors that can be significant in ex-plaminng earnings differences. For a detailed description ofthe source of the data and an explanation of the conceptsand definitions used, please see the Technical Note in thisreport

HighlightsFollowing are some highligihs of women's and men's ears-ings in 2004.

Full-time workers* Among women, 45- to 54-year-olds had the highest

median weekly earnings (S625), followed closely by 55- to64-year-olds ($615), and35- to44-year-olds ($608). Men'searnings also were highest among 45- to 54-year-olds ($857)and 55- to 64-year-olds (S843). The difference betweenwomen's and men's earnings was much larger among middle-aged and older workers than among younger workers. Forinstance, among workers aged 45 to 54, women earned 73percent as much as men did. By comparison, among 16- to24-year-olds, women earned 94 percent as much as their male

counterparts, and, among workers 25 to 34 years old, womenearned 88 percent as much as did men. (See table 1.)

* Between 1979 and 2004, the earnings gap betweenwomen and men narrowed for most major age graups. Thewomen's-to-men's earnings ratio among 35- to 44-year-olds,for example, rose from 58 percent in 1979 to 76 percent in2004, and that for 45- to 54-year-olds rose from 57 percent in1979 to 73 percent 25 years later. The earnings ratios forteenagers and for workers 65 years old and older, however,showed no consistent movement over the period. (See table12.)

* Asian workers of both sexes earned more than theirwhite, black, or Hispanic or Latino counterparts did. Asianwomen's medianweeklyeamings ($613) were 5 percent higherthan white women's earnings ($584), 21 percent more thanblack women's earnings (S505), and 46 percent higher thanthe earnings of Hispanic or Latino women (419). In com-parison, Asian men's earnings ($802) were 10 percent higherthan the earnings of white men ($732), 41 percent greaterthan the earnings of black men (S569), and 67 percenthigherthan those of Hispanic or Latino men ($480). (See tables Iand 13 and chart 2.)

* Earnigsdifferncesbetweenwomenandmenm2004were widest for whites andAsians. White women eamed 80percent as much as white men did, andAsian women earned76fpercrtasmuchasAsianmendid, Both black women (89percent) and Hispanic or Latino (87 percent) women hadearnings that were much closer to those of their male coun-terparts. (See table l)

Growth in earnings for white women has outpaced thatfor their black and Hispanic or Latino counterparts. Between1979 and 2004, inflanon-a4usted earnings for white womengrew fairly steadily, rising by 32 percent. Earnings over theperiod grew by 24 percent for black women and by II per-cent for Hispanic or Latino wome in contrast, real earningsforwhite and forblack men rose only slighdy, while those forHispanic or Latino men fell by 9 percent (See table 13.)

*

57

* Median weekly earnings in 2004 varied significantlyby level ofeducation. Among women, those with less than a

high school diploma earned $334 per week, compared with

$860 for those with a college degree. Among men, high schooldropouts earned 5446 a week. comparedwith S1,143 for col-lege graduates. (See table 6.)

* At all levels of education, women have fared better

than men with respect to earnings growth. Although bothwomen and men with less than a high school diploma have

experienced a decline in inflation-adjusted earnings since

1979, the drop for women-9 percent-was significantly lessthan that for men-27 percent. Earnings for women withcollege degrees have increased by 35 percent since 1979 on

an inflation-adjusted basis, while earnings for male collegegraduates have risenby 20percent. (See table 14 and chart3.)

* Women working full time in management, business,

and financial operations occupations earned a median of$812 perweek in 2004. This was more than women earned inany other major occupational category. The second highestpaying job group was professional and related occupations,

in which women earned $767 per week Within managementfields, the highest paying occupations forwomen were chief

executives, computer and information systems managers,human resources manages, purchasing managers, medicaland health services managers, and management analysts.Within professional occupations, women working as phar-macists, lawyers, computer software engineers, computerprogrammers, and physicians and surgeons had the highest

median weekly earnings. (See table 2.)

* Within occupational groups, women and men tend to

work in different occupations. in professional and related

occupations, for example, women were muchless likely than

men to be employed in the highest paying occupations-engineers andcomputerand mathematical scientists. Womenwere more likely than men to work in lower paying education,

training, and library occupations. (See table 2.)

* The ratio of female-to-male eamintgs variedby place of

residence, from a high of87 percent in California to a low of66 percent in Wyoming. The differences among the States

reflect, in part, variations in the occupations and industriesfound in each State and in the age comnposition of each State's

labor force. In addition, sampling error for the State esti-mates is considerably larger than it is for the national esti-

mates; thus, one should be especially careful when compar-ing State estimates. (See table 3.)

* Just 5 percent of women earned $1,500 or mare perweek, compared with 13 percent of men. Not suaprisingly,given their higher earnings overall, Asian women were morelikely than other women to earn at least S 1,500 per week (See

table 7.)

* Median weekly eawiungs ofmaniedwomen withchild-

ren under the age of 18 were 21 percent higher than theearnings of unmarried mothers. The difference was even

greaterformei rmamiedfathers earned 33 percentmore thanunmarried father did. (See table 8.)

Part-time workeru

* Women who worked part time-that is, less than 35

hours perweek-accounted for 25 percent of all female wageand salary workers in 2004. In contrast, just II percent of

men in wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 4and 5.)

* Median weekly earings of female part-tine workerswere $201, conwparedwith $1g3 formale part-timeworkers.The men have lower earnings than the women because malepart-time workers are more highly concentrated in the young-est age groups, which typically have low earnings. Half ofmale part-time workers were 16 to 24 years old, comparedwith justunderathirdoffemalepart-timers. (Seetable 4.)

Workers paid by the hour

* About 63 percent of women and 57 percent of men

employed in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour in2004. Women in this category had median hourly earningsof $10. 17, or 85 percent of the median for menpaidby the

hour($12.02). (Seetahlts5,9,10,15, and 16.)

* Among women who were paid hourly rates in 2004,about 4 percent reported hourly earnings at or below theprevailing Federal minnium wage of $5.15 an hour. Thisshare compared with 2 percent of men who were paid by the

hour. (See tables 11 and 17 andchart 4. Alsosee the Techni-cal Note for information about workers with earnings below

the Federal mmimumwage.)

* Aswouldbeexpected, 16-to l9-year-oldwomen and

menpaidby the hour were the most likely to have eanings ator below the minimum wage. Workers 25 years of age and

older were very unlikely to earn the minimum wage or less,although forwomen aged 65 and older the incidence of mini-mumn wage work rose. (See table II and chart 4.)

58

Chart 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers In constant (2004)dollars by sex, 1979-2004 annual averages

Earnings Eamps$750 $750

$700 $7D0

$650 $650

$600 $600

$550 $550Wnr~nes earin ns

$500 $500

$450 $450

$400 $4001979 1954 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004

Chart 2. Madian usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race,Chart 2. Median usual weekly eamnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race,

and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 annual averages

Eainngs Earnings

$900 S9DO

mm 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~ Womein$713 $732 Men

$700 $700

$600 $57 $584 59 63$600

$50D $480 $500$419

$400 $400

$200 $200

$100 $100

so soTotal Whie Black or Asian HLspaic

African orAmencan Lafino

59

Chart 4. Women with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wageby age, 2004 annual averages

Percent Percent

20 20

1 5 15

1 1.5

1 0 10

6.65.5

5 1 53.6 3.2;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a

Toal, 16to19 20to24 25to34 35 tt44 45to54 55to64 65 years 016 years years years years years years years and older

and older

NOTE: Data relate to female wage and salary workers paid hourly rates.

60

Statistical Tables

Page

I. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,2004 annual averages .......................................................................... 7

2 Median usual weekly earnings of full-tine wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,2004 annual averages .......................................................................... 8

3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex and State, 2004 annual averages.. 15

4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-imne wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, dR20D4 annual averages ......................................................................... 16

5. Median usual weekly earnings of employed (fu- and past-time) wage and salary workers by hours usuallyworked and sex, 2004 annual averages . ......................................................................... 17

6 Quartiles and selected deciles of usual weekly earnings of fsD-time wage and salary workers byselected characteristics, 2004 annual averages . ......................................................................... 8

7. Usual weekly earnings distribution of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,2004 annual averages ......... ................................................................ 19

S. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, marital status, and presence andage of own children under 18 years old, 2004 annual averages ................................................................... 20

9. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics,2004 annual averages .......... . . _ 21

10. Hourly earnings distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics,2004 annual averages .22

I1. Wage and salasy workers paid hourly rates with earnings at orbelow the prevasling Federal minimum wageby selected characteristics, 2004 annual averages .23

12. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2004) dollars by sex andage, 1979-2004 annual averages .25

13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-ume wage and salary workers us constant (2004) dollars by sex, race,and Hispanic or Laino ethnicity, 1979-2004 annual averages .27

14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older in constant (2004)dollars by educational attainment, 1979-2004 annual averages .30

15. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2004) dollars by sex andage, 1979-2004 annual averages .32

16. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2004) dollars by sex,race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2004 annual averages .34

17. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wageby sex. 1979-2004 annual averages .37

61

74b8 18051-,M -.840.1.. 0 1.84im 189 s WY 07. by sd7 t404d d74601t0 Z2(O4 -4-1 -Y.

Nno Str Nu.Me StaddNmz St o--my -- - -m-y 5,8

AGE

T07. 1 00 4680 .. ........ . _. 101.22 S538 52 44.223 S573 52 57.001 S713 S2 e 03e81024788n ts Z y. _ _._ ... se10.8 390 2 4.833 375 3 e.243 400 2 93.7I10 19 84 . 1.800 309 3 830 293 4 1.020 318 3 9Z2ZO8124 7. ...... .... .. . 22e 406 2 4 003 3 3 5S223 417 3 53.8

255y --. -.------- __4 -_0 -. 0.- 90.345 683 2 39.090 %50 2 so.7 5 e 72 2 787251034 t... 34.757.804 2 10 4 4401 8 4 87.35 o44e . .6.. ............... 1 713 3 11,459 8oe 3 16.402 804 e 7584-b 5 4 y ..... 24.680 743 3 11.519 625 4 13.467 857 73055 W 64 Y1 . .......... 11.932 725 5 5.403 875 5 S.409 843 9 73085 n n. 7 ow 1 .12 560 21 7T3 478 72 1019 841 1a 74l

RACE AND HISPANIC ORLATNOETHNICITY

38147 . ... ... 0z405 687 2 34.S72 504 2 47.495 732 3 79.8810001 Aonn.0f . 13.3 525 4 8.2 30 3 5:Th8 58 I 00l4.i,. 9.4457 708 10 ,523 813 9 2.D4 002 17 784

wic Gr ....... .. . 14.001 450 4 5.000 415 4 S.690 400 3 87.1

MARITAL STATUS

N-70M07 d- ....... 2. _5.e88 S1O 2 11 071 500 3 14.011 518 3 go5Man.. dowe prs.S 3. 719 2 23.164 S00 2 35.426 811 4 74 5

0t1om -f07 6a458 . . 18.9052 6DS 3 .9000 584 5 864 680 7 830Dnd0 8. . . _ 11.600 639 5 6.069 593 4 4.734 7a 7 81308P7a8107 3_83e 513 5 1.951 082 a 1.5S4 570 18 045Wd d .. ..._ 1.513 532 15 1.1e 515 a 3S 615 22 6 3.7

U0NI0 AFFIATON 2

k-mnbr0 o .._ . 14.023 781 4 6,575 723 8 8.454 s8a 6 07.2Rd771..p- .t .b... . 'S..4 15.403 770 4 6,305 719 5 9,158 828 6 U 08N 1p byofl1 d by . ...... 85.781 012 1 37,910 541 3 47,043 688 3 7380

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Totd 25 4 400. ...n..d... 90,348 603 2 39.59d 000 2 00.708 762 2 787LIK4 tl-n * nign.7d1 . 8.533 401 2 Z 71t 334 3 6.740 446 5 74 9Highnd0710440 70 Pp 5 27,141 74 2 81.623 485 2 15.513 645 4 7580sq711.om Or ,0740l ._o. 24.040 881 3 1 1.84 577 3 123900 701 4 75864011470?. and.. 480578(008 ... 29,03 I50 4 13.320 800 4 9 10.49 1.143 5 75.2

1w h.. rqM oWm"ud uVVf -ns und-s rd ayd .i VhW, to, - uncn by .s ,I. r4 -n geponnoy bout.b31yh.. ww" 1-runedldisiWldi~ Allodb hig~tth dW 40.- quwxbt

2 ODlnret in r6mng 1W ,af OK~ _f. 0d MinoA un on : Irkdapoo P_, W bt.W.. MN.s pkror."D n dxoa-l74l57 ;1ta 0 1ardy d0 bce. h .Ift. b are by . odbcbm dgWb rgrg ag"t inhdng rr, &fibn Of r* nd ft-1. NOTE. Er.fimr W br he r0 W.seo4 (.ft. bl. o. Abia

D2 o08818000 4 .8W. 58 007 .d 8 48 770716170061 007 10 0871700678071004.In8r57o P-8. p8 6 is d44d0.d rw Hmpa or841i06obg W 18i7n Lelino 0r4y W0. 1 1 . dm 1 nr 508 7 57108(7.8 by 5-Ay -0 77

4 D bra nrl W lo m 0. Lb77 .80 4 labor ur0m or47) 5108000488n by r

62

Tm8Wa 12 Mh4.o om of-..68y -In. f8 .g. -dy WoM 651by0.W 3own -d I, 2894 Wavenus

N-nb.fd it. SrNI _at cWba,6081 -- 1006dfik -Y " m

0609;909071 0 )18.4a1 -,. C.~ 03141V6,81 ot. .w47s w.1y 10

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0' 184.0887-77-s I -

(01 19970098000839898j

- w01 s

I Z.I J 698117815ed

To0.b8.a11y doo0 .-............ 10i.22. S838 $2 44223 8573 52 57.001 1713 S2 80.3

-PtiJ ....................... 30.149 981 3 18.16$ 780 4 177.4 1,008 8 71.1

8980008900199511 . ...- ...... 14.778 983 9 8.089 812 8 8,870 1.158 7 7012M-a9g1711l 0004488. ... -...... 10.221 1.092 10 3.M9 871 10 8.229 1.215 17 71.7

Chi.1 .01 .... I......7 ......... 1.054 1.843 70 248 1.310 74 802 8.875 47 859Gne00804P.l*.1f- o ~ s. 727 1.130 30 175 872 49 552 1.188 18 7481Ad.fthv .nd polo901 loafl1 07 924 71 34 (I2) 52$ 23 (0) �)(0, ()M0.kafir W 14S)8n~" .. ........ 770 1,213 57 298 898 es 472 1.441 32 62.3Ad71471651089.1918 .1......8.. 84o 837 52 27 (9) (2) 53 954 S0 (3

1017g*1 .. ...L. ............ .... 325 1,439 32 98 1.228 79 229 1.547 58 79.4F7-7619n 119940.48 ................ 1 800 22 535 839 20 427 1.397 52 80.1H571.-ll18107",1a.SW......... 281 1,051 SI 171 95 42 94 1.250 54 7811M(n00171601004707718714. ....... 299 1,107 43 49 (2) (2 ) 220 1.172 84 (5)P41I.60-Q -. W 3. ........... . 183 1.002 48 50 996 53 I04 1.153 40 82.0

d'0018.5-.l.1.g 7. ............. 220 741 39 34 (2) (2) 107 753 25 (1)

711603 ...8......16 -........... 103 831 30 la (4) (2) 88 812 24 (3)C*.t,.Ao101 0.,7

86, . ...... 425 1.027 27 23 (0) (2 402 1.038 25 (

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-P� .4 wd" ................. ... . 299 358 9 ISI 311 12 131 410 is 932p U-4.9 -.6 . ..... ..... ................... ... lao mg I a 27 (2) (2) 154 530 32 (1)

M -M., -ov. ........ . .... G.G(l, SW 4 842 410 6 5.762 549 7 74.8

S WV--.so �2Piz,.Z.49 .* . .... .. ....... GM 2 33 � 'W

mgm -vi-- '32S. d� . .......... 1111 211. 5 0 .472 (3;152 -0 1 3 215 50 30 741

2m" 5, Iwo I, 93 476T.i dli,- W d-0 .. ........ ....... es � 53 2.494 W 5 77.6456 1 7 22 2 1. 494 20 3�R.i�d -1d- , -d y.�- h- .. 57 W, 255 5 2 532 9M 87 3P.khV 10 ft.�ftft ........... .... S2 371 1 1 2 2 2 2Sh-G W ..... ........... 3'. 9

- ftd� 1 78 2 2 76 3I9 3

d.. d-

68

TOl 2 064800. w.Ovatyr 0.009 .0ol .qu .d r.8y 08.8.9 00.0 .00. 04602048808.8. ro~kuW.r

91.80 9Wo~oM.

Bbu "M

Crr ad ra rfrccgon ....... ................ 6e $732 S63 2 ( 2, ( 2) 6. $72i W6DeqI.dg.v~h. Vwd bg

,.O- 3~~~~c01, fi 009 0000o0 909VA." "d- S'M' 4,86 6008, 40 .809 4o5 4.8009 60

CL-4 d -Nd.S.dOqd o-. 25 49 19 20 (0) (2) 2370 47 1 2 )000 "0000 .080 .. .4 4 196 540 200 1.140 437 1 67.9

P 8,00w0 h -- 349 349 9 206S 33 '043 373 *5 6033

00c 6 ....................___.. 7 ... I S 2S 5 ) ( ) (2) 62 512 29 (3)

:Trr. rr- rl-r -ft rd .urdd rr- ans -m ry rSdr 3 D.M Wd It.- r. tWu Wo lrr w -o ~ krrs-ghNly rrc P.-nl. rI.d who . rrld rrrr r.luyod h~ Mh W.u rr 5.ODD.080.8 -0908D880068009

2 D..8001060t08080 i808IM ft.800.000

69

8O0, m Woo.o M-

.. 0- . - - - -" -W - 070080

~ :ow 0 (0051 000410 -d8 *0080 W-p ,ft-ft) V-41)~ tt-ft 800

0107700 STATES ........... 101.220 $03 S2 M833 0573 S2 57.001 0713 02 80.3

Ab0 . . ............ . 1.5a8 000 0 00 502 II1 M7 050 is 772Ab0.k. 217 741 13 08 8M 10 023 a.3 20 7500M. ..... 00 .............. 1.050 504 a 100 500 10 1.007 000 10 840000 ..5....8 .......... ... . 0sag Soo a 709 440 12 SOD 500 12 707Co.lono. .. 01......... 018..... m' 701 0 8503 050 a .8.70 747 11 87.1

Cd.0d- ... ........... 1.580 808 13 717 022 12 972 707 22 OallC.oo80.0iA ................ 1.109 357 21 01 878 20 BB, 912 20 74.1000Oo1 - .............. . 310 800 Is 147 80O 10 171 701 17 52.1Ocltd 0 Ck.b .. ......... 230 772 1s 000 730 14 lie 8ss 33 80040)i0------.0... .......... 5,902 003 5 2708 523 0 3.102 0,43 00 80.7

C.o9 .. ................. 3.300 810 a 0.071 571 Il 1.02 688 00 4 0asN. . .. ............. ...... 02 818 II 200 040 10 240 701 10 7 7.1

Id?. .... ..... ........ . . .... 035 002 12 080 470 12 255 G30 10 70.200no ...... . ............. .... 4.440 070 0 1.02 553 7 2.018 700 8 3 75880000. .. ............. .... 2.224 811 a 000 530 17 1.257 600 00 7509

0. ............. . 1.000 010 8 487 02 83 510 803 08 750480......0080... .. 80 005 10 420 000 00 500 070 18a 8030<80oky .. ................... 1.388 000 I0 Gal 803 t0 701 680 22 700L0.40.0 ...........-- ..... . 1.439 0S" a 882 408 03 777 880 20 73088080....................... . 425 602 1 I 000 014 12D 238 874 18a 70.3

......00 ............... 141 740 II1 002 800 18 0.100 802 32 01.4.... ............. . ... 2. 29 757 00 0003 880 14 0.20 042 10 703a

Io ....... ................ .. 3.403 700 0 1.455 802 10 1.508 800 I11 70.2WOn80O................0.. .000W 737 0 2 822 038 1 2 1.000 830 Is 70AMA.*o807.8................. 42 500 1 2 420 403 0 3 Ws0 0l? I1 70.0

Mi .. oi .......... ........... 2.0 832 02 040 0.03 IS5 1.120 727 1 7 707880 --0........... . 278 030 03 024 071 1 4 052 004 1 1 75000800 ........................ . 00 084 0 200 508 8 280 800 17 7003148d04 -............. ... 880 005 a 302 510 10 5D5 880 17 700N.. 0o,.s"oo.000.......... ... " 73 1 4 202 812 1 5 200 08" 24 72.3

N- wJ-oy................... . 3.117 755 0 1342 030 13 1.774 0u0 14 7403N08008 ................. 503 500 10 200 800 14 338 080 1s 700500800 ........0 .... 8000 872 7 2.800 810 7 3.000 730 0 8320005C-0O18... ........... 2.. 32 804 7 ,.28 537 14 1.838 037 1 4 80.310080120..0.. ................... 229 541 14 105 4a7 10 124 022 I 3 7501

008 .....0. .. .......... 3.947 033 7 1.723 030 1 2 2.214 703 13 7884Mmdoloo................ . 01.050 000 'S 000 403 10 80 637 10 70090Oreooo ................ . 1.170 000 0 073 543 17 703 707 21 708$P-Yt0

1108 .. ................ 4.250 830 7 1.870 570 0 2.380 714 10 7086070001.004.................. . 377 044 10 171 001 IS 200 717 21 807i

0000108 ..0..............0.. 1.409 000 5 8005 001 10 7?0 070 23 70.20000.m 8 .................. 705 S., 1 3 030 400 00 145 8oo 1 2 70097 ..0................... 2.100 004 10 80 017 I 1 1.135 830 105 010T. .. .. ....... ............ 7.674 077 0 3.27 517 7 4.402 814 7 00120W.... . .................. . 743 07 0 207 407 1 2 040 710 1 5 800

V0810 ...................... 220 827 1 3 100 505 12 120 000 22 800V-9i.Og........................ 2.791 607 104 1.250 803 10 7 .530 742 18 a 01.300.-00 ... ......... ...... 2001 702 1 4 807 807 le 0.204 780 20 77.0W..0 Vqk .. .......... ... Sa1 005 10 200 400 I5 325 000 17 70.37-0 m...................... 2.011 837 13 000 045 17 1.131 725 07 75.2W000)00 ..8...... . 178 ........ T 508 02 73 040 03 103 710 Is 030;

0 7100 figomno. Cr8 d70o18 0400 000080. 804000 _sy d.0C NOTE: 0.0400e.0080808000810.0 Oo--000000000000,4 00097*0080.40d0840-0d40pl07800815

70

Ta4. M9dam us-.) keeojy .sreaga 88 pa.r4fm wae afd hy rar by seetd alrsn 2P74 rw a-ra.

aa, -aCs : Warata Mme

I -~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Wowans~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4~-QChafraaiaac Nn Mensa OUSacrd lar-erd Un San

wohen wes 7 kf eo wtars -O 7no waokn -d~i 7m wonlf( f eJd nf n WS fi~ ea i nfns d de

AGE

T.f, I8 years wag are, 22.047 0195 S1 15.082 5201 51 6.5 0183 S2 1029

18i24y.f ... 81....... .. 94 146 1 4.623 145 2 3.572 148 2 975

18O18y"Zr 4.140 1 1 223 1 2 1.0 12 4 8920 o24yeys . _ .054 178 2 2.3366 17 3 1.718 181 5 97.7

25?rsaa.daowr 13.8S2 235 2 10.438 235 24 3913 235 4 1032

2l35 yers 353 233 84 2.430 232 4 85 238 8 53

ZEA~~~~~yeam 2~~~~~~.547 253 4 2.949 201 4 588 282 8 90 7aS boSgesn 0.88.. . 32 95S2 6387 0 2.482 266 5 020 274 10 988

SS M B.Y.a.'2288i 227 4 1840 234 4 828 238 18 84.065 by .ea 1873.1........ . 2 2 cr 147 77 4 55 188 8 715 189 7 6 C 1

RACE AND HISPANC ORLATINO ETHNICfTY

3tek o Aloaf n n .. 18.823 198 1 12 827 203 2 S.796 182 2 41°0

Bleok arAftlanAers ... 2 188 5 15348 191 3 889 18 I 02Mm. .. ........ .............. 818 235 8 510 3D4 0 388 200 10 ~ 101.914.a84auoacLa .ao. . 2.444 192 9 1.802 101 4 541 188 0 8O80

MARITAL STATUS

Neml reod . ......... 8 9.195 17 1 5.448 15 2 4.447 160 2 98S

aned. 78- Prpousea . ......... ......... .351 248 2 7.438 247 3 1.853 245 5 10(5

O er rls . ... .. ....- ........... .. 2.761 210 2 7.178 205 3 865 220 7 948

Di5 1 8d - ................. _. ........2 1.488 226 S 158 225 5 3.4 228 II go7

SOpm,8w1d 5. - 9 188 2011 440 195 8 149 220 13 U 8

Wlfod .. j 873 190 C 8 O80 18 8 93 197 17 95.0

' The figure -am anurd .-g u.ri4d amldrsa. sad ay Mie, Artac. sod AeiM) 5d0 s-r tMIs bo de- .mPrma or

w1%y Imm penoms romped otig dle m -mded andisa fldewlyed n V 89 d8 18 Ind0s,. peam1 tss ~fntily a deraded 88 H85835 ar

table L.ba any Be d a.y rm -d. Le. PR olsasfed by Wry , we9 as

NotTE. E8an Ire a te- 4 -1586 gehft. 84ak o Aba by nee

7a Cr SM eldia us! - -sekly -518g9 d mployed (loll- sad pf awelwags sad salaryf orees by br .. s.a.y worked sad sea. 208soa

N_~~~~~

~:iswa~rpv Y . 123.554 i SeI S2 53.400 S-75 i 2 | 4.1-5 i S553 ! 3 W 2

1wc2 ou '' . ' .| 05 8 ses j3 1 oe Sb3a 7 | 3 j 7 ' j3

!10415anoul% j of Medil y '90 0 o2 Medley I20 4. i314*1 j a4 es35nowanpover 95.2:7 eco s w9es- areckl 2'~ | week 23 ,y

5 1.123 66~ .Z 1 (a3a7sgs2 .537sarag

I9t3S~hu7- ' | .,3 72 4 | *9 9'S | 3.4S 03 72010wah

4e51 hn 3S aye' 5.1 2 70550s6352 3 | 1 73408 415 02 I *4.150 3Sb 817<;32 ° |"1104118216 .~~~~~~~ .y~~~ 04~ 2 B508 837 I 8429 1 5

Slo~~~vools .j 112~~~5 05 I 15 8 I 2 52 872 2 '9

2014 2.172 2 S.91725825 ...e .. 2.58 229 7 172 241 82 r2e p

20,,34M h.,, . 4903 331 43 3.42 310 3 'I 55 283 0 . 117

Ooyotnaadaael I~~~1 8524'7 040 2 41.584 578 2 538 13 2 809

3s 0815 j... 7I3 43 42 r d1 480 2 r r l3 0 1084558 1 4820 545 3e 22 025 3 884

4181544 t ........... 52..... 12 4 I .173 043 7 10279 l 1ll 1 0 353

4'o Tre." 1.218 722 !0 450 883 15 14 788 501i4518488 ........ 85.0 854 8 2.095 754 12 3.5 0579 8.

4159 W41 ...... 021.8 2,074 815 14 , 8421 581,4szy~sytt 43 1.0086 23 1.59 94 22 1330 1.143 1

;141.,Y . 0.1 ...5 I a .117 278 I 415 08 2 41Usiay less ya35 tK-. 2'705 152 I 3 4.74 I8 BO 9~ 8VsuaI 3004S8l88 s ,77 500 j 1 2.240 453 12 3.731 7022 0 8

Toi-h Irolpe-efl 8oy18 4558 -- wyd loei- ds~se a. efta ale yal fatyad1 a1 lowe a 11151 -0101e1 rOO o

COO Os. relefl 8w sol a' 40874140 a by. sd- dalloWaw.M - O -M0t els-,b,.1 pw.

71

TA8no 8f 0,111.. buy .00 0 1 08010063 I1108s 9d104 800 3W9-8098 by S891.d01o18 8 2 -04 .0..I

colic~~~~~~~~~~~~UP F.*tU

4010 9oft P1002 8,0. 80.*.ja . ft)0 1 i ) I od I )

SEX R4ACE. AD HISPANIC OR L48NO ETHMI08

Tnbl.160y- n o . ............... _ _ ._ ....... 101224 5305 5421 S893 5872 S1.480Woc .... . .._._ _ .. _. . ..... *4223 289 388 573 835 1.I9mMon _ _ ..... . ... .... . . _ 57.001 323 4S9 713 1.085 1.646

Writ . _ . .... 82.488 311 438 657 9 8 14.45Woma.. . .34.972 293 300 884 851 1.212Moo .... _ . _ 47.45 328 483 732 1.12$ 1.S8t

818.09Jo orA -.. . ..n . 12.032 283 371 525 770 1.107w. .. ... 6.328 274 351 WS 728 t.034Mon .. ... .. 5.706 295 398 549 827 1 ,18

08i. . . . 4,57 318 4" 708 1.143 1,744w8. 1.... . _ . 9532 292 408 813 08 1,443Mon . .................. . 2 .c4 350 800 802 1.329 1.907

w 1. ................. ....... _ 148081 267 322 455 84 1,00.Wo040. 8.. _ _ . OS 2 a 205 248 208 419 82. 83Mon B.sst.. m 336 480 705 1.058

EDUCATIONAL AT7AINMENT

To1t. 25 y- ad oW 90 324 32 481 533 1019 1.523Leu 9ft,, . ih jShdWI di 533 2 9 305 401 552 m7

60080 8,. n D .... 008...80 27.141 388 48 574 791 1.078Sanoo d804 0 d4 .o00 --. . -- 24.848 342 480-681 921 13288Bonholo'. o d e - .. ...... . 29.825 488 888 S8 1.464 2022

W000. 0 25 y-l, ad41 ........... ....... .... 39.50 301 410 500 873 '.238L- ;e0 . t 0gh .. c d0101 .................. ...... _ 2.785 227 275 334 429 540High hl -.no I 8 1 ................ 11.828 282 321 458 8M5 878

4Ion 0 0 1 0 d ._ 11.848 315 418 577 775 1.045lg132 454 822 8 .1 .................. 5........ _ 13329 454 5 22 8 B O 110 1 1

Mm 25 y1nd . . ..o... . 5.758 358 530 782 1.152 1,735L ... . righ did ................. _ . 5.748 274 330 448 88 807High shd .008od 8 15513 341 48 t 45 887 1.188So.88000090418800081. .12..9W 300 547 791 10 08 1.4408009.10.nd 4ogs8. 80.1.9.1.1. ... .... 19.488 524 7o 1.143 I.717 2 375

8 Inbd0. P t0 0 11h .tqh 2ehxl dipbn ft. eqwn Z1 8 n th8 ft 90' k008 d1 ft 8IIa q-r,1 a..d &0 p t,2 zLodh4s p hnono wlh 8 b00h0 . 980W88 e m -t t1688,f1 o Up bfi d i d08 ,, E.8,1 Iv M.

.nd vl. d9- b-r -c &-0.~ Wt W.lak v Ahitjr Ame4i-, .d Alil.)NOTE: T.. &t41r6409o80 lo800 1000.d0009dolol Vf-8llGII d.. h *m ndpttd 8,8 a40-e. W. 90- V1.0 bP limil or 01 h ,8 d8le. 25 0 0 - .In 0ddib.. pe0 0 ehnicy i' i8f189d 0 H4p498 08

W. 80- ft 9ppe. of t01h.5 W qu 50 ,t. -10 L0.8 . W be d M08 - id, d-08. , G0 040184d by80 8 -pp. t, i d Ibe t8nd qwl.l v m-; 75 p-t elhni .. ,m ; bY -i9,0

72

T700 .7 U441 -kty.4,o110 d,00050000 1.0.01,. Mo d0 o0.y 040*-, by Wft004 t0.--tftdmo4 20040000*0000g0

6n4090.

C0000014150 I Tl0* I UAW o[ - Ip r r~I 150.00 wll ~ ~ 0 0j0

4. 1 I"'I~",I 0300I 9400 07900009-40010

AGE AND SEX(

T00.16 05050y 00. . ....... .. 101.224 027 3.005 10,057 10.350 25.000 10.702 14.000 0.05110002409.0. .... .. ..............- - 10.076 230 040 2.000 3.615 2.202 000 241 7410 .1o1y. ............... ......... 1.05 92 315 020 434 140 I0 I1 020 w 24y00 0,-.......I 1 I220 147 033 Z3500 3.500 2.122 500 230 00

25y... .......................... n:o~n 0.34 600 2.10 7.009 15S.04 2.300 " 1.15 14.720 9.5782510 34 yo. ....... ................ . 24,757 102 000 2.753 5.223 7.295 TO17 3.002 1.41435 I. "y- .............. .............. . 2001 175 5 .5 4.309 6,721 4,0450 404 3.0.50004 y. .............. ............. 24.0098 171 402 1.769 3.072 0.020 4.74a 4.010 3.220030o04 y0, -..................... 11.932 102 250 010 1.005 2.000 2052 2,103 0.5070005 ye 0 -........................ . . 1.812 74 100 272 501 304 244 214 183

W000.105lo0Y0-000.0 -......... 223 .. O1e 1.022 5.05 9.000 11.024 0.012 5,102 2.228's0w424 y. ..............- ..... 4.033 125 500 1.310 1.513 au4 210 75 13

10001050,0..... ......................... . . 02 40 154 227 145 41 4 - 12024y. . . ................... -.--- 4003 00 540 1.073 1.500 043 237 74 1 1

25 y.s . ........... . .. ................... 30.590 380 1.532 4.543 0.302 11.341 0,001l 5.000 2.210230034500.0....... .................... 0.550 72 399 1.204 2.307 3.171 1. 000 900 3713500I4504,0 ... 1040' '- I 9 112 414 0.209 2.305 3.005 1.045 8.533 7074045W 04Y ...................... .... 1... .010 09 305 0.144 2.35 3.092 2.049 1.714 70550054 6 040 --........ .... 5.. .403 es 105 501 1.100 1,321 000 010 330050 -ed ...4...................0- - 703 39 40 800 173 172 115 so 24

I505,10 700000000 ........-... 7,...-: 8001 411 1.203 5.004 0.459 13.0014 0.050 0.007 7.02310004504.5............................... . 0~: .243, 111 449 1.070 2.000 1.378 300 107 el

10001050430 . . . . . 1~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~.5020 44 001 503 200 09 10 11 7230020545............................ . ... .223 07 200 .288 1712 1.27 502 150 54

20504y 0040.d ............ .......... 50.750 300 004 3.320 7.450 12.505 9.0553 9.540 7.35225 0034004,0........................... 14,401 01l 200 1.300 Z3.01 4.114 2,501 2.09' 1,0433S

0 044y03............--.................15.402 07 224 090 2.034 3,027 2.905 2.157 2.471

45 0S4 y0,.05.......... ............ ... 1.407 72 157 024 1.020 2.20 5.0 2. 9002w 2.401055 I. el - ............ -- ........... 0.400 20 03 358 770 1.435 .1008 1,374 1,220005040004000 0 .... ..--........ 010 34 51 000 180 001 131 150 159

RAC. SEX.44AND4HISPANIC.ORLAT040 E1I4N4CTY

00504.105045450..0...0 . 02.000 720 2.200 0.534 13.134 2D.05 14.015 12.742 8.360W . ........................ ..... ..... . 5.0.72 400 1.3301 4.374 7.000 0.521 5.507 4.211 1.0500400 .. ................. ................... . 47.405 525 001 3.000 7.448 10.335 8.420 0.532 0.517

1104400o4 ,noAoofA- .. 16 04.40d0 . ..... 12.03 027 587 1,700 2.020 32350 0.005 1,007 474500-,0 ............ 0.... ........ ....... .320 74 505 1,500 0.507 1.720 707 500 170M40.3 .. .......................... .700 54 222 750 1.350 0.010 00e 033 504

AI4,i000016 04y00-0. ........... ..... 4.457 50 121 403 000 007 095 750 6770000040 . -1......... ...-. 1.053 24 75 237 411 453 207 292 170m. ..... ........ ..... 2.504 14 50 100 389 514 400 404 498

H474p0 n L.Wro 16 50430 00 0.0 . ..... 4.061 152 700 3.5087 2.001 3,140 1.497 10.50 401W.no . ... .................. .. 1 .065 72 433 1.248 1.305 0.010 502 318 109M.on ..... L...........0....5 .1,030...2..520..2..02...0009 720 342

A OE 50400.005000040 400050.000034190 4 00, ny5.*ooyoo5.00oo-h,040400t l-ay08050040000450) 00009.00000100043000400 n A* 0400*0 00010 50b8 1-1-.d f~- . .iidb t

0430* r4300 00448000.50050000,7000051d, 0 p00

10 d8040

0p4by

73

TUb, 80 Mcda oo fl aamWni of 41 e.s and 1.May -e- by fo.miW si, andprn and .lown dldo moide Ilynag old. 0 ua 1l anoto

I Norrberl Medan FChnonlinoI unts.s) I oy

I md~dnan -kia

WOMEN

Toat aL mridat ................. _. _ ..... 4.223 S573 S2With =d r isYdaer l S y ..assOtd 16.549 551 4

With ohfd" 610 17. rcn yas n r I .550 500 5With rie nder ys old 5.590 524 5

With no chIldren under I1 years old 27.e74 582 2

TotaL aned poemm. .e.. . ...................... 23164 604 2Wth csild-n under 1! yedn' old 11.010 592 3

With ch~drin 5 to 17. no"e youFgr . 8.4 001 4WithChdrhnndr6Syianold .. .... * .125 592 a

With no hld- d. nI yaso 1t rd .d d 12.154 615 3

Totl, r inaa s o ............................ 21.059 523 3With cidren undo, 16 yen' Old. 5539 489 4

Wth uhrr. 6 ro 17. -one y .unger 3.686 519 5With cntdmn older 6 yel' sd .1.0. _ 1.874 423 6

With no - oren uond 18 y.a Id ................... . 15.520 546 4

MEN

Total. ao natl ta .. ................ _ ,57.001 713 2With C*drn rorli 10 yes old ........... 2,097 794 5

With chidnen 6 to17. n7 e ywnoq r 11.94 807 6With drddn un, 5 yea= CM ......t......... 10.133 756 6

With no childr un 0I years old. 34,04 661 3

TotaL .nanied. Swe prort . n 350420 4Withchtdrn4nderl8yeams dd 20,502 813 5

With Childn 0 to 17. none yocg r.0. . 01 842 6With chddrn udenl 6 ytr old S .501 775 7

Wilh no childen aur 18 yes old 14.924 a 07 6

TotaL dh mor r -a ' tu mon' ....................... , 21575 574 3With r tldmn arder is y .a.. d . 1.595 610 10

WOh children to 17. none yoen ..r 9S2 605 * 5With chid n undoro 6 yrn Old .632 513 10

With no cnldm uno r l1 yeald ..O.l.................. 19.90 570 4

I midw's nnn-nlnd ,iorced. senralo. dm50,. Eiroudo am otherrwldmddoie. cunh.a.and wiowed peons grandchkdrn, , on nephes and cousiW, r05

NOu t Chddrnn role 1 n dsldeand ulat cildreninclude son. donghino. tlepcd.diin .ad apdoyc

74

T198199 M9480 hon.ly -Wp4n .nin. .d0 ..I.y o0.,, -pW hft I089 b .01.890119882W 84 -01.M.808

801808 W1810 Me

N.11b. s-d- - 188081

ol 51.4800 of~~~~- M0Whf M1i. 14419y95

AGE

T09416y.101d419 so.. 3. 118 802 37.33 110.17 1002 38.8101 81202 10 03 848W8l210y.o. 1.170 788 :02 F.80 7.71 .0 .0 821 03 83818

18I~9088 . . 5.433 708O .02 2.781 08 .3 .72 715 03 8820 v

24y-1........... . 10.4 87I0 0.108 83 0 .3 8017 04 81

285n1.1d. .... . ........ 87.780 12223 :03 .2828 1130I8.0 34 0 1........... 18.574 11.37 08 7,140 102 1S 8,838 1203 05 8833

31 144 y- .......... 8,710 12-8 85 848 14 10 8.277 14860 .1s 78445l804y9918 -- I 470 123 0 .0 11.8 .05 S.828 10.11 .05 781550.64y ............... ..-- 7.501 12.08 12 4099 10.857 18d 3.402 14054 .24 78888590199.-48.0................ 177 8.02 185 .213 8.18 .13 884 880 .08 82

RACE AWS 8HISPAN4IC ORLATINO ETI4NICITY

W ft ..... 8...77..1..13 .......... 8291 18.21 .02 30.25 12.18 .04 04.081.11180108A10iw A.081 8.... 9417 1818 ' .03 5.174 8.83 .08 4.243 10.88 .08 81.3Ad18. .. . :...... ........ 2.672 111 .13 1.378 10.5? .32 1.388 I1.90 .18 088H190lC8Lk SI.1203 8 .02 4.80 04 .08 7.183 18.02 02 9002

MARITAL. STATUS

N- .,nW.... .................. 25.411 8885 03 11.774 8. M0 13 837 8.41 08 80.2449019. WO -b.- ................. 8.13D 212.1 ~04 77.084 11.08 .07 18.540 14.28 08 78.Oftlo U =01......... ...... I Z2387 51 49 1I1 7,77 10.81 .07 4.82 I12.88 10 831

00019d47.832 12.18 08 .9.22 11.40 .14 3.010 13.83 14 o245908819 2.882 50. 10 -08 1.030 .8.4 .07 I. 334 10.go .18 885W80e94...... ...... ... 1.473 1008 08 1,100 8.90 .08 277 1083 50 814I

UNION AP5.IATtCN 2

M180_98880l18l3

........ ........ 8.704 13 08 3.002 13846 .11 8.202 17.30 17 80R90099019by -Ioll8 4 _.. 10.694 15.s :08 2.942 13 80 .11 8,731 1718 a 12 8006N. W_880I9by ..80 ._ 8327 10.24 .03 33.101 880 .02 3084 1105 04 80.3

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

T.I.L 2589yr..edo.............. 87.740 12323 .03 2.240 11 23 84 2.300 13.74 .07 88.7L. 0- . hh 9.110471d 780 9.23 086 3.07 8:08 04 938 l0ll .04 78.7I080h01o5gl84-8. I I. 192243 13 .03 10.875 184 0 1.4 38 08 70.700S o8- 9o.o1l .19 .1.0 11 6 904 1287 04 8.14 14806 08 8046B.ftb. 0.4

0..n- ~ ...d8.38 6.241 .18 5.317 183 1.8 4.21 14.83 30 008

11848t-0P188 918091019 000 .88lo 9 1.4d 1 dpnd 871.1 1809919 801.4 by. M Ito) ftd 5..9918481081

195.11. P 90948 p191141 b984lh , l8W$~. ~C 91.914.WW, W 181812 oft 01 d1lW9 9018890...81190 418 080 494800401 d 1898180819I 01.818.1 940118 t 1808.18 by 9088010 NOTE. H0o-"p.1 w40. ~ot 08 &oploo0.Iy 008.90 ft .804-9-0O1 90911.t -WM0.0 t189 f~-f-I -18018 1 4. 4 ft-k -P 19 -18,091~ 1-19 E981W818.0th10500900-919WOW1. We.. W9011188899 by...=0d99590 .4189719119.819.9mpt. 9181199A8 A-50191988. W 109.0) d. M 801811 5908019 0808 -40

0.001.4 880 9181909d98109 99090 0190 0894808 1099090.1998180.899019878108494801140818901801* 1499808.1~ftP 1888 L 10i 7 -Y 00 dn .. 08 -89. 01919181. 918 d99.84 by

481D9M 18 -t 181891 81 bb.00 0010 0 91081879 99-8808 9h1960y88,19.. by 18&t m . k .0819890914091980190810881.V01018990 b.4w 8,

75

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m ~ ~~~~~~~~~~--ch~ -0WI'd ,,~ S...i M..! S&O I $800 I~ S:O.OO ssoI S20 1 28~500

~~]S45~S58~S759.888 ~SssI 544. 1884ss

AGE AND0 M0

TMI18. .408 . .... ........................ 738939 403 544 2.32 52.55 I3.077 55.805 55.72 552855 I0.04181M748 Y...... ..... ......... .. .... .... 15,74 489 84 5.374 5.551 4.073 2.308 1.425 817 225501 58345 Y .- ... -.......... .... 5.422 577 27 88 2M8 1.550 385 533 40 25205024 y .84......5 ..... . ......... . 105741 355 38 5M5 2252 2.8853 48 1. 285 5S 77 2053

25 y845 104.d85 ...... - ...... ..........-- 57.78 485 80 848 8.588 8.00. 8.274 50.206 IO.848 10.4242510 34385 , ....... _...... _ 15.574 237 32 282 ,22 2.200 2.85 3.534 2.785 1.85535 I44. 4 5................8........... ............ 1.715 158 23 244 .720 2,242 2.83 2.876 3.272 3.3524510 547y.. ... ................... ......... 14540 02I 54 574 5.325 2.0233 222 2,020S 2875 3.34955 1084,. ...5 ...8 ..4...........5........... 7.505 38 4 U12 813 1.155 1.1558 1.210 5.387 1.50085 Y .Sosde. ........ ... ........ ............. 2,177 28 8a 55 5SW 474 354 253 232 250

W51005le0.454005.5. .... . ........... 7.533 884 87 5.405 7.515 7.238 8.558 5.787 4.408 4.20350 10,24580 ......58 ... ........ ... -......... 7.84 202 42 782 2204 5.828 1.008 580 588 0255187DI - - ... ................................. . . . 2.7851 133 19 487 1.400 S0o 54" 54 5 1 3M W 24 I .... ..... ............. ...... . 5.150 218 23 285 5,204 5.428 804 528 578 7

2Sso.ss... ....... ............ .. ..... 82.263 348 50 822 4,210 S.350 5555 5580 4'M5 4.525285 I247y8 ..................................... 7.640 559 25 571 5.O2 I' I.2 5.2 1.400 M48 ol02310w44.478...................... ......-....... 80438 05 58 172 5.177 I.ASO 10510 1.454 1.273 1.2884558D545845 -. .... -... ..... .................... 7.88 57 51 118 282 5.22 1.388 1.325 5.257 1.35155 ID8M .45..... ............ ................. 4.088 31 3 8 584 7134 885 74 852 04565 y.-.ss-s-l.- .8................... . .............. 1.2532 58 2 82 28 278 58 US5 525 85

M- Is05 -88585 s,..................... . 38.........808 280 47 855 S.00 5.838 5.543 8AS8 0.775 8.444501024.458. . . . . 8....... &05 137 2.2 585 2253 2,544 5.380 58 428 543

50IO1905858 .....4.................58... .......- 2.872 45 0 375 15.8 809 247 74 00 58280ID24 7. .4 .... ... I ................. . . 5.832 82 I5 220 t34 5W.535 5.132 7M5 354 524

27.584585d. ...................................... 28.540 549 25 324 2.387 2.584 4.183 5.15580.347 0.3032580347.5 . .. ..................... ......... .8.82 78 50 525 872 1.450 157.3 5.734 5.782 5.088351ID447. ..................8.......... . 8.277 35 5 73 502 807 ,151.528 .2 1.929 2.000451 547Y.-8 ........................ ....... 5.828 25 3 57 404 7"S S"4 5.170 5758 180551004585.. ............................... 3.452 8 5 41 247 420 462 504 750 823'S Y.Os. .n ............ ........... .. 84e 2 8 33 258 284 537 110 552 152

RACIE SMX AN4D HISPANI5C OR LATI5O ETHN45C81Y

85155.. 158Y. d- .. ... 785 0 . .............. 7~ 80S 125 5.858 SAID 58,200 8.325 8.455 8.427 8.8545 - ....8......05........................ 28.821 831 85 1.083 8.503 52085 42515 4.105 3.887 3.455MO... ....... I .............. I ....... 30.255 234 40 725 ..057 4.804 4.415 4.860 5,780 SA5SS

8S0kosM,-O. A05455. 10 7.1 Id .10 .......0485 ..... .9417 77 10 372 '.88 1.840 5,857 1284 11587 934.......W....o...I.......s.................n ... . 5.5S74 43 7 2GO 5.084 1.523 SU0 847 574 428

M .- .. .......... ........................ 243 32 3 I"4 805 817 778 747 853 505

A.04.5.6 y-o5 11 0.5............................. . 2.872 58 4 57 445 482 420 373 M70 400W. ..... .. 0..5.......5......... ......-. . 51.378 13 2 33 258 251 228 200 155 22OMOO....... ..... ...... ..-.. ............ ... ... . 51,285 8 3 24 189 251 285 585 2571 250

D, 8 O4 le YL 85 .8544855 ......... 5 . . 2.073 88i 11 3 501 2250 2,854, 2.55 5.708 I.280 827W-Se.n.... .................- - 4880 83 52 258 ':38 '.00 70 .848 40 274Mn..... ................................. 7,183 34 8 1305.455 I.599 I.33 5.121 US 83

N5E d4016 .tw o 5101y.4s855845-ms88f5 408800455050085088 05845045588 - 08454W5.8855058h85588488y8008085550d448400 40 84.55 . Et* I t 55845500s040s5.10888858(580 WdW W 080885 88 L.450 55587 5.05 45 5888 85. 05584. -5 t10505.8 by10750454585545.5 Ak.)s d00 .osstWb I 1081 -00885408 841881824M

76

20)4 metoa .weg.

(71.nrele 41, 8wel)

Warts, par houry 1mo,

Belw F Al Ttal Wt~oredpM."oaclrowolstw pm&vag IPtsnaag Fhodeno oo wgae

Taw Feaa Fsd" sm.nim., ht-l4lo Mat. huy.po

0398 5995l, p

Talft, y ar .......... ......... .c .............................. 73.939 1.483 520 Z.003 2.78W2.ye.'. .. .... ...... ............... 78D 272 1.021 8 3lasal ys- - .-- . .--.----------- ----.. .543...................329 198 498 9.2. .2Oto .ea. . ... ...... ... . .... . .. ........... I... .. 10.741 420 103 023 8925 ysa.e oon. ... .......................... ........ 57180 733 249 882 7.725 la3. y.a . .... ... ,............. .... ................ ..... ..... . 11574 320 84 384 2.3S.roWM as. .... ..... .. . 18,710 170 63 238 1.4435 W0. ..... ...4..0....... .... .......... 14.798 120 48 173 1 2. I. Sdy.aa...... ................ ........ . 7.501 81 40 101 1.365 ear.enW ee ...............r . ..................... ... ......... 2.1 77 53 32 07 4 0

700W-. lc yeeandwn. .............. ........................ 37.123 1.013 310 1.323 396BW 24ysw ....... . ... ........ . . 7............. 010 140 ass 83l slly a Y- - .................. .. ......... I..... . .................. 2.781 220 90 318 1 10

Ao WoodYer ................ 7.00 84 31 118 1555O . .lo .-.... ............ ................... 4.099 47 27 74 190So Y-IWe do ......... .......... 1,213 48 27 87 00

I Mn. ley.,W-ed e .... ....................... 36.806 470 210 880 78l~OO4y . ........................ ..... ........... . - . .... 8.306 239 127 308 4A2GoIW24 r .-... .. .... . 2.. 67 l0l 78 179 8.720t................. .... 2.....4 ... .......... 0.63 138 40 187 32320neW Mdwnr- ......... .... ....... 20.008 231 83 314 Il135 W Mle , . . .- ................ .... .... .. ... 8.029 III 30 148 7.835104 4 y m .... .. ... ...... . .... .... ........ 'l Il" 8.277 54 17 70 89-_sSO...........................y..................... . 8.. .920 40 17 07 8O65 oty. ..... .. ....w..... .......... .... . 3.402 14 13 27 BaB~~~~~~~~ysw....... ....t...... .............. ........ .. . g84 13 7 19 2.0

RACE. SEX AND HISPANIC OR LATINPO EITHNIC9IY

W le...... .w.......... 08.877 M.08 38 1.881 20MW0, .... ...... 2.0.21 882 234 1.120 3.8Mwn . ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~30.255 3203 161 005 798Black 01 A~~~~~~~rooa~~~rowloa.........8- .......... ........ 8.. 417..1.2.0 997 2228 242W o .e ............................ .-............ ...... .. .. ...... . . 5.174 70 08 120 2.7

Men .... ~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4.243 48 40 88 21,A8*.i 16yealtend. ........ ....... . ........................ 2,872 30 0 38 1.4

W o .o .......... ....... .. .............. ................... . 1.378 18a 0 23 .77teso.. . ..... -~~~~~~~~~~~~~... ............... ....... 1.295 12 3 Is 1.2

KtePanr 1.008. l6 year.e d a.e . ..... ....................... 12.0.IZ 73 188 82 200 2.1....w . ............. ............................................ 4.880 102 49 157 3 1Men...... 7~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.183 88 32 88 1.4

FULL. AND PART.TtMEt 0T4700 AND 0EX20

W u. lgr.....o.............. ........ - .. 3.739 003 177 78 IA.......................... 24.788 340 100 480 1.9Man 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... 0.801 223 77 300 1.0

Ws1Om ot. -18.040 997 343 12.20 889M. w .. -... .......... .... . ........... 12.278 851 210 801 7.0Mall 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... ... ..... .770 248 132 378 686

DoIlr rrryno euo _19 Cu torrdin9

Psro- r base.e NOTE: EstUnar. loW, nu 8 rr, 00.008o toa

P.er.w~d hs 0.9 o nor Su obasOnua V.0 al a be ofany laaennWmeos ~ 86. by b~nly058 y rc*97jewm Od I 0060 o Oenoa. Io, 0 5Wa lure r Wn

I � 16 10 24 - 1 25 ymm am �y"'"- Y- -d _ 1 16 to 19 I M I. 24 1 I 1 `5

I- "I',-

I

77

Tsbi.121279-2004 =,.W x-n.

BOTH SEXES

1979 ............................ ... .... ..... . ............... ssal $415 $347 S448 S639 $516 $875 SM $GM $477

19W ............... ......................... ...... SU 407 334 436 621 593 655 645 StS "IISal ..... ........................................... 563 398 320 423 612 583 "a 63F 613 "I1982 .......... ....... . ........................................ SW 390 3oa 4i3 612 563 663 647 609 4741983 ......................... ............... ................... 593 379 294 400 618 578 565 GM 623 469'984 .......... ............................................ 554 376 292 399 628 Sao 673 566 632 470,Ws ... .................. ....... ....... ...................... 576 375 291 402 634 585 679 671 638 407,gm ........ ......... ............. .. .............. 590 3al m 4w 643 592 689 653 652 491'987 ...................................... . ................... 595 386 295 411 641 %4 692 SU 645 403'gas ................... ........ -- ---- ......... 591 3a2 300 407 635 so Go 595 543 496"mg ................................ .... .......- 587 381 300 406 629 579 694 694 634 491

;9w- .- ........................... .... ......... 573 377 2D4 400 629 571 682 WS 641 48299, .......................... ................. 575 375 258 394 on 562 6113 SW 836 51599. .- ............. ...... .................. 581 384 280 382 632 556 663 SS9 8 499I993 .............................................................. 590 363 275 332 532 %2 666 697 633 5061994 ... ... .. ..... ... .. ................ ........... Soo 301 VS 373 m 55� 677 714 631 4851995 .. . . ..... .. ......... .. .... ............ ....... 59D 360 284 376 62S 555 677 717 633 4791996 ... .. ......... .. ... . ... .......... ............ . 588 357 257 374 624 555 670 712 641 4601997 ... ..... .. ......... . ...... ..... ....... . ' 591 36D 296 377 634 Ms 679 712 655 462legal .... ....... ..... . ..... .. ...... . ......... . 605 370 310 392 662 581 Sol 718 SW 489Im , - ...................... .......................- 622 337 319 411 871 SP e92 739 685 458

2000, ........................ ............................... -.. 631 396 325 420 667 GD2 685 733 679 sm2DOl ......... ....... .... . ......... .. ....................- SW �D, 325 421 672 615 701 740 680 5212002 .................................................... ......... 09 Q0 320 419 679 620 702 741 708 5272DD3 . ....... . ........ ... " ' d: me 397 320 412 679 sio 706 742 727 5292DO41 ........ . .......................... ........... . ........ SU 390 309 406 683 804 713 743 725 560

WOMEN

1979 � .................-.......................................... 439 371 318 389 470 480 471 483 455 410

1930 ....... . . ...... ...... ... ...... ........... ......... 43$ 382 315 379 462 -73 465 453 4" 379'.1 I............. ........... 435 356 3DG 360 452 474 472 447 441 375;982 ................................... ............ .......... "7 369 296 377 477 453 494 471 458 396983 ..... . ..................... -............ 453 356 294 373 481 488 489 475 463 381I984 ........................ ...................... .. 468 352 280 369 490 492 606 483 467 3781985 .............................. .................. 46S 353 278 370 4" 495 514 489 477 4061owl ........................ .................. ..... ...... . 478 360 279 331 W7 503 525 507 486 42i1957 ................ .............. ..... _..................... 482 360 773 385 sil 503 sm 515 420 415l9sa .............. ......... ......... ......................... 483 351 282 386 514 Sol 543 Sm 07 4221989.1 ............ ........... .......... ...................... 482 382 Z59 383 516 500 543 525 489 429

19w, .............. ............. ............................... 486 356 278 377 518 499 547 529 488 421'991 ......................... ............... ................- 496 350 277 380 524 501 551 538 491 432'992 ................ .................... ........... . 501 352 270 359 527 504 552 550 496 4331993i ............................... .. ................. 506 352 254 372 534 ma 560 5" 508 4311994 ............ ... .......... ............................... 503 347 207 366 531 5DI 565 56B 502 4241995 ...................................... - 5DO 339 264 358 527 497 558 572 496 4341990i- ......... ........ -..... ..... am 501 340 207 358 532 498 WS 576 504 401'997 ........................... ............... 506 343 282 359 S42 501 565 581 508 408199 I ............. 528 353 288 369 561 523 576 597 551 405ISO:, .................... .............. ........................ 537 357 3D2 389 563 5m 571 606 SW 419

2000' ........................................................ 541 378 310 402 SW 541 571 aig 557 4302DOI ........ ........................... .................... 547 377 308 400 579 547 554 627 572 417. 2 . ............. .. ... ... ............ ...... .. 556 3&5 310 404 597 556 SW 632 602 4522003' ............ ......................... 507 381 307 398 Soo 561 Ws 625 617 "72DO4 ... ... .......... ............. ........................ 573 375 203 391 599 set Ws 625 516 478

S- fow4tes t Id Of too*.

I T-L 11 [ 25 Yq.m -,Y-, m - Y-, S

-1 "I 1 255.341-15."I I.. I..:.Y-- M'S Y. M M owI I I I I

78

TMe 12. Mdia. -$-I -- MY -- hV. of W-6- -01 SW -W, ,H- to oo,,,tsot 42004) doll- by . W g.,1979-2004 ..... I -- g- - Cot,-d

MEN

1 979 ... ................ .. ........................... ..... . $703 S473 S373 $W8 S757 $712 M $a-,. $753 $528

;980- ....................... ..... ... .............. 679 452 351 486 736 682 797 795 747 496981 .......................... ...... ..... ............ . 674 433 333 471 737 674 788 786 749 528982 ...... ............................. 682 421 318 457 738 670 790 784 747 5621983 -- .......- 681 401 302 434 731 687 n5 798 749 Su

'984 .... ........... ... .... ............. .. ............. ... 678 400 302 433 731 651 815 $13 760 5671985i ... -. .... .... ........ Sal 403 306 -W 742 659 815 $19 783 6,51986 ........... ......................... .... ...... . 690 405 303 434 761 eel $20 &V 797 WS,"7 -.......... ..... ......... .... .......... 690 409 311 437 759 W all $26 788 Su1988 .. ......... ...................................... 689 401 314 425 748 645 793 942 780 608i9ag ... . ..... ........ ..... ..... ..... 688 3ag 308 427 735 638 7u 536 766 579

.. ...... ............... .......... 675 395 3D5 418 718 630 766 829 765 565................... 607 386 296 406 708 520 779 829 762 632

. .. ........... ............- ...... ..... . 861 374 288 392 707 615 767 gm 763 SW"K .................... . .... .... .. 657 371 2B4 390 715 612 757 541 754 581Z4 658 371 2w 357 727 604 779 846 760 556iss� ....... 653 373 3Dl 389 724 603 768 843 767 5431995 - ........... .................................. .. 668 366 3Dl 355 719 59t 75B 637 770 572,07 . .......... ..... .... ................. ........... 679 372 3DB 397 722 605 76, &U 785 5w,49V

.... .. ....... 692 386 326 413 740 $30 784 647 809 558, ��t- ........ ...... .................. 701 404 330 430 757 654 796 865 823 533

low- ... ........ 702 411 335 433 76D 656 798 a" am 573200i ...... .... -- ....... 715 418 340 436 769 659 804 a53 812 6032002 ....................... 713 411 US 430 769 S!% 793 "8 842 6122DO3 - - - 713 409 329 423 764 0,45 796 856 $49 6282OD4' -- .... ............. 7i3 400 318 417 762 639 804 857 843 841

VWOMEWS EARNINGSAS PERCENT Or MEN'S 2

1979 .... . ...... ...... ................. ............. 625 78.5 851 76.5 82.1 67.4 58 3 56.9 60.5 77 8

M D ....................... .............. .......... 64.3 80.1 89 5 78,0 82.7 $9.4 58.4 66,9 59 4 76 5,98! ............ ... ....... ..........- 64.5 82 6 91 : 60,7 62 7 70.4 59.9 56.3 55.9 70 99 1 .. ..................... � - ---- 65 5 B5 3 92 $2 5 641 72.1 611 6D 1 613 70AS�3 .................. ................... .........- 66.6 88.6 941 85.9 Ss's 73 3 61�5 59 5 61.8 68 7....... .......... ............ .......... 87.6 87.9 9V 85,3 67.0 74.5 W.9 59.4 61.4 66,8

........... ........... .......... ....... .... 68.2 ST5 90.8 955 66.9 75.1 831 59.7 60 9 68 0

........... ....... ...- 69 3 88 9 91,5 67.7 66.7 76.2 64.0 61 0 61 0 71,4.................... so 9 aii 87,6 $8.0 G7.3 76.8 66.1 62.3 62,2 68.7�988 ..... ..... ............. 70.1 go�o 89 8 90.1 68.7 77.7 68 4 61.6 62.4 70.8

989 ............... ..... ...... ... ... ... ..... 70. I 90 7 94.0 89.8 70.2 76 4 681 62 7 63 9 74 2

19901 ................. ............................... 71 �q 90.1 91 0 90 2 72.1 79.2 69.7 818 633 74 5M l ......... ................. ............... 74.3 93-3 93.5 93 6 74.0 50.9 70.8 64.9 r4 4 68 499 ..................................... 75 a 94.0 93.8 94.2 74 8 82.0 71.� 65.8 64.9 78.1993 .. .......... 77.1 94.8 910 95A 74 7 8Z9 73 0 07.3 67A 74.1994 ...... .... ... ............. ....... .. ........ 76.4 93.7 92,7 94.5 73.1 82.9 72.5 67.1 66.1 76.3

1995 ....... ................... 75A 90.6 07.9 922 72.7 $2.4 72.7 G7.s 64.8 79.9i9m .......... 7&O 92A 86.9 92.8 74.1 63.2 73.2 68,9 BS.. 70 099 74.5 92.1 91.4 90.6 75.1 82.9 74.0 69A 647 77.1998 . ............. ............ .......... 76 3 91.3 88 5 89.4 75 9 83o 73,5 70.5 68.2 7ZOigg9l ......... ... ............... .. ............... ......... M S 910 91 3 90.5 744 81.5 71,7 70.1 67�8 78.7

2DIO: 77 0 92.0 :2 3 :2,95 74.5 :Z5 ;1.5 73.2 69.2 75 i200, .. . .. ..... 76 4 90.2 0,3 1 76.3 3.0 2.6 73 5 70.5 69 12002 77.0 93 7 94,5 93 9 77.6 94,4 75-2 74 5 71.5 73 82003 . ......... 79 5 93.3 93.2 94.0 75.5 87 0 76.2 73 0 72.6 71 220041 . ..... ..... 80.3 93.7 92.2 93 a 78 7 87.9 75.6 73 0 73 0 74 8

I Th. emp-bility of hat.0.1 IbW f� dSM MS b� affed0d Of I Thm room S. �p.W -9 wosdd rrdi8.s SW -Y--io- ta- by .0,0dolop-al SW -oSDWJ M-g% ill tn. C� t diffor Ogt* ". P� ts cD.Vfto osig V. o-dW --d-3MP.pdSt- S.," (CPS). Fo, S� ..pISMt-. 06 It- E-Pl--tM d*ply.0 i. ft. tabl..Not. SW ElsMj,,s of E-, swAm of U. F.t ... y 2OD5 SW NOTE' The C- M, P� 11d.. -SMh SS- ..i�g C-S-1

iSS- of Ejooy- t .d E-NI. . - 0* SLS e#.d, (CPI-L�RS) is W 10 - n -I doU- 1. -��P..d-I donrs S. T..h-I Note

79

Tobl. 13. M0.1..8.. weekly o0-i-p of 1004bee. w ald. l .8668.,k.0. coosto (2004) do809 by ae., . .. Wn 01isp..i. - L.938o0"1

2981ty. 1879-2004 s0.808990

yee,"m .. I Slk~ffit. [.1,67801Swean~so, 8I 0580 A-a600i 8 I Lain

BOTH SEXES

1979 ................... . -...... 8581 958479 - 468

1980 ... ......... ............ ... .. . ..... 5688983 481- 4549981 ....................... . .. ......... 563 079468 -4429982 .................. ... ....... 580 9824599 4502983 ................... ....... ... . .... 583 975 470 -448

1984 ......... 584 982 486 4491gas5 ................ -........ ............. 578 385 465 -4521888 ................................ I 5890610 4799 4581987 ............- .............. .......... 585 610 479- 483lo1 ..............88... ... ....... . ...... 991 8W 5 482 -445

1889 .......................... .. 587 602 470- 438

1958 ....... 9........ 78 594 482 -429

28991....... .. 578 999 471- 423

1982 ........ 9...8......2.. . ... .... ... a 808 470 -4241983-................ 580 691 475 -428

99949 ... 9...8..8........ S 610 4688 40919895 ..... -......... 5988 9 471 40151998 ' S88 908 484 -408

1887' ...............-............. 591 809 4889 4121888' .............. ..... ... '', 690 837493 -429199981 ...................................... 622 649 50A - 439

2000'.............. ...... .... I.. .... 832 547 520 9874 43B281 ...... 8.....3............ 8 651 624 8812 4452002 639 605 523 891 445

...................3. . ............. 638 693 528 712 4822004' .8............... ................. 38 657 925 708 456

WOMEN

19798 ...................................... 439 444 408 - 379

19800 --................. 438 440 402 -374

18 l..................1... . 435 439 409- 3771992 - - ............... .. 447 453 407 3 811983 ..... ............. ............ 453 458 417- 30899eA. ... ...................... ...... 458 484 417 - 869805 ................ - I - ...... 485 471 423 3 5 4'990 ' ............................ 476 484 434 3 971887................................. 482 489 438 3991988 ........................ ........-. 483.... AU488 442 -3999889 ................................. 482 4021 443- 388

19999'...... ...................... .... . 486 488 432 -3801881 ......... 9.........6.. .......... - g 589437 -395

9882 -....... -............... ............ 9157 442 -3981883 - 90.......... ......................... 5 6 5960 440 40219941 503 514 437 -384

1885 -~~~..... ... So0 010 437 -378

1996 -....................... 9... .... 5 1 513 435 3791997 ........ 009 521 440- 37319990 ......... 528 9"1 482 39009999 ........... 37 s4o 483 - 384

2000' .............. ........ ...... .... 41 588 471 599 4022001 .9...................................... 47 557 485 601 4152882 588......... . ......... .... .. .. S 575 497 995 4172003' ....................... ...... 887 583 504 694 4213004I 9_....................... ..... ... 73 094 905 613 419

5.6 9089010 49 ,d 09table

80

Tabe 13 Media usuailweekly Rnings ha aead sarwore In consan(204)do.ro by- s .s-.and Hlop.msor . laoetll.". 1979-2004 annual aenigeg - Comnowd

Yea' od on, |~~~ T~l ]5 BYS| oe|a>> cr9111090 | Omen isaic0

MEN

9179 .. .. ...... . ....... -.............. 703 8719 U "a 529

1980 .... ......... .... 679 694 SW8 - 08t9o ....... 674 69Z 533 -499

182... . ........... 682 703 521 -503¶083 ............ 681 697 520 4 93role1 678 603 524 - 496

£01 ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~681 680 519 895. .... ......... . 090 713 524 -492

.1......... .7 ............. 5. 71519 - 4871988 ...... . .... 009 713 533 4721989 .......... : . ... 680 700 512 - 483

't' : ..... ...... ........... 675 693 886 -6.- ;--... ...-................ ... 667 68m 507 -437

1992 .. ....... . I ............. 661 678 502 - 4 71993 ........... ... ............. 697 674 504 - 4515941 ....... 68 695 505 -433

1895. 663 650 5S8W 430Ige¶880 .. .. . .... 6..6...8 .6.....8.. Gs a 493 - 4261997' ............. . 679 658 907 - 42619988 682 711 541 - 4511980; ........ ........ ....... 701 724 554 -46

2000' ........ .......... ........ 702 728 500 8751 4572891 ._.. ........... . 719 73 065 782 4702002 ....... ...... . .... 713 737 SW8 79. 47420D31....................... 713 7346 509 793 47620041.... ................ 713 732 688 802 490

WOMEN'S EARNINGSAS PERCENT OF MEWS

2

1979 .. ............ 62.5 81.7 74 3 - 7177

1989................... 643 63.5 75.8 - 3651981 ... 6465 63.1 7607 - 75061882 ..................................... 65.5 644 798 0 75.71953 _ - 111 ..........-- 6860 65.7 78.9 -78.3

1984". .. . . .................. 0........- 7.6 6078 796 77.81589..... .6B.2 67 4 626 - 77.719 8 . ...... .... .. . ....... ... 68.3 87.9 827 - 8 .71987 __8~" - ................ . 9.9 68.2 84.4 - 211989... .. . ............ . ..... . . 70.1 88 638 0 8461989 .. .......... ............... 70.1 69.2 86.5 85.6

1990' .. ... 719 71.5 8585 1- 67

1991 ... ........ . 74.3 73.7 86-1 5 51992 7581 752 ea. I 89.11983 . 771 765 BB8 8 90 41994' ...... 7694 7455 88'5 - 8881985 .......... 75.4 73 2 80.3 -87.3

¶990 .. ...... 750 7380 88.1 -8980

1997' . ...... - 745 74 6 88.8 - 80lm ..... ..... ....... ........... ... 7623 79.1 894 - 005

¶9 89 1-...... . 76.5 79.7 037 - 85.7

2888'. ...... . ... ........... 778 75.8 642 7959 6882DD1 706 4 7596 89.8 76 9 o2002 .. 7781 7.8 04 74UR 0

2002' ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~799 764 004 77.5 tao

2094.. . ... .... 8003 78.8 89.9 76 4 87tt

a s frs 7. m021185iogyca1 altO 8910071441111129030, 1 C-rw nie zae urn incW1000 me gm9;0 10ev~ Ode'thl as 0,6 Itatl 14--20Sutn (cps). For onexlnao SO 711z O-taoiwtsra 0,1010991',1, Vlat 51-0I91101 no 1 1i -,-'.~ data 01010

11'.9 n s ftn EI 116 walton 0 toe Fenual.w 2000 endl ploser~d It' 8:1 lceS Persions -01ne tIs id-tsItno assJ itelslurs of Flnployn--t and Onlg 0 niy 019 Hisoa~ic 81 141l wy63 beoot any ta- sod.t-rtt are lasifled S

:o'inosal 87058,~~~~~f- 06 enl as by rit. Data In 20M(2 we fr1 01,Ils09050Tr1..1 75409e at,, 002408OSOQuntdd nrnli,,,d0 O~n 0110 049 Mosil sot Paulo Islnders StarlNingr 2003. Asans Conltelit

dfe, ouqh 120O~t~S00175 u' t 104089medans snyret tatelal 7, trot ilfonnaio sen 11,6 Euplesatory Notes8in7Ilaed tO' I.010 and Bsumafra of Ftto setin of EnpJoyi-:o 010 Eanige Date lo

Data 1101 a~~~~~aiiasie ~Alta-s 001 tOt ta~lutaec 910118t 20D00 Pie COnsumer Prtts 8000ftI 909ninig to 2003. eshtinle f0- "i ~~ taco. 8louos Mienneal sere uso -.rrt methods (Ca-L-RS) in u-d to aour

ur c'5 Atnnal Atos-a. 120Asian Osuon Qn1021 1.11 Jutrl Qtl ~ .1to-tat 50107 O,~ S1. T15-21 Notn

5n1. -55957oonros01 seW-le nt, ia 0210'a

81

Tatle 14. Uni.4 nonl n-k4y w,,bp~g Of In0-Onlo -1100.14 Olan w0*112

Sy-1 and -no i. 00t15a (2004) do&I9O by nonand Odnnn.f i alnbnI.L 1979-2004 ann00 01110.

T IW T- Ho 1 I Oad0'nY~~ ld w ~~ 25 Ynth '.d haigh WhW0 VW144409040~ l

II d 001.

a01TH SEXES

1070 .. ............ 0.. 03 500 050 5070 0029

.................... 021 482 578 650 8101001 . . . 0~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~12 475 568 043 007

.......2 . .. .... 12 464 Ws5 657 8101003 ....... . .... ............. . 0610 460 SW0 653 am0184 ........... ................. . 0625 450 555 001 840Igas .... 0.. .-....... . 34 452 550 069 0471w -....... ... 043 457 509 673 8031087 .. 0........ .,...... 41 451 507 80£ 0501000 .... . .... 35.. .... 442 504 000 egg19........0.....05.............. 029 4,37 552 665 090

190 ............................. . 020 425 041 607 ass1991 ......... ... ................... 032 410 537 662 9001502. ........... ........ 632 410 532 039 1011003. -- ....... 4........ 32 404 534 63S 02D19943 ................... 6020 387 531 629 9251900 .................. 020 201 532 625 02D1I90 .... ....... ...... ......... 024 300 532 621 Ws91997~ ...... .. .. 0 . ....... 34 370 041 620 01419903 662 300 555 040 905

10903 . ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~671 393 550 050 975

20003~ .............-....... 607 396 554 053 0772001 ................... 672 408 555 000 0832D02 ............................. 679 408 562 0S0 00m

20 33 ............... ................. 675 407 S0W 650 0a9ZX)43 ............. ........ 003 401 574 901 900

1070. . ................ .... 470 365 446 508 635

1000 ......... ......... I 402 355 435 So1 0291Sa1 ........- ...... ........ 462 347 431 500 03111982 ---. ..................... 477 345 442 514 0491903 . ..... ... 481 350 443 517 0031904 ........... .................. 490 345 448 527 67519as .. ............. -...... 496 330 448 531 094

98 3 ............ ..................... 507 3.41 455 542 7171989 ............. ,.. . .......... 514 338 457 552 74419sp ............................. 510 340 448 557 740

1g00 3 ....... .................. 510 337 44155 7511991 ..................... 0..... . 24 338 44 53 7001502 ........ ... ....... ........ 521 337 44537 7031903 .. .................-- 534 339 446 543 70019943............................ 531 324 443 533 7991990 . . ........ .............. 527 322 439 525 7031900 ......- . ......... 532 322 438 520 70015573 . ............................ 542 323 4 530 785

15501.. . £0~~~. ...... 51 327 450 551 81919003 ... .................. _ 503 325 459 S54 020

2003 ....................... 68 324 401 554 8292DO .............. ......... 579 337 472 555 92392D02 .5 ................... 341 401 571 8052003 ............ ..... 6.S 338 407 575 854

200431..1..... 99 334 48 57 6

Sn. InoUloln 01 ed, 0 t501

82

Tabl 14. Modi.e asra wekly -arrgs of feidre wag. and salary worer 29 y.t aid ove tn .o.s.ant (2004) do.Rs by -oso eductalrot &Uai-oet. 1979264 annual a-Mrges - Co.fntiud

I ero I4 -og soro rdutsn r0

ere

MEN

1979 ......... 1.................. 757 0609 1743 6794 0954

1990............ .... ......... ... 739 590 710 77 9271991 .................... 737 067 707 771 9431992............................. . 739 549 700 770 9421993............................ 731 942 097 790 9321994............... ............ . 731 533 690 771 9721995.................I....... .I 742 SW6 992 790 99019h .................... ...... . 797 0392 604 799 1.0191987 ..... ..... . .............. . 709 515 972 790 i.0381989 ..................... 748 510 670 772 1,0421989......................... ... . 735 509 692 790 1.037

1990 ............ . .............- 718 490 943 791 1.0301991 ............................. 700 473 6:39 792 1.0341992 - ..................... 707 492 031 732 1,0441993 ............................. 715 458 625 736 1.037,99s3 ...... ...... .... _.... .. 727 432 an6 740 1.D42I19 ...............90........ 724 427 929 734 1.0401994 ...... ...... ... .. .... 719 428 879 724 1.044I9973 .. ....... ................ 722 429 639 729 7.052190983 ................. 740 444 047 745 1.097i9993 . ... .................. 757 447 S09 753 1.109

2DO3_ ...................... 760 448 640 709 1.119

2002 -- ......- .. ...... 709 443 649 760 1.1452OW ............................ 764 441 945 759 1.1672Do43 ............. ..... .......... 762 449 04 761 1.143

AS PERCENT OF MEWS4

1979 ............................. 62.1 90.2 600 94.0 966

1999 -. ...... 92.7 61.3 61.3 940 47981991 ....... 9.................. 2.7 91.1 41.0 9506 9991992. . ............. 9.... 4.7 629 63.1 667 98991983 ..... .......... ...... 6598 94.6 6305 901 71.11994 ........ ....... 67.0 6498 549 6804 69.51990 ....... ......... 6690 644 65 7 97.2 70.2¶9893 . . . . 97 64.7 9 6 67.9 708619S7 . . . . 73 90,1 080 69.9 71.3

1900 ~~~~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~60.7 90.4 0803 71~5 71.41989 . .... .... ..... . 702 6689 6706 733 71.9

low9 ......... ....... .. 731 968. 000 72.9 7227991 ............................ 74.0 715 699 726 73.51992 ............................. 74.6 7208 703 73A 75.01993 ................... ......... 747 73.6 71.3 737 75.91994 . ...... . . . .. 73 1 74.9 7098 72.0 70.71990 ... ..... .. ........ 727 70.4 70,2 71.9 79.21999 ...... ............ .. ..... 74.1 76.2 70.7 73.1 75.219973 ... . .. ...... .... 701 752 700 73.5 75.01998.1 . ..... ...... 75.9 73.7 70.9 74.0 758319993 ................. 744 73.5 690 735 75.7

2000 ................. - ..... 7405 74.9 71.2 73 1 7412001 .............. --...... 75 3 75S4 72 7 71 9 73~72002 . .. ........... 776 77:1 74'3 743 74 22003~ 785 79 7 75 6 75 7 73,6

2004 ... ........... .... 797 74.9 70.9 7506 70.2

loIudes peron cr0 ahqh 90001 dryfns Of eqor Er yn.l 980E-l19f a mofl 8.3 perrdC9

2Includes P.ron eth a 9900008'. r test,. Iroea.oo. ErTvrnenlge a. 001410 1019 cfrorred nrdwan anan T40119 OcW~nee f 010a.11_d~&h b_ diler sightly from yPrenr Oorpcd ro9 ft rouded

3 Th conoeno~rryof Slora 59c fore oas bu bee meIan displayed nodis test.09.09 tcoosoe by erelhrdcfoXWu and rrceyptual NOTE: The Corurrr Prroe Index reerh soe L-er

Orangesm orle Cu.er Ppfrtarc Sorey (CPS). For en conet -retrhfs (OffU-A) is rood to conneri Curen door toeu*lnrasy se Ore EnPfaoacrY Note8s asd Eonratesl 0 Erro contentd4095 See TecniclNotesetoo- of roe Pebniay 2005 909 scbseouet coco f

vearard |YilI<| j1o9|212 I. W |- I-97 I 350 |- *59 | 9 |e

-_ |

83

80TY, SE7ES

................

- '.' ..'.... '..

.... .. . ..

'' .. ..' .'..' .. "

- ..-.....

.. . .. .. ..

.. ....... ..........

1975

'98 1lst-2

.197

'tq&

'Jw'

'9930

*995.I992I993199I99P5

2000199.

200220032004

' .....' I ..

WOMEN

S12.34

11.791 70

1145*. 59

11 43

31.73

12.4312 38*2.23

9 41

92

9.42950992

9 93995

*0.11

10,00

*0.13

10 82

100S5

11 23

S9.72

9.32

isn

a45

035

a27033

0 313.14

7937867.92

812

8.39

a.9D

8 90

070

B56

7.S

7777.75

783

7.S67Q5

,.7028030 19

ess

0520.41

872

10.13

10 1

10 zz*0 32

IC 17; 20

*0.07

*OS

'O028

;01.11*100

7000

77325

7.}

7 317.37.29

7.25

7 10

7.135

723

7.53

8.208,11798

701

a 77

517

6.07919622

b31670

9a20

647

7 03

72.

711

700

66837.006~67641

6Z23:0O5

6025O,

8.04

612

6120

6.096.126,37070679

ea37097147036065

$12,56

12.

1.,29

11.01

115

11,25

'O079

10 74

1063

11.72

: % 538

9576

II729 749680

971971

9Uo

9 S.9.74

9639 76900964

10 1

10 62

S12 70

12 51*.22

*2 4*243

*255*260

124212,39*Z38

2 *

12587

12.51

12 *

1220127912.69

9 59

9 329.49953i96972991

10t3O

10.45

'D 55

'O.51'0'65'O 6-

10 67'O 7511 19

11 47It 45

512 40

I.95

12 121227T

I2.52

1240

*2.S,2 57I27*2 61224~

,25

*2 70

IZ96

I29

332

9Z23

9190

9.139.ZC9 35

9 66

967

10.12

10o 301

10 *01054

10.7

1I 331130

11.50

1*0195

*155116

11.59

11 "S11 .

11 26

I, 47I 139I 341 127

11.65

12 312.4'12.5112 Y

,7N7 92a03

79-8

080805812a24806

8:3a10

a856 74

9I119. 52

962

19-9, . ......... ... ...

19S ' . ... _.. ... ..... ..

I9 9 t. ........... . '....

*97 . .. .. .......

1i20: ..........1591 ........ .. ..

1992 - - ''''1993 ......19i4' .... ....1 995 ...

1997 ............1998 ...1999: ,

2000

2002 ... .2003: . ,... .. . .. .. _200O . .. ...... . . ...

S>3 Ida wt g w of l.blA..

3 74 7 70

S 90 7.37a84 710

9.79 077a091 a7289 O, a9 00 6.91

9 04 6 959 ;5 609I1 8S3

9- 799S 6739,19 6779.2 6529Z33 7O'9.5- 7Z 399SI 7.50

99- 769*0 78 7.73

;A2 7105 779

10 *7 7 71

9 07 7 55

901 738

..14 705

9 60 73

93 7 57

9.5 7ES9.42 7SO9 51 ,S99 71 7 S79687 -t5

9 99 7.75

'O 28 S.0

*0 59 8 52

*1087 8,62

*1 * ZS .17* 1.3,1 9 06%. 57 9- 6

ove TO "1 s I lO2 I T. I 25grl2 C I^ 35 I Ml- I61 -- 5 b5 6I wesN 11I I 0I 0

84

TV ,15On1Lmn fAdb pi ol L mnye)dlfby W. 927 nll- - -O.d

MEN

1979 .... . ............................ .......... $13.5. 59..3 $7.71 S1121 S16.15 315,39 $17.15 S17.13 S15.89 so el

1980 .... ... ... ............... ............ 13 B.S2 7 34 1069 15,68 15.0. a Z41 1 7 25 �4.57 43 I: :, 5 72981 ..... .. ... .................................. 3 05 1016 �= I 7 "I I 21 687 9 el SI 7982 ....... ... ..... ....... ........... �s 15 37 1 16.65 ISM 8,"I 2 3aISW ........ ...-.- .......... 12 46 7 90 i :A6 Is 49 I 574 a 55.6' 4 97 1 59'964 ..... ........-...... ................ .... ..- 2 JU 7:92 45 : 0295 =0 13 147 Is I5 35 :.Si'mi .... ......... ... ................. ....... ...... 12 7 6.31 879 I.U 1141 I.:1182 15:16'on ............... 2 50 8 94 1.45 13.23 IGAS '. 70 I5 TO i,54I - I 7Z ':' I& 5 5987 ........... .... .. .................... . ....... 2:37 82 . 30 906 14.59 13.15 16.0? 29 45 .7'ISS 1 13 ::3O :90 12 4 " ' a -I �2 11989 1:92 7:52 47 a? 29 211 1 59 14�72 Beg

Z -- ..................... ....... . Ile' 7.84 6.52 5 68 13.32 IZ40 15.07 15.53 i4.28 8.5.991 ..... ..... -- ........... .......................... 11.64 7.56 0.43 6-5 13 51 12 12 14 88 ISM 13 65 8 .2

1922 ................. ............ I-- I IAS 7..S 8,34 0.25 13 23 I I'i I U." 15.87 i3.71 8 53'993 .................. -- ............... "I 7.41 0.26 8.17 13.11 11.72 14.35 15 65 14.12 8,55I994 31 7.42 11 49 1-12 15.27 13.96 3.35I :29 �2.99

38 7.45 3'5 3.22 1 1.8? 14.65 15 Is 13,70 8.451996i ......................................... ......... �1.43 ;:41 1:3i 12.94 11.64 14.29 14.83 13 38 0,151907 ............ . ................................... .55 sa 60 I3.04 11.65 14.18 15 03 13 86 8.13'908 9� 1 13,53 11.64 14 45 I&IO U.16 8 97

Ds 02 9�'12 UV IZ30 U.50 15 52 &as 8.93ml I 70 :O, 't

2DOO, ...... .................. ........... 11 85 8.37 7.29 9.2D 13,42 12.03 MAI 15.24 14�05 9 112DOI ........... .... ................ . ....... 12,05 8.55 7.37 9,52 1175 12.35 1416 15.21 13.82 9.81ZOG2� .............. ................ ................ 12M B:" 7 33 9,32 13,71 12.49 14.66 15.13 ..Os 10.272DO3 - ...... ... .................... . ............ ,2.21 a36 7:21 924 IUD 12.33 14.51 leas 14,45 WAS2DD41 ............. .................................. 12.02 821 7.15 9.07 13.74 12,03 14.60 15.11 14.54 s9o

WOMDrS EARNNGSAS PERCEW OF MEN'S 2

1979 ......... .. ........................... ........... 64.0 81.7 24.0 75 a 583 53.4 55 a 54. i 57.0 87.7

980 ...... ....... ...... ..... . 54 9 84.1 93A 77-2 58 3 64.2 34.9 54.4 MA $9398, .............. .... 11 I 65.2 85.0 We 902 60.3 $6.7 SZ6 54.1 55.2 M I

I032- 1............... ................. 67.3 MS 97A el's GZ2 51.8 57.2 55.6 5D.0 w 1I,983 .... ..... . ....................... 693 87.1 95.9 844 63.0 70.3 57.0 561 58.0 $7.6,:84 ..... ....... ..... .............................. 698 MD N a 84 5 638 7i.1 59.0 56.9 59.5 89.11 85; ----- ------- -- ........................ .... 70.1 as.? 96.1 87.2 64 8 7Z4 so 3 57.8 60.4 gasMS -.. ............................ 70.3 $5.8 95.5 M9 MO 74A 61.4 59.1 50.3 912

1987 ... ...... .... ............... -... 72,0 MO 93.7 $62 by 3 74.4 62.9 61.4 62-1 91.2Igm ............ ..... 7&9 89.1 94.4 87.3 MY 75.7 05.2 el's 62.S 921'989 ............ ..... 75.5 sea 93A MV 69.9 78.1 OZO 63.5 63.8 37.2

:990' - ... .... . ... ... ... ..... 771 gtO 93 5 90.2 71.9 79.4 68,7 64.3 68.2 as 6,99, ........ ..... .. .... . 78��' :�:2 115 916 716 SOA 70 4 $5.0 W.O 92 0

4 97.7 92 5 76A US 73A 65.0 69.4 92.51993 '80% 91.6 97.2 9, I 77.3 $3.7 73.1 67.3 69.0 92.2'1994, ........................................ 805 90.6 07 0 91 1 78.2 85.5 73,1 60.9 70.7 94.0'N S ........ ....................... ............. 80.8 90 9 96.0 $9.4 76.2 63.7 72.6 701 71 4 94.1low ................................................ 81.2 920 96.9 89.5 73 3 83.1 74.7 72.1 72 4 91.7997, ............. ..........-........................ 801 92.3 W e 91.3 78.9 a2.7 75.8 7Z4 70.5 " Aml -- , "' ale 90.3 96.7 89.1 77.9 86.1 77.. 75.0 7Z4 93.1S :1 ........ .......... ............................ $3.3 92.7 96.7 as's 79A $40 76.9 7Z8 76.4 95A

2000 819 91.8 93 8 92.9 &Da 88 3 76 3 73.2 76.8 94 62001 M.1 90.5 gis $9.0 792 Big 75:0 7&2 $0,2 90.42DO2...- . .................. 850 92 I.: 1,1:4 1; as 1 78.6 n.s 80.8 $9.22DD31 -.... . .. .......... .............. .. 94.8 93.2 97. 9I B3. 87.6 79.0 79.0 78 4 90.42004, ........... .... ......................... 84,5 93.9 95.9 91.7 at? 86.3 73 4 79 79s 9Z5

I Th .1v-l h l Ib20r 1 d;W h. b-e Kmed al QW#y Inrr Pufem -nrP.Wl -V It e lnd .szd-a d.n.Wynd b, bi

Popdo S-ry (CPS). For .,, -to V. E.PWnatt NOWet un Nt)TE Th. C.--nw Pnre In. rt.b ud in .69 nt nwraOd.Eti,,t, Of E-u -b.o of Ihrr Fb.,y 210S .nd .ubm-ut i.-r of (CPFU-aS) s. .d to f, -n Cdl& lo .onsat Wislti S.2ien E s . a nrvhy BLS wbPlnl. Tdl Nott

Thg. - l eo.d u. ..- ,d .nzud nns dn iesr

85

TableIS a.16 d a~g Ewg n aryson,-hnyetni asn 294 oe y04 at n hpocoLalmo ohinmay. 1979.2004 .oonI onn.,g

Yea, -and lol is ytai, I Ale n AIru T FTtnn aI - -I W-ol IA ~ Asa

6000 SEXES

1179 .--------- . £10.72 010.88 0992 - 9685

108.0 ..... .... .... . ..... ........ ..... .... 04 10 60 9 68 98251901 ....................... .... ...... 10.24 10231 9.75 -9 561002.. ........... ... .. . 10.13 10.26 9.50 -9.4019.0..... .... 10.....8 10 21 9.27 -9 171034 ...... o.. io01 Ion2 930 - 9 1410935 . . . ......... . 10.12 1024 9,22 918a1986 ... ..... ....... ..... 10.22 10 3 98 -6 9211907 .m.......o3 10,49 904 -927

1008 ~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~10.22 1046 94- 911909 ........... 10230 10 43 9 46 - 695

1990i- -.-..... . ............. 1016 10230 9056 99821991 . ..... .... .... ........ . 10.17 10231 945 - a8761992 .................................... 10.20 10.2 9233 - 6791992 - .......... .10.14 1027T 9 25 - 880

1094' .. 1~~~~~. .... 0.12 1024 9,21 8 97019950-. .-.............................. 10 07 10.2$ 945 - 041996 . . ... ........................... 10.08 10,29 9231 -8 611997'.. . ........ ...... ............. 10.28 10 4 "941 - 969I998i ........... 10.59 1068 9.72 -9,181909............... 10.82 11,09 10904 -9 17

2000' 1096 10092 10.24 011t04 92062061 .. ............ ......... ..... . 10 87 10.94 10.44 11,47 9.672002i 1108 11.2$ 1042 10998 9 602000 ' 11.. .... ... '':14 212$ 1432 11411 1002004' ...... .... 1108O 11123 10 19 11 10 9~81

WOMEN

1979.0.. . . .... .. ........ 874 a875 8957 8231

198 80 .... ...... .................. 6s .61 S." 9.221981... ..... ....... 8.50 802 6234 -0181082............99...... . 8 4 888 8 43 8.14Ig10 0 2.... . ... ... ........................ 8966 8.66 6.50 -7971594 .......... ...--.................. 8,61 062 8.45 8.071985 .9..... -..... ....... ...... 862 a802 8946 8.1010861 -.- ... ... .. :: I 879 8.82 0052 89241987 ........... ........-.......... ....... 8.91 994 961 -8.141988 .. . .... 9.................. .. 897 9.01 882 - 81 11989 ... ..................... ... ....... 9.00 9 02966 - 918

¶99091 ............ ........ ........ ..... 90C4 9 08 0.75 8.101991 .- . ............................ . 910 9 17 809 8.111992 . ............. .. ... .. .. .. 9.19 9.24 8.77 a 916192.918 9 ................ 1,g22 0 .141994'.915... .... 927 9:75 a 093999 ............ ....... 9.19 9230 8.798 81499' ......---- ........ ...... .... . . 928 820 694 - 80121 9 - ....................... ......9730229.40 8.91 - 9011998 ....... .... ...... ...... .... 9954 9.86 015 62061099'1 ..... .. ........................ ........ 9.81 991 9.223- 8 47

.008'... ... ..-....... 9.94 9.97 971 10,72 80062001 10,29 10239 977 10174 8984

202 ...... .. 10239 184 992 1061 8972002' . .190 3 10085 1017 1997 9J122004' 10,17 10 21 902 10057 904

Sn ron,,a n 1 UYon

86

TaL tel. 19 edl a 1197 90 amns.W w g adsal. yw er ae aly nat.in lit2 984) dollarsby e race.aodH a ori-bn90 edsdsir. 1979060 an eat alE ssg g s. C stoOen d

ye w | 9,,16 sors | W |Ea00orAlnutn | Asian HsatSTear and -I I I I - Ita - - .

1979 . . 5. 1364 MM399 $11.80 $11.571980 .. .. 13Z 13.53 11.2 10.931981 _.. .......... 1305 13.34 11.54 _ 10.671982 .................. . ......... . . _ _ 12 85 13.09 11.21 _ 10 7519S3 ................ .............. | 12.46 1213 10-73 _ 10 471884 .. . ............. 12.34 12.58 1067 _ 10 481905 . ... . 12.3 12 72 10.31 _ 10 181989'. . 1250 1298 10.82 10 20198 7 1 12.37 12.63 10.73 _ 10.141968 ........_ ........ . ... 12.15 1237 10.60 9.991989 ........ ....... ..... |.11.92 12.20 1042 _ 9S11999' . .......... . 11.61 1201 10.35 9471991 ......................... ................... |11.64 1195 10.28 9331992 ........ ................................... . 114 8 11.74 10.07 9231993 1 11.42 11.69 9. 8 9181994' .1............... .. ........................ 3..............1 11.36 11.62 10 00_ 990819965 ..................... 11,38 11.88 10 06 a 8951996 ..................... 1 11.43 11.75 9.82 9.151997 . 11.55 11.70 10.19 - & 81998' .. ............... ........................... ... 1....1........0 113 6 095 11.09 105*989 .............. . 1170 12.05 1109 917

M001 - . 1209 1239 10.85 12.64 10322002 1223 12.46 10.75 11.58 10 4220031 2. ... . ... Z21 13 11110 12.21 10302004' .. . 12.02 1Z16 10.58 11.90 1002WO0EWS EARNINGS

AS PERCENT OF MEW(S 2

1979 .................................... 0.. ........................... 64.0 62.6 72.6 - 71.8

1980 . . . . .............................................................. ........... 89 63.6 75.0 75 219 1 ................... 0........ ............ 65.2 8 3.9 722 764I982 67.3 66.1 753 _ 75719.3 . ... 69 S 8.1 79.3 76.119 64 .............................. 69.8 68.6 79 2 _ 77198.5 . . 701 67.8 a 20 _ 79190 ............. ................. 7 3 ............ . 688 76.8 80.81987 ....... ......... ..................... . 72.0 70.8 80 .2 80.31988997 ................... 3.. .. n39 72.8 809 _ 81.21909 . _ ......................................... 75.5 74.1 93 .2 _ 931

i .99 . . . I 77.9 75. 84.5 96911991 7806 78.7 88.6 _ 891992 80.2 7897 97.2 _ 8 8 4199 994 ..... 8 77.9 6967.. - 978891994' ....... ........ ....... 906 79.7 87.5 - 9931995 ............................... ......... 80.8 78.4 87.3 _ 991998 .......... .............. 81.2 79.6 880 0 8891997 .......... ........................ 9 ........... S0 8 8093 87 S6.31999' . ......... ,. ......... 81.8 81.9 G 9 87951899' . ... . ... U.8......838. 82.3 83.2 - 56.720009 U . . .9 2.0 087 908 87.42001 ..... . .................... .......... 8501 839 8 9.9 95.0 85 72002I. 85...0... 848 a3.8 92.3 9197 8612703r I .......... . ............ ...................... . .64.8 84.1 91.6 89.8 G 8 529O94 .. 4.......................... 4.6 84.0 91.3 988. 90 2

The coMpahabititY at Natl-hCaf lab., 1=0, data h.s bee, effectej at gros ate 99 13dn'c t 03 eosw, 999 o a49901 hines by mathwglaocal and OcincoQpal change 919t9 C-rren one rac we- inluded I-i In. Or003the pidesnbie as M e man tracPoor.Iaaa` Surony (CPS) Far an ePInebon. .0 the EcofarOr, ESInnetes to, the rc 917 j mrnd 0 at49Noteser oc issue ats E1 *rd toucan of monthebary2005 B nS ortesenjte for all racos Personts wthoai. etgnLioty i isetied is,subsease" 0908 of EnIOY-

1rnn And Earning, as monthly, 8. sPaI r9n may DOeOf any" rac and. thaetoef. a' classfnd99, 6. ffnisas'91.Wlsn h eMdaO -thnicity as 0,01 as by race Data tO, 2003042 am, tO, the cateci'diThtre lyam as compuDe-t _in unmnided U e dras and m Asians and Pa.crc slanders Stalrli In 2003. Aoians orstA aOdler tsyglinthy 'mmtf s canld us t de i separate category Far mrD M haye a-0091919.. end Es-maes- 1 OrrscinatEpomn EeminoaData tntNODTa: rat9,-agi n203 hiahiietI. he Allans mere not tab.tte P1not 0 2000, The Consune, Pos I~deah'. Bginn n20. siA-e o n v race g-aDs research setles ustri cuetmerd (CPl-U.RS) is used tonsocer(whle.OtatiOr iriua Amric-i ndAsin) ncudeperon who curen d900w- to cansta. 01,. See,

Teclnoa Nor..selnte INs rae 91011 onhyi Pelson who selectd reMM trian ane rac

87

Ta08117 Wave and 5 y In p686ody no wll h9 .or p6808 Fou l As by I,172 ...48 W

Y- t,,,d _*1 9 j _- - 10 F.X

-WY l Fd2P. al18088119 9.oto 959.92.

S80T1 SEXOS

1979 ................ .... ................ 87.529 511721 58.1 2.918 3.997 e,912 13.4

19 .............. . .... .. ... ........... 87,.8 51.330 98 8 3 9867 4.8N O 7.773 15. 110 1 ..... ....... .. .... ......... ....... 88 .916 91.888 58.8 7513 4 .311 7.824 S.1882 .. ......... .. .. ... ... .. 87 1885 5 8.84 8 5 82 238 4 18 881 12 8

19 83 -.................. 58. M9 51.8 58 7 2077 .251 8.33 12 2DU8 -.... 8...... . - .......... 2.198 54.182 987 1.83 ..125 5.883 11.0I 885 ..... ..... ... 84. . ........ .521 5 8.7 82 18 0 1838 3.889 5,538 91888 .................. ...... .... 86.183 57.529 59 4 '1599 3.481 5080 81987 ~ ................- - .................. 8.9303 50.552 6 8 0 1.468 3.228 8.8ge 7 8:1988 -- 1.............0. . . ..... .... - O .4 07 88.878 8 0 0 1.319 2.80 8 3.82 7 81889 .................. . ......... . . 103.480 82.388 8803 1.372 1.790 3.'182 51

1981 ............. - ...... 1048 78 83.172 W.2 112.132 21 10888'3,2M 2 51981 18 ........ ......... .... ' 3:723 82.627 88. 212 37 7 2 Z 9 0 8 1 5,2 8 3 84188 ...3 .... .............. I. 104 889 83.610 W .8 1838 2.982 4.921 7.7I093; ........- ........ . ....... 8.121 84274 80 86 1707 2.825 .2332 6.7190.8 - - - -.............. 107.889 88.84 81.6 1.89 2.132 4.128 8.2199 ................. .... 110.038 68.3 04 62 1 1888 1.858 3 8386 5.31998 ............. 111.980 88,255 81 89 2l.883 8 1.881 83728 85.41897' ......- - ............ 114.533 70.735 8 1 8 1 2 . 89 0 8 21 .7 84 t'41 .7 5 8 8 8 719 88' 11.......8........ ... :M 71 2400 8 2 283841 1.583 48427 8.2

1889' ................ 1.8" 953 72 .388 80 8 219 8 1.1 48 3.3 80 4 8

2 = . .. ....................... _. _.......... '12 .0 88 73.4 88 8 8.2 1.752 080 2.858 32 82001 .............-- - -.............. 122.M2 73.382 88.0 1.518 858 2.174 3.02002 ................. ........... ...... . 12 1828 72.50 5 8.5 1,579 587 2.188 3 02 803' 122. 5 72 848 388 105 545 2.188 2.92884' ....... 1.23.584 738939 588 1 3 520 Z0283 27

WOMEN

187 ................ ...... ........ 38.125 22.329 81 2 2.070 2.844 4.714 2 5.2

188 ......0 ........ ... ................. .... 38.588 23.826 8 87 2.184 2.890 5.0 85 2 5.81981 ............................. .. 38.872 24.284 81 2 2.384 2.778 5.172 21.31882 ......... ........... . ......-..... 38.777 24 365 81.3 18851 2.141 4.212 17.31983 ..............-..... - 4 5433 24.9 9 81.8 1487 2.803 40895 1 841984 -......................... . 42.172 38.003 81.7 1.380 2499 384 14 861885 ............ 8.I -- - . ...... 3.589 29.8698 81.8 1.188 2.338 3554 13.21 m988' .......... .. I ... ........ 88.9 1 27.883 830 1.192 2.125 3.317 11.81887 ...... ................. ..... ........ .. 4 8.385 2 9.078 6 27 1.105 1.588 3251 10.51998l .................. ...... ..... ..... 47.49 5 29.82G 828 1.888 1.542 2.550 8 861889 ... .. 88....................8.. ....... 85 1 30.782 83-1 958 1.058 2.050 6,7

1 89 8' 49 3 3 3 .9 3 1.420 8711 12Z131 88.81991 40.105 30'.888 831 ~ 1,582 81.782 0 3.378 l1081992 . . 45.842 31.454 83 1 1.298 1.751 3.035 8.7

......3 ... ...... 58628 31.837 83 1 I.M3 1.534 2,867 8.4

19" , ................. 1 81 3. 021 84.2 I, 74 2.583 781998 523,88 38. 18 84 38 81 244 11 1. 1 2.358 688

155 .................7.....-'F 58,aU 788 35.214 84 4 818$43 2 1.0 82 8259 05 ' 8319 5 50,......W 751 3 0.688 84 0 I 794 80 2 8 7~71984 ........... ............. ......... 57.050 36.233 03.5 1825 700 2.129 5 89

298' .......... 558827 38.177 8280 1.178 579 1740 4 82001 ........... 580582 38.848 829 1.021 488 1.410 382002 . . 58 558 36.588 023.3 8.97 350 1.347 3.72503'.... ... . ...... .58.122 37.093 82.7 1.82 332 1.39 3.82 508' .. ......... .. . .... ..... .59.408 37123 82 5S 1.013 310 1.32 36

See n x -j tbl.

88

Md* 70*0* 81*01 at Sob,, Al 1481740

Total ~~~~ F88esal.m - Fl-9

W-508 .04 N.ar- o ,

MEN

IS'9 ........ ... ......... 49.400 28.392 57.5 845 1.353 2.150 7.7

7500................. ..... 45.700 217.705 58.9 553 1.890 2.678 87Z* -.... ... ............... .840.04 27.578 585 1.119 1.533 2052 D0155B2 47,551 20.401 550 8567 1.5a7 2.284 8 6

153 47*j80 28.831 56.1 58S 1.655 .2-23 Ba4554. 8.... . 0,022 25.140 58 3 490 1,830 2.16 Is 5'

1985 . 1,015 258583 548 44 1.544 1.984 091555 ......... 51.542 298888 575 408 1.536 17143 555987 ......... ....... .. 52.538 3D.474 5786 384 13283 15647 50

1585 53.912 31.058 578 311 1.008 1,377 44,588 ...... 54.788 3*5587 57.8 375 733 1.112 3.5

915 ............ .......... 55.553 32.10. 570 a7 12

*355 15597 *349951 ....... 54.818 31.635 579 *795 *1.1 '.909 *601552 54,828 532*5 55 6 653 1.231 1.555 5.91553 . .... 55.475 325337 55.3 573 1.091 1.664 S Ii945.8....5'.. 5.5.70 33.525 5953 674 So1 1.565 4,7*95 ...... 57.869 30430 54 7 543 790 1.338 3591556.- 58.473 34.03 55 6 5i5 *755 *1,310 1 35195.......... 59.825 35.521 SS54 2 1.847 *873 1 1020 *5

. . ... ...... ... 855.73 35.781 57, 15038 838 18067 41761.914 36.073 55 3 708 440 12* 34

...... ... ....... . ...... . 63.662 36.720 5737 552 319 90* 25255* .. 8~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~3.647 35.544 57.4 457 247 745 220

2002 83.272 355005 585 503 217 755 222703' 63.33 385A3 5657 493 213 706 232004! 64,145 36.906 574 475D 310 655 58a

* 1,. 00t55019001 W hi*0654 050 1018 4014 Sos 6881 afMso =k1000.-58i00885-Ooo 010 by *1*51oo0500 048 0,0881.0 800.. a, V. C.-.n NOTE: Th. p55110*F704108000*1*008382590 .1979.$3.10 m

81550055* S-r1y (CPS). F.' `41905, 0807.0855*1145y51005544 I54.4,483 .353,0 555*059 Th. W...a -*0 100 053550 i.A0D 7550.EV1*5541E55 -601 -500 710f F85.V0* 205058W & .t~ of851**041 81 054280 m Afi*151.094S.75 a~ 005b081*59. and 08$5.1505oo*005bE,,nosoo* E -v oo0.- "0*5 LS 88110400 197, 588 T.O-Wn,00 005*8 -10 00111001 050 Olll 05

* a 11555.1 and 1956-57 *81.01 .oto ,t Vie 00*000 -105 51 008

89

Technical Note

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Cur-X rent Population Survey (CPS), which provides a wide

range of infornation on the labor force, employment, andunenployment. The survey is conducted monthly for theBureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureauusing a national sample of about 60,000 households, withcoverage in all 50 States and the District of Cohlmbia. Theearnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPSmonthly sample.

Material in this report is in the public domain and, withappropriate credit, may be used without permission. Thisinformation is available to sensory-intpaired individuals onrequest. Voice telephone: (202) 691-5200; Federal RelayService: 1-0-877-339.

Concepts and definitionsThe prmcipai concepts and definitions used in connectionwith the earnings data in this report are described below.

Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages andsalaries before taxes and other deductions and include anyovertime pay, conunissions, or tips usually received (at theprincipal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Self-em-ployed workers are excluded, regardless of whether theirbusinesses are incorporated Prior to 1994, respondents wereasked how much they usually earned per week. Since Janu-ary 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easi-est way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly,twice monthly, monthly, asually, other) and how much theyusually earn in the reported period. Earnings reported on abasis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equiva-lent. The term usual" is as perceived by the respondent. Ifthe respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewersare instructed to define the term as more than half of theweeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

Medians (and quantiles) of weekly earnings. Most of theearnings estiumates shown in this report are nsedians. Themedian (or upper limit of the second quartile) is the amountthat divides a given earnings distribution into two equalgroups, one having earnings above the median, and the otherhaving earnings below the median. Ten percent of workersin a given distribution have earnings below the upper limit ofthe first decile (90 percent have higher earnings); 25 percenthave earnings below the upper limit of the first quartile (75percent have higher earnings); 75 percenthave eammngs belowthe upper limit of the third quartile (25 percent have higherearnings); and 90 percent have earnings below the upperlimit ofthe sinth decile (10 percent have higher earnings).

The BLS estimating procedure for determining the me-dian of an earnings distribution places each reported or cal-

culated weekly earnings value into a S50-wide interval that iscentered on a multiple of S50. The actual value of the medianis estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval inwhich the median lies.

Over-the-year changes in the medians (and quantileboundaries) for specific groups may not necessarily be con-sistent with the movements estimated for the overall quantileboundary. The most common reasons for this possibleanomaly are:

* There could bea change in the relative weights of thesubgroups. For example, themedians ofboth 16- to 24-year-olds and those 25 years and older may rise, but if the lowereaming 16-to-24 age group accounts for a greatly increasedshare of the total, the overall median could actually fall.

* There could be a large change in the shape of thedistribution of reported earnings, particularly nears quantleboundary. This could be caused by survey observationsthat are clustered at rounded values, for example, $250, $300,or S400. An estimate lying in a S50-wide centered intervalcontaining such a cluster, or 'spike," tends to change moreslowly than one in other intervals. For example, mediansmeasure the central tendency of a multipeaked distributionthat shifts over time. As the distnibution shifts, the mediandoes not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, themediam takes relatively more time to move through a fre-quently reported interval but, once above the upper limit ofsuch an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the nextfrequently reported earnings interval. BLS procedures forestimating medians (and other quantile boundaries) mitigatesuch irregular movements of the measures; however, usersshould be cautious of these effects when evahlating short-term changes in the medians and in ratios of the medians.

Constant dollars. The Consumer Price Index research seriesusing current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert currentdollars to constant dollars. BLS has made numerous imsprovements to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the pastquarter-century. Although these improvements make theCPT more accurate, historical price index series are not ad-justed to reflect the improvements. For a historical seriesthat measures price change consistently over the entire pe-riod, the CPI-U-RS provides an estimate of the CPI incorpo-rating most of the methodological inprovements made since1978 into the entire series. For more information, see -CPIresearch series using current methods, 197g-9g" by Kenneth1. Stewart and Stephen B. Reed, MontrhlyLaborReview, June1999, pp. 29-38; and "Questions and Answers: ConsumerPrice Index Research Series Using Current Methods" on theWeb at ww.bhszgov/cpiicpirsdchtm.

90

This report uses the most recent versionofthe CPI-U-RSavailable at the time of production. IUsers shotutld tote, how-ever, that the CPI-U-RS is subject to periodic revision. As aresult, the rate of inflation incorporated into the constant-dollar eareings estitutes in this report may differ from that inprevious reports tn thts series or in other publications.

Wage and salary rorkers. These are workers who receivewages, salaries, commissions, tips, payrent in kind, orpiecerates. The group includes employees in both private andpublic sectors but, for purposes of the earnings series, ex-cludes all self-employed persors, whether or not their busi-nesses are incorporated.

Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours ormore per week at thoer sole or principal job are defined asworking full time for estisates ofearnings.

Pan-irme workers. Workerswhousuallywork fewerthan 35hours per week at their sole or principal job are defused asworking part tinme for estimates of earnings.

Workers paid by rite hor. Workers who are paid an hourlywage make up approximately tlrree-fifths of all wage and sal-aTy workers. Workers paid by the hour are, therefore, in-cluded in the full- and pat-tinse worker tables othis report,along with salaried workers and other workers not paid bythe hour. (Data for workers paid at hourly rates are pre-sented separately in tables 9 to l1 and 15 to 17.)

Workers paid at or beloc rthe Federal minimum wage. Theesrisnates of the number of workers with reportedeamigs ator below the Federal mtinimum wage in tables II and 17 per-taut only to workers who am paid hourly rates. Salariedworkers and other workers who are not paid by tie hour areaot included, eves though some have earnings that, whenconverted so hourly rates, are at orbelow the minimmn wage,Cansrquently, the estimates presented m this report likelyunderstate the actual number of workers with hourly earntings at or below the mrinimus wage. Research has shown,howevr, that the degree of understatement is small. BLSdoes not routinely estrinate hourly earnings for workers notpaid by the hour because of data quality concerns associ-ated with such an estimation process.

The prevaiing Federal minimunm wage was 52.90 effectiveJanuary 1979, S3.10effective Jarmary 1980,.335 effectiveJanuary 1981, 3.80effectiveApril 1990,S41 7 effectiveApril1991, S4.75 effective October 1996, and 55.15 effective Sep-tember 1997. Data for 1990-91 and 1996-97 in table 17 rflectchanges in the Moninson wage during those years.

The presence of workers with horrly earnings below theminitnun wage does not necessarily indicate violations ofthe Fair Labor Standards Act, as there are exetmptions to theminimrunwage provisions of the law. In additiorn some work-ers might have rounded their hourly eanings to the nearestdollar in response to survey questions. As a result, somemight have been reported with hourly earnings below theminuman wage when, vn fact, they earned ite ainirrum wageor higher. This may be more likely to occur in years duringwhich the snthmum wage level is just above a whole dollarvalue, as has been the case since September 1997 (S5.15).

ReliabilityStatistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling andnonsampling enwt. When a sanple, rather than an entirepopulatiot, is surveyed, the sample estuwntesmay differ fromthe srue" population values they represent. The exact dif-ference, orsarrpling error, varies depending on the particularsample selected, and this variability is measured by the stan-dard eor ofdte estimate. Tbere is about a 90-percent chance,or level of confidence, that an estimnate based on a samplewill differbynomore than 1.6 standard erros fromthe"true'population value because of sampling erro. BLS analysesgenerally are conducted at the 90-percent level of confiderceEstirates of eamings and their standard errors can be usedto construct approxtmate confidence intervals, or ranges ofvalues that include the toue population value with knownprobabilities.

The CPS daa also are affected by nonsamphng error.Nonsampling etror can occtr for many rereons, includingthe faiture to sample a segment of the populaion, inability toobtain mfornaion for all respondents in the sample, inabil-ity or,=willingntess ofrespondents to provide correct infor-mation, and errors made in data collection or processing.

Fora fall discussion ofthe reiabibtyofdata rom the CPSand infornanaon on estimating standard erron, see the "Ex-planatory Notes and Estimates of Erro' section of EmpIoY-mernt ardEarings, on the BLS Web site at wwwblsgov/cpsleelbkmethodsbpdf

0