began in italy spread north through europe arrived late in england
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Began in Italy
Spread north through Europe
Arrived late in England
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What was the What was the Renaissance?Renaissance?
What What waswas the Renaissance, and where did it begin? the Renaissance, and where did it begin?
•Italy
•Italian Cities
•Urban Societies
•Major Trading Centers
•Secular
•Moved away from life in the church
•Focuses more on material objects and enjoying life
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Renaissance = “rebirth” of classical Greek and Roman culture and learning
The Renaissance World
Small cities and villages
Class status and rank important
Insecurity – plague, fire, disease
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The CrusadesThe Crusades
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How did the Crusades How did the Crusades contribute to the contribute to the
Renaissance?Renaissance?• Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
• Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle
Eastern markets
• Encouraged the use of credit and banking
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How did the Crusades How did the Crusades contribute to the contribute to the
Renaissance?Renaissance?• Church rule against usury and the
banks developed practices of finagling interest helped to secularize northern Italy.
• Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite
trade.
• New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals)
were introduced.
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Marco Polo 1271-1291Marco Polo 1271-1291
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Ottoman Turks Capture Constantinople1453
The university is closed and scholars flee to Italy with the majority of extant manuscripts of Greek and
Roman literature and law
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Why Italy?
Merchant Republics – similar to city states Oligarchies Wealthy merchant rulers became important patrons of the arts and sciences Location, Location, Location!
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Why Italy?
Location, Location, Location!
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Why Italy?
Location, Location, Location!
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• Celebrated the individual
emphasized the dignity and worth emphasized the dignity and worth of the individualof the individual
• Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture
Humanism (idea or belief in) – Humanities (state or condition of) -
Humanist (person who practices/concerned with something)
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RENAISSANCE HUMANISM
Optimism about human potential
Virtu: “the quality of being man”
Artists try to compete with great art of classical past
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►Humanists were laymen Humanists were laymen rather than clergy and had rather than clergy and had ‘literary occupations’‘literary occupations’ Teachers of humanities in Teachers of humanities in
universitiesuniversities Secretaries in chancelleries of Secretaries in chancelleries of
Italian city-statesItalian city-states Advisors or secretaries in courts Advisors or secretaries in courts
of Princes or Popesof Princes or Popes
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The Emergence of The Emergence of HumanismHumanism
►Petrarch (1304-1374)Petrarch (1304-1374) First to characterize the Middle First to characterize the Middle
Ages as a period of darknessAges as a period of darkness Promoted mistaken belief that Promoted mistaken belief that
medieval culture was ignorant of medieval culture was ignorant of classical antiquityclassical antiquity
Gathered forgotten Latin Gathered forgotten Latin manuscripts from monasteries manuscripts from monasteries throughout Europethroughout Europe
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PETRARCHPETRARCH
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Humanism in 15Humanism in 15thth C. Italy C. Italy►In the 14In the 14thth C, Humanists lived in C, Humanists lived in
solitudesolitude Rejected family & community lifeRejected family & community life
►Humanism became tied to community Humanism became tied to community spirit and pridespirit and pride
►New side called New side called Civic Humanism Modeled on Cicero, a statesman & Modeled on Cicero, a statesman &
intellectualintellectual
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Civic Humanism, cont.Civic Humanism, cont. Explained inExplained in The New Cicero The New Cicero by by
Leonardo BruniLeonardo Bruni Inspiration for Renaissance ideal Inspiration for Renaissance ideal
that “an individual grows to maturity that “an individual grows to maturity both intellectually and morally both intellectually and morally through through participation in the life of participation in the life of the statethe state””
Reflected values of urban societyReflected values of urban society Humanists believed their services Humanists believed their services
should be used by the stateshould be used by the stateDoes this humanistic ideal still exist in our society today? If so, where?
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Humanism in EducationHumanism in Education► Human beings could be profoundly Human beings could be profoundly
changed by educationchanged by education► Founded secondary schoolsFounded secondary schools► Taught liberal arts & phys. ed.Taught liberal arts & phys. ed.
History, philosophy, rhetoric, grammar, History, philosophy, rhetoric, grammar, logic, poetry, math, astronomy, musiclogic, poetry, math, astronomy, music
Javelin, archery, dancing, running, Javelin, archery, dancing, running, wrestling, hunting, swimmingwrestling, hunting, swimming
►Wanted to produce individuals Wanted to produce individuals who were virtuous & wise, who were virtuous & wise, could convince others to be could convince others to be the samethe same
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►painting of Massimiliano Sforza, the son of the duke of Milan, attending to his lessons.
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RENAISSANCE MEN--men with driven, passionate, and compulsive personalities
--men who are highly accomplished in a variety of endeavors
Leonardo da Vinci
--engineering, painting, sculpting, writing, designing, inventing
Michaelangelo
--architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, poet