1

Introduction1

!7M!#/I?E

Practice writing the letters:Small:

" $ ( * , . 0 2 4 6 8 : < > @ B D F/H J L N P R T

" $ ( * , . 0 2 4 6 8 : < > @ B D F/H J L N P R T

" $ ( * , . 0 2 4 6 8 : < > @ B D F/H J L N P R T

" $ ( * , . 0 2 4 6 8 : < > @ B D F/H J L N P R T

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Capitals:! # ' ) + - / 1 3 5 7 9 ; = ? A C E I K M O Q S

! # ' ) + - / 1 3 5 7 9 ; = ? A C E I K M O Q S

! # ' ) + - / 1 3 5 7 9 ; = ? A C E I K M O Q S____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Transliterate and give one English derivative of each:NT<Z JbD"<<@H (V:@H§2@H ÏN2"8:`H 68XBJT*4V$@8@H PD`<@H >0D`HÇ*4@H

Transliterate into Greek:ichthys theos graphÇkatharsis hybris sk�n�Oedipus Thucydid�s

Using the glossary at the end of your textbook, find meanings for:$@L8,bT $@b8@:"4 BX:BT:"6VD4@H FTND@Fb<0 8bT*46"4@Fb<0 PVD4H Ê:VJ4@<(\(<@:"4 �D,JZ 6"8`H

2

Study Sheet on the Alphabet

1. Fill in the missing letters:

" $ ( __ , . __ __ 4 6 8 : __ > @ B __ F/__ __ L __ __ __ R T

2. Write the Greek letters for three labials _____________________

Write the seven Greek vowels ________________________________

___ Before ___ ___ ___ and ___ is pronounced ng.

The "h" sound is represented in Greek by the mark ___

J * 2 are a) palatals b) dentals c) nasals

3. Transliterate into the Roman alphabet:*D�:" (8äFF"

F60<Z NT<Z

>X<@H $4$8\@<

Ò*`H AD@:02,bH

4. Put into Greek letters:dÇron

theos

sphinx

zÇn�

3

2I?;?3

First Accent Rules

ultima = the last syllablepenult = the next to last syllableantepenult = the syllable before the next to last

1. There are three accent marks in Greek:

V ` \ (acute: a rising pitch) may fall on the ultima, penult, antepenult. Itmay fall on a long or short vowel/diphthong.

Examples: 6"8`H, �D,JZ, B"4*\@<, �<2DTB@H

� Î Â (grave: the steady pitch) falls only on the ultima. It is used when aword accented with an acute on the ultima is followed by another wordwithout punctuation between them. Like the acute in may fall on a long ora short.

Examples: Ò 6"8ÎH �<2DTB@H, º 6"8¬ RLPZ, JÎ 6"8Î< B"4*\@<

� ä ± (circumflex: a rising-falling pitch) may fall on the ultima or penult,only on long vowels/diphthongs.

Examples: *äD@<, Ò*@Ø

2. How far back an accent can go depends on the LENGTH OF THEULTIMA:

SHORT ULTIMA: the acute can go on the antepenult, penult, orultima: �<2DTB@H, B"4*\@<, Ò*`H. The circumflex can go on thepenult: B8@ØJ@H, z!20<"Ã@H.

LONG ULTIMA: the only accent that can go on the penult is theacute: B8@bJ@L. If the ultima is long, no accent can go furtherback that the penult: �<2DfB@L.

3. The accent of verbs is recessive: it goes as far back as possible. That is,if the ultima is short, the accent goes on the antepenult; if the ultima is longthe accent goes on the penult.

Examples: $@b8@:"4, BX:B@:,<, $@L8,L`:,2", B"4*,b,4H

4. The accent of nouns is inherent: that is, it must be learn with each noun

4

as a part of the word. The accent of nouns is persistent: it stays in the sameplace unless it is forced to move forward in the word by a change in thelength of the ultima in different forms of the word.

Examples: �<2DTB@H, �<2DTB@4 -- �<2DfB@L, �<2DfBT<B8@ØJ@H, B8@ØJ@< -- B8@bJ@L, B8@bJå

5. __________________'s rule (fill in your own name, or the name of afellow student):

IF 1. the ultima is short and2. the penult is long and3. the penult is accented,

THENthe accent is the circumflex.

Examples: *äD@<, B8@ØJ@H, (<ä:"4

6. Study the paradigms in the book for additional examples. Try to put inaccents in your exercises for additional practice.

5

Vocabulary for readings in the Introduction

6"\ "and":X< ... *X point to items being contrasted or listed(DV::"J" "letters"*"FX" "aspirated consonants" *\N2@((@4 "diphthongs"*4B8� "double consonants"B<,Ø:" R48`< "smooth breathing"B<,Ø:" *"Fb "rough breathing"J`<@4 "accents" NT<Z "voice"Ï>bH "acute" $"DbH "grave"B,D4FBf:,<@H "circumflex" Fb:NT<" "consonants"�NT<" "mutes" NT<Z,<J" "vowels" R48V "unvoiced consonants" :XF" "voiced consonants"Ð<@:" "name" i.e. "noun" {D­:" "verb":,J@PZ "participle" �D2D@< "article"�<JT<L:\" "pronoun" BD`2,F4H "preposition"¦B\DD0:" "adverb" Fb<*,F:@H "conjunction"(X<@H pl. (X<0 "gender(s)" "kind(s)"

Notes on transliteration (for use in finding English derivatives andtransliterating names)

(( (6 (> (P >>> ng nk nx nch (e.g. �((,8@H > angel, angelus; EN\(> >SphinxL > y {D > rh D > r"4 > ae, e ,4 > ei, e, i @4 > oe, e, i @L > uI-subscript is usually not transliterated.

Endings often are dropped when words come into English, but theyare usually kept in proper names, but are changed into Latin (that is,for traditional spellings; but some Greek scholars prefer to keep thespelling closest to Greek). Try to be consistent.

" $ ( * , . 0 2 4 6 8 : < > @ B D F/H J L N P R T

! # ' ) + - / 1 3 5 7 9 ; = ? A C E I K M O Q S

Checklist: what you should know

1. Alphabet 2. Punctuation3. Classification of letters 4. Diphthongs5. Accents 6. Breathings7. Nasal gamma

6

CHAPTER IPart 1, VERBS

1. The characteristics of verbs in Greek (what the endings show): person number tense voice mood

Verbs are defined by these characteristics. Chapter Oneintroduces the present (tense) active and middle/passive (voices)indicative (mood) and infinitive.

2. VOICE:Active: "I stop" [something]Middle: "I cease" [i.e. "stop myself" doing something]Passive: "I am being stopped" [from doing something by somebody

or something else]

In the present tense the middle and passive have the same form. Thatmeans that you can translate them either way, unless there is aCONTEXT that tells you which is meant.

3. ENDINGS for the present indicative and infinitive:Indicative

Active ------- Middle/Passive-T -@:"4 I-,4H -,4 you (thou)-,4 -,J"4 he, she, it-@:,< -`:,2" we-,J, -,F2, you (y'all, ye)-@LF4(<) -@<J"4 they

Infinitive-,4< -,F2"4 to

4. How to translate the present: BX:B,4H "you send", "you are sending".BX:B,4H; "are you sending?" "do you send?". BX:B,J"4 "she/he is being sent"(passive); "she/he is sending for" [something] (middle)

5. Deponent verbs: some verbs have no active forms (or no active formsin certain tenses). They use only the middle/passive endings, but aretranslated as if they were active. The verbs in chapter one that are deponentare:

$@b8@:"4(\(<@:"4 (has active forms in the perfect tense)§DP@:"4 (has active forms in the aorist and perfect tenses)

7

CHAPTER IPart 2, NOUNS

1. The characteristics of nouns in Greek are gender number case. The articlegiven with each noun provides a gender sign.

2. The CASES show what nouns (and pronouns and adjectives) are doing inthe sentence. The case endings show the relationships of nouns to otherwords in the sentence. There are four cases in Greek (plus the vocative,which was not considered a case by the early grammarians):

Nominative: the case of the grammatical subject of the sentence (andanything that agrees with the subject or renames it with a linkingverb). The subject is the word that determines the person and numberof the verb. The verbs (\(<@:"4 (become), ,Æ:\ (be), N"\<@:"4 (seem) takethe nominative case in the predicate.

Genitive: the case of one noun depending on another noun. Thegenitive is used for possesssion (of), separation (from), and as object ofverbs meaning "rule".

Dative: the case of the party interested in the action (for), the indirectobject (with verbs like give, speak: to), the instrument with whichsomething is done (by, with), place where (in, on, at), the object of verbsmeaning "trust".

Accusative: the case of the direct object (the thing caused or most directlyaffected by the verb), the end of motion (to, as in go to).

Vocative: the case of direct address, used to call someone a name or byname.

Learn the first four cases by heart. Learn the ARTICLE by heart.

Make a chart of the case endings:

First Declension -0 Second Declension -@H S e c o n d D e c l e n s i o n -@<sing. plur. sing. plur. sing. plur.

Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.

8

Some hints about cases and prepositions

1. How to recognize the direct object in English:The usual word order in English is subject-verb-[indiect object]-direct object.The object most directly caused (or affected) by the action of the verbis the direct object. It is easily recognizable in Greek because it is in theaccusative case. For example, We give (our) loved ones presents.

We | give | presents ||loved ones

We = subject give = (transitive) verbloved ones = indirect object: dative J@ÃH N\8@4Hpresents = direct object: accusative *äD"

Another way of expressing the same thing in English is We give presentsto our loved ones. If you are in doubt try this substitution. When thereare two objects, the object that makes sense as the object of "to" is theindirect object.

PROBLEM: In Greek, some verbs take other cases than the accusative.That is, the object in the English sentence will not always beaccusative in Greek. English does not have an accusative case.Greek has three oblique cases (genitive, dative, accusative). MostGreek verbs take the accusative as their object, but verbs meaning"trust" take the dative; verbs meaning "rule" take the genitive, forexample. This must be learned by practice. <@:@4H B4FJ,b@:,<. <ZFT<�DP@:,<.

2. Translating English prepositions:

of = the genitive case (without a preposition in Greek)

by = the dative case (usually without a preposition in Greek) if it refers tothings (by means of: the instrumental dative); if it refers to persons, byis ßB` with the genitive (agent).

with = the dative without a preposition if it is the same as "by means of". Ifwith means "in the company of", it is Fb< with the dative. With an axe isinstrumental; with their friends is accompaniment.

to = the dative case if it is equivalent to an indirect object. If it is in anexpression like go to the islands, then it is a preposition with theaccusative.

9

More Notes on Cases

1. Decline article (according to the pattern, p. 39) and noun (according topattern, pp. 40-41).

2. The CASES:Find examples for each of the uses.

NOMINATIVE

-0 -@H -@< -"4 -@4 -"

SUBJECTPREDICATE NOUN / ADJECTIVE

GENITIVE

-0H -@L -T<OF

SEPARATION (FROM)WITH VERBS of RULING (�DPT)

DATIVE

-® -å -"4H -@4HTO / FOR

BY (means of)WITH

WITH VERBS meaning "TRUST"(B4FJ,bT, B,\2@:"4, m/p of B,\2T)

IN / AT

ACCUSATIVE

-0< -@< -"H -@LH -"DIRECT OBJECT

TO, TOWARD

VOCATIVE

-" -, -@< -"4 -@4 -"

,ÆDZ<0 ê<2DTB, ( < ì �<2DTB,)º �B`6D4F4H, ì N\8,, �<X:@4H NXD,J"4.

10

Chapter II: Summary and Check list

I Imperfect tense: for action going on in the past (like our pastprogressive). Translate, I was --ing, I used to --, I kept --ing. Middle: I was --ing formyself, etc. Passive: I was being --, etc.

¦- + present stem + secondary endings: A M/P-@< -`:0< I-,H -@L you (thou)-, -,J@ he/she/it; n.pl. they-@:,< -`:,2" we-,J, -,F2, you (y'all, ye)-@< -@<J@ they

Augment: ¦- if the verb begins with a consonantif the verb begins with a vowel:

" > 0 �(T > µ(@<, > 0 §DP@:"4 > ³DP`:0<

sometimes , > ,4 §PT > ,ÉP@<

The imperfect has no infinitive.

II The verb "to be": an irregular verb to be memorized.Present Imperfect

,Æ:\ ¦F:X< µ µ:,<,É ¦FJX µF2" µJ,¦FJ\ ,ÆF\ µ< µF"<

,É<"4 (infinitive)

For the accent of ,Æ:\, see the textbook, p.57-8.

Note that ,Æ:\ is used with the nominative in the predicate.

III Adjectives in -@H -0 -@< (first and second declension)

Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.

Some adjectives have just the -@H -@< endings. Most compoundadjectives are of this type. They use the -@H endings for bothmasculine and feminine.

11

Positions of the Adjective:1. Attributive:

article-adjective nounarticle noun article-adjectivenoun article-adjective

2. Predicate (add is/are to your translation):adjective article-nounarticle-noun adjective

IV The Relative PronounForms (see p. 65 of the textbook): learn the forms; write them on acard.

In English: who, whose, to whom, whom, which, that (whatmeaning "the things which"). The English forms are the samein both singular and plural. The forms of who are for persons;which is used of things; that can be used for either persons orthings.

Use and Definitions:

A clause contains a subject and a predicate. (The subject is thatabout which something is said. The predicate is what is saidabout the subject.) A sentence contains at least one clause, butnot every clause is a sentence. A clause that depends on another(and so does not form a sentence by itself) is called a dependent(or subordinate) clause. Relative pronouns introduce dependentclauses of a type called relative clauses.

Relative clauses introduced by relative pronouns (as opposed torelative adverbs) are adjectival, that is they describe or modify anoun or pronoun in the main clause (or the clause upon whichthey depend). This noun or pronoun is called the antecedent (orthing that goes before). The relative pronoun must agree withits antecedent in gender and number, but, since the relative pronounbelongs to a different clause (subject predicate group) from itsantecedent, its case depends on the part it plays in its own clause.

To determine which of the forms to use, first figure out what therelative refers to. This will eliminate all but the four forms thatare the right number and gender. To decide which case to useyou must understand the sentence grammatically. Try to figure

12

out whether the relative is a subject or an object or a possessivein its own clause. Any relative sentence can be transformed intotwo (childish) sentences by substituting the antecedent for therelative pronoun.

Example:The man whom we see is honest.

The main clause (which can be a complete sentence) is: The man ishonest.

The relative clause is: whom we see ... Notice that this is not acomplete sentence.

The relative pronoun whom refers to man in the main clause so itmust be masculine singular. One of these forms: ÓH @â ø Ó<

We can figure out what case it should be by analyzing the clauseor by making it into a sentence.

we|see|whom OR We|see|the man.subject|vb. object subj|verb object

We is the subject. The man is the object of the verb see, so we willput it into the accusative: Ó<.

ÓH º Ó who which that

@â ½H @â whose, of whom, of which

ø Á ø to/for/with whom/which

Ó< »< Ó whom, which, that

@Ê "Ê � who which that

ô< ô< ô< whose, of whom, of which

@ÍH "ÍH @ÍH to/for/with whom/which

@àH �H � whom, which, that

13

Study Sheet on Relatives (50 points)

A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in _________ and _______,but its _______ depends on its role in its own _______.

In each of the sentences below:a. Identify the relative pronoun and antecedent.b. Tell what number and gender the antecedent is and list the forms

of the relative in that number and gender.c. Figure out what case the antecedent is and what case the relative is.d. Give the Greek words for the antecedent and the relative.

Example: The women to whom you are writing are coming here today.

a. Relative = [to] whom. Antecedent = the women.b. The women is feminine and plural. The forms of the relative in

feminine plural are "Ë ô< "ÍH �H.c. The words the women are nominative because they are the subject of

the verb are coming (§DP@<J"4). The relative is dative because it isindirect object.

d. "Ê (L<"Ã6,H ... "ÍH ...

1. I saw three children whose hair was green.2. Did you speak to the men who were paving Hello walk?3. What do you say to a child who puts sticky fingers on you homeworkpapers?4. Did we send for the Greek [&] who had murdered her husband?[send for

= pe/mpomai +acc.]5. Three beautiful goddesses who were having a contest appeared to Parison Mount Ida.6. The best [woman] whom everyone in Thessaly admired for her couragewas Alcestis.7. We do not trust the wise [men] who are believed to be clever atspeaking.8. You have done wicked things which no Greek man or woman wouldhave done.9. The island on which they lived was very crowded. [on = e)n + ___]

The Family Skeleton in the Closet: English relatives tend to disappear: find thesuppressed relative pronouns:

1. No there's nothin’ you can send me, my own true love,

14

There's nothin’ I wish to be ownin'.2. And rest yourself `neath the strength of strings

No voice can hope to hum.3. It ain't me you're lookin' for, babe.4. Forget the dead you've left, they will not follow you.5. I could be dreaming bit I keep believing you're the one I'm livin'for.

15

Accent Rules (introduction through chapter II)

1. The acute may go on either long or short and on the ultima (�D,JZ),penult (N\8@H, �(T, B"4*,bT) or antepenult (B4FJ,b@:,<, �<2DTB@H).

2. The circumflex may go only on long and on the ultima ($@L8­H) orpenult (*äD@<).

3. The grave goes only on the ultima. It may go on long or short. It isused when a word accented with the acute on the ultima is followed byanother word without any intervening punctuation (J¬< (<ä:0<).

4. How far back the accent can go depends on the length of the ultima.

a. If the ultima is short, the acute can go back as far as theantepenult, but if the ultima is long, the acute can go back only tothe penult.

�<2DTB@H �<2DfB@L B"4*,b@:,< B"4*,bT

b. If the ultima is short the circumflex can go as far back as thepenult, but if the ultima is long, a circumflex on the penult (informs with a short ultima) will change to the acute.

*äD@< *fD@L

c. If the ultima is short and the penult is long and accented, then theaccent is the circumflex.

(<ä:"4 *äD" µ(@<, ,ÉP@<

5. The accent of verbs is recessive. That means that it goes back as far asit can: (in words of more than two syllables) to the antepenult if theultima is short, to the penult if the ultima is long.

B4FJ,L`:,2" BX:B@:,< B4FJ,b,4< $@L8,bT

Because in the imperfect the monosyllabic endings are short (-@<, -,H, -,), the circumflex will fall on the penult if it is long in words oftwo syllables: µ(@< µ(,H µ(,.

16

6. The accent of nouns and adjectives is persistent. It stays where itstarts unless forced (by a change in the length of the ending) to goelsewhere.

�<2DTB@H, �<2DTB@<, �<2DTB@4 -- �<2DfB@L, �<2DfBå, �<2DfB@4H

a. Nouns of the first and second declensions if accented on theultima take the circumflex in the genitive and dative singular andplural:

$@L8­H, $@L8± $@L8ä<, $@L8"ÃH 2,@Ø, 2,è 2,ä<, 2,@ÃH

b. Nouns of the first declension are circumflexed in the genitiveplural. This is an exception to rule 6.

(<T:ä<

6 b (1). The accent of adjectives in the feminine genitiveplural is like that of the masculine and neuter (if the forms arethe same, as they are in -@H, -0, -@< and -@H, -", -@< [ch. III]adjectives).

7. Enclitics are accented as if they were syllables added to the wordsbefore them.

Examples:a. �<2DTB@\ ,ÆF4: 2 accents on a word accented on theantepenult (second accent on the ultima before the enclitic).

b. *äDV ¦FJ4: 2 accents on a word with circumflex on thepenult (second accent on ultima).

c. 8`(@4 ,ÆF\: a two syllable enclitic will receive an accent onits ultima after a word accented with an acute on the penult.

d. $@L8Z ¦FJ4: an acute on the ultima does not change to agrave if the word following is an enclitic.

e. ³ <b FX B@L 2,ÎH ÇFP,4: in a series of enclitics the first areaccented and the last left unaccented.

f. For emphasis at the beginning of a sentence or clauseenclitics are accented: §FJ4.

17

Parsing Guide for Diagramming Sentences

subject | predicate

subject (nom.) [supplied] | verb | direct object (acc.)

subject | verb | direct object|\adj. \adv. |indirect object (dat.)

subject | verb "to be" etc. \ predicate n. or adj. (nom.)

49, 6

Ò PD`<@H B"4*,b,4 JÎ B"\*4@<.

Ò PD`<@H | B"4*,b,4 | JÎ B"\*4@<

49, 2

Ò »84@H J@ÃH �<2DfB@4H J¬< �DP¬< J@Ø $\@L NXD,4.

Ò »84@H | NXD,4 | J¬< �DP¬< | \J@Ø $\@L |J@ÃH �<2DfB@4H

49, 12

J� *äD" �(@:,< B"D� J@×H 2,@bH.

�(@:,< | J� *äD"\B"D�: J@×H 2,@bH

49, 1

º ,ÆDZ<0 NXD,4 JÎ< $\@<, Ò *¥ B`8,:@H 2V<"J@<.

º ,ÆDZ<0 | NXD,4 | JÎ< $\@<

|*X {Ò B`8,:@H | [NXD,4] | 2V<"J@<

50, 12

*fD@4H (�D B,\2@:,< J@×H 2,@bH.

|(VD [º:,ÃH] | B,\2@:,< | J@×H 2,@bH

\:*fD@4H

70, 9

18

6"8ÎH 6"Â �("2ÎH Ò F@NÎH �<2DTB@H

Ò �<2DTB@H | [¦FJ4] \ 6"8ÎH

\F@N`H }6"Â �("2ÎH

70, 4

�2V<"J@H º RLPZ.

º RLPZ | [¦FJ4<] \ �2V<"J@H

70, 2

�("2@Â µJ, (<f:0<;

[ß:,ÃH] | µJ, \ �("2@Â \:(<f:0<

71, 25

Ò »84@H ÔH §N,D, JÎ< $\@< J@ÃH �<2DfB@4H 2,ÎH ¦<`:4.,J@.

Ò »84@H | ¦<`:4.,J@ \ 2,ÎH\ÔH | §N,D, | JÎ< $\@<|

|J@ÃH �<2DfB@4H

70, 7

@Û6 ,ÉP@< � ¦$@b8@<J@.

[@Ê �<2DTB@4]| ,ÉP@< | [¦6,Ã<"] \@Û6 [@Ê �<2DTB@4] ¦$@b8@<J@ |�

71, 30

Ò F@NÎH §8,(, ÓJ4 Ò $\@H ¦FJÂ P"8,B`<.

Ò F@NÎH | §8,(, | ÓJ4 Ò $\@H | ¦FJÂ \ P"8,B`<

59, 2

@Ê �<2DTB@4 ¦<`:4.@< JÎ< »84@< ,É<"4 2,`<.

@Ê �<2DTB@4 | ¦<`:4.@< | JÎ< »84@< | ,É<"4 \ 2,`<

19

Chapter III: Summary

1. Future Active and Middle (MIDDLE only, NOT M/P)*** Use the same endings as the present.

add F to the stem: B"L- + F + -T -,4H -,4 -@:,< -,J, -@LF4 -@:"4 -,4 -,J"4 -`:,2" -,F2, -@<J"4

If the Stem ends in a mute (labials, palatals, dentals)B $ N + F > Q BX:BT > B,:RT (DVNT > (DVRT6 ( P + F > > �DPT > �D>T �(T > �>TJ * 2 drop out before F B,\2T > B,\FT

Irregular futures MUST BE LEARNED:�6@bT, �6@bF@:"4 $@b8@:"4, $@L8ZF@:"4(\(<@:"4, (,<ZF@:"4 ¦2X8T, ¦2,8ZFT§DP@:"4, ¦8,bF@:"4 §PT, FPZFT / ª>T8":$V<T, 8ZR@:"4 :"<2V<T, :"20F@:"4BVFPT, B,\F@:"4 BDVJJT, BD">TNXDT, @ÇFT

The future of ,Æ:\ MUST BE LEARNED:§F@:"4 ¦F`:,2"§F,4 §F,F2,§FJ"4 §F@<J"4

§F,F2"4

2. Variations in the FIRST declension:Singular Plural

Nom. -0 -" -0H -"H -"4Gen. -0H -"H -@L -ä<Dat. -® -� -"4HAcc. -0< -"< -"H

-" is used throughout the singular of first declension nouns andadjectives if the base ends in ,, 4, or D.

3. Demonstratives: LEARN the forms on p 85.The demonstratives may be used as pronouns, but when they are usedwith nouns the article is used too. They go in the predicate position:

demonstrative -- article -- noun article -- noun -- demonstrative»*, º Ò*`H º Ò*`H »*,@âJ@H Ò $\@H Ò $\@H @âJ@HJ@ØJ@ JÎ $4$8\@< JÎ $4$8\@< J@ØJ@

20

Review of Prepositions

ACC ,ÆH into + terminal accusative DIRECTION TO

DAT ¦< in, on + locative dative PLACEWHERE

B"DV alongside, near

GEN from (a place) near SEPARATIONDAT beside (at a place near) PLACE WHEREACC to (a place) near DIRECTION TO

DAT Fb< = >b< with ACCOMPANIMENT

B,D\ about, around

GEN concerning, aboutACC around, near, with regard to

BD`H face to face, facing

GEN from SEPARATIONDAT at, near, toward PLACE WHEREACC to, toward DIRECTION TO

GEN �B` away from, from SEPARATION

GEN ¦6/¦> out of, from SEPARATION

*\" through

GEN throughACC because of, on account of

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REVIEW OF CASES (ch. 1-3)Nominative

EndingsSingular

First Declension -0, -"; -0H, -"HSecond Declension -@H, -@<Article Ò, º, J`

PluralFirst Declension -"4Second Declension -@4, -"Article @Ê, "Ê, JV

Uses: fill in one example of each use:The subject of the sentence (in agreement with the personalending of the verb).

The predicate noun or adjective of a copulative verb (e.g. ,Æ:\,(\(<@:"4, N"\<@:"4, 8X(@:"4) which renames the subject in thepredicate. See also predicate position of adjectives.

GenitiveEndings

SingularFirst Declension -0H, -"H; -@LSecond Declension -@LArticle J@Ø, J­H, J@Ø

PluralFirst Declension -ä<Second Declension -T<Article Jä<

Uses: fill in one example of each use: The genitive is the caseused for one noun depending upon another. It also has a number of usespeculiar to Greek (such as separation).

Possession ("of", 's, s')With verbs of ruling (e. g. �DPT, $"F48,bT)Separation, with prepositions meaning "from" (e.g. �B`, ¦6/¦>;B"DV, BD`H)Source (with �6@bT)Agent (meaning "by", with the preposition, ßB`)The preposition B,D\ is used with the genitive to mean"about", "concerning".

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DativeEndings

SingularFirst Declension -®, -�Second Declension -åArticle Jè, J±, Jè

PluralFirst Declension -"4HSecond Declension -@4HArticle J@ÃH, J"ÃH, J@ÃH

Uses: fill in one example of each use: The dative is the case of theinterested party. It also has some special uses in Greek, such asinstrument and place where.

Indirect object: the person or thing affected but indirectly bythe action, NOT caused by the action of the verb. Most oftenseen with verbs like give to, send to, speak to, write to. Translated asindirect object (in English the first object: Give me an "A." Tell me a story.) or with "to" ("Give that to Paul").

With special verbs: certain verbs take the dative althoughtheir counterparts in English take the "objective case." Modern English does not have dative and accusative. Verbsmeaning "trust" take the dative (B,\2@:"4, B4FJ,bT).

Advantage or disadvantage: the person for whose benefit orto whose detriment something is or is done. For example afterthe expressions "good for" or "bad for." Translate "for".

Means: the instrument with or by which something is done. Translate: "by", "with", "by means of".

Accompaniment: with the preposition Fb<. There is adifference between means and accompaniment. "With anaxe" is means; "with their [=the] friends" is accompaniment. If in doubt try "along with". Translate: "with", "along with","together with".

Manner: tells how something is done. In Greek no prepositionis needed. Translate: "in", "with".

Respect: see the accusative of respect which is more

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common. No preposition. Translate: "in".

Place where (locative): with prepositions meaning in, at, by,near, beside (¦<, BD`H, B"DV, ßB`) to show the place in which. Use with verbs of rest.

AccusativeEndings

SingularFirst Declension -0<, -"<Second Declension -@<Article J`<, JZ<, J`

PluralFirst Declension -"HSecond Declension -@LH, -"Article JVH, J@bH, JV

Uses: fill in one example of each use:Direct object: the object of an active or middle verb, causedor most directly affected by the action of the verb.

End of Motion (terminal accusative): the direction ordestination after verbs of motion or verbs implying movemntfrom one place to another, used with a preposition: ,ÆH, B"DV,BD`H. Translate: "to", "into", "toward".

Accusative of respect: tells in what specific respectsomething is true. For example, "I am not bad at all things." Translate: "in", "at".

The preposition *4V is used with the accusative to mean "onaccount of", "because of".

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Review for Chapter 3I VERBS: A. Translate each form and give the opposite number.

Example: BX:R@<J"4 "they will send for [something]" -- BX:R,J"4

1. §FJ"42. �D>@LF4<3. 8,\R,J,4. 8ZR@<J"45. B"LF`:,2"6. B,\F@:"47. B,\F@:"4 (not the same as 6)

B. Identify the verbsExample: $@L8ZF,4 < $@b8@:"4

1. $@L8,LF`:,2"2. ª>,4H3. µ(@:,<4. �BX2<®6,5. @ÆF`:,2"6. (,<ZF@<J"47. BDV>,J,8. FPZF@LF4

C. Synopses: fill in the imperfect and future of the same person andnumber (active and m/p or middle, if they exist):

Example: B"bT: §B"L@< B"bFT -- B"b@:"4 ¦B"L`:0< B"bF@:"4

1. NXDT2. BDVJJ@:,<3. BVFP,4H4. :"<2V<,45. �(,J,6. 8":$V<@LF4

D. Miscellaneous: fill in, answer questions, correct mistakes, put inaccents.

1. T or F: The second principal part is the future active andmiddle-passive.2. Why is the future a separate principal part, but the imperfect isnot?3. Name four verbs that have deponent futures:4. Chart your verbs: on a separate piece of paper (or on indexcards make a neat and colorful list of all the verbs you have had sofar. Give the present and future, the imperfect, only if it is

25

irregular, and list any peculiarities.Examples: �6`LT �6@bF@:"4 deponent future; takes the genitive of the person

§PT has an irregular imperfect, ,ÉP@< and two futures, ª>T ("I shall have") and FPZFT ("I

shall get").

5. Correct these sentences:1. J� B"4*\" NXD@LF4 J@×H 8\2@LH.2. F@N¬ º *XFB@4<" »< �6@LF`:,2".3. NXDF,4H J� $4$8\";4. �6@bF,J, Jä< �("2ä< B@84Jä<.5. :"<2V<F@:,< J� {+880<46V.6. @ÛP §>,J, B`<@LH.7. J� B"4*\" @Û6 §F,J"4 �("2V.

Need hints? Look for wrong futures, wrong cases with the verb and --horrors! a neuter plural subject with a plural verb.

6. Fill in the accents:1. ¦$@L8,LF,F2"4 2. ,ÆP,H3. ²(@< 4. ,Æ5. >,<@4 ¦F:,< 6. B@84J"4 ,ÆF47. B@40J0H ¦FJ4; 8. �<2DTB@4 ¦FJ,;

33 Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Prepositions, CasesA. Vocabulary self-study exercise (review of all nouns and adjectives,pronouns and prepositions). Give information as in the vocabulary. Check your answers. Correct any that are wrong.

Examples: J":\"H J":\@L, Ò steward B@<0D`H, B@<0DV, B@<0D`< wicked

1. B@8\J0H2. B@40JZH3. <,"<\"H4. �8Z2,4"5. ,ÆDZ<06. òD"7. J4:Z8. 2V8"JJ"9. �>4@H10. @âJ@H11. *\6"4@H12. Ó*,13. <X@H14. P"8,B`H15. "ÆFPD`H16. 6"6`H17. �*46@H18. ß(\,4"

26

19. FL:N@DV20. *46"FJZH21. *\6022. º*@<Z23. @É<@H24. PD0FJ`H25. 6"8`H26. B8@ØJ@H27. ¦F28`H28. B`<@H29. 6@4<`H30. Æ"JD`H31. �2V<"J@H32. PD`<@H33. §D(@<34. 8`(@H35. >X<@H36. N\8@H37. �D,JZ38. �D4FJ@H39. Ò*`H40. <`:@H41. �<V(6042. <­F@H43. :XJD@<44. �DPZ45. $@L8Z46. »84@H47. @ÛD"<`H48. RLPZ49. *,4<`H50. N@$,D`H

Tell what case or cases each preposition takes and the meaning with eachcase. Give an example with each meaning.1. �B`2. *4V3. ,ÆH4. ¦6 / ¦>5. B"DV6. B,D\7. BD`H8. ¦<

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9. Fb<10. ßB`

B. Agreement: give the form of the adjective and demonstrative to agreewith each noun. Be sure to give the correct ARTICLE.

Example: <ZFå (Ó*,, :46D`H) -- (J±) J±*, J± :46D� <ZFå 1. Ò*`< (Ó*,, <X@H)2. 2,�H (@ßJ@H, 6"8`H)3. 8`(@< (¦6,Ã<@H, �2V<"J@H)4. B@8ÃJ"4 (@âJ@H, �>4@H)5. *46"FJVH (Ó*,, �*46@H)6. 2V8"JJ"< (¦6,Ã<@H, :46D`H)7. J":\� (Ó*,, *\6"4@H)8. PfD� (@âJ@H, B@<0D`H)9. F60<VH (Ó*,, BV8"4@H)10. §D(@< (@âJ@H, "ÆFPD`H)

Correct these howlers:1. <X0 F60<Z 2. �("2"Â B@40J"\3. @âJ@H *46"FJZH 4. �*\60 º :@ÃD"5. ,ÆH J± 2"8VJJ�

III Translate these sentences:1. "Ê ¦< J4:"ÃH �D>@LF4 Jä<*, Jä< B@84Jä< 6"Â *\6® 6"Â �("2± $@L8±.2. Ò F@NÎH *46"FJ¬H, ÔH J� *\6"4" 6"Â 6"8� §BD"JJ,<, �>4@H µ< J4:­H �BÎJä< B@84Jä<.3. <Ø< òD" §FJ"4 BX:B,4< J"ØJ" J� *äD" BDÎH J@×H N\8@LH.4. "àJ0 º Ò*ÎH µ< �("2¬ J@ÃH B"4*\@4H.5. "Ê F@N"Â µF"< �("2"Â $@L8¬< 6"Â (<T:Z<.6. @Û *\6"4`< ¦FJ4 J@bF*, J@×H �>\@LH B@8\J"H �B@6J,\<,4<.7. �>,4 *¥ BDÎH NäH J¬< �8Z2,4"< Ò PD`<@H. (NäH light)8. Ô< @Ê 2,@Â N48@ØF4< �B@2<¯F6,4 <X@H. (N48@ØF4 < N48XT love)

IV Write in Greek:We will go into these small tents and we will hear the philosophers (= wise

ones) who will speak to the citizens about justice and virtue. For these (i.e.

justice and virtue) will make the human beings good, but they are difficult to

understand. The little children will also hear the poets who write about the sea

and sky and about the lives of the gods and goddesses. The test (B,ÃD") will be

difficult for the children but with luck they will become wise. It is time to go

away from these ugly places (place = J`B@H) and to take our books to the islands

of the sun on which we will have neither tests nor labors. But we will always

write to our (=the) friends who were remaining beside the road.

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CHAPTER IV

I Aorist Active and Middle (not passive)Use: for a single (or simple) act in past time (as opposed to theimperfect which talks about action going on in the past). Translateas the simple past (and sometimes as the pluperfect).

The aorist infinitive (except in indirect statement) may be translated the

same as the present. The difference is that the present talks about the

action as in progress, the aorist as the simple action.

(DVN,4< "to be writing" (DVR"4 "to write"

Form: There are two sets of forms, first aorist and second aorist. Nearlyall verbs have either a first or a second aorist. Only a few have both. The two forms are like our strong (irregular, e.g. sing sang sung) andweak (regular, work worked worked).

FIRST AORISTAugment + F + endings

Active Middle-" -V:0<-"H -T-, (<) -"J@-":,< -V:,2"-"J, -"F2,-"< -"<J@

Infinitives are not augmented.-"4 -"F2"4

Verbs with stems ending in :, <, 8, D do not add F- in the firstaorist, but they usually have a lengthened form of the stem: :X<T -- §:,4<"; N"\<T -- §N0<"; �((X88T -- ³((,48"; 6D\<T --§6D4<".

SECOND AORISTAugment + special stem + thematic secondary endings (thesame as the imperfect).

Active Middle-@< -`:0<-,H -@L-, (<) -,J@-@:,< -`:,2"-,J, -,F2,-@< -@<J@

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Infinitives (not augmented; note accent)-,Ã< -XF2"4

II Principal Parts p. 103: learn thoroughly.

III Indirect StatementLearn the forms of N0:\ (p. 107).Construction with infinitive after (some) verbs of saying orthinking:

1. Verb of SAYING / THINKING<@:\.T I think (that) ...

2 a. The subject is omitted if it is the same as in 1; the verb ischanged to the infinitive.

(DVR,4< | JV*, 3 will write these things.

2 b. The subject is accusative if it is different from the subjectof 1; the verb is in the infinitive.

J@×H *46"FJ�H | (DVR,4< | JV*, the jurymen will write these things.

VERB OF SAYING | (accusative) | infinitive | object

VERB OF SAYING | acc. | infin. (to be) \ pred adj. (acc)

VERB OF SAYING | (omitted subj) | inf (to be) \ nom.

Note that a predicate adjective will be in the same caseas its subject. If the subject is omitted because it is thesame as that of the main verb then the predicateadjective is nominative. If the subject is accusative,then the predicate adjective will be accusative.

<@:\.@:,< | ,É<"4 \ �("2`4.We think (that) we are good.

<@:\.@:,< | J@×H *46"FJ�H | ,É<"4 \ �("2@bH.We think (that) the jurymen are good.

30

Verb Review (Chapters 1-4)

1. Learn all the principal parts on page 103.

2. Summary of Verb EndingsPrimary (present and future)

Active: -T -,4H -,4 -@:,< -,J, -@LF4(<) -- -,4<Middle-Passive (present) or Middle (future):

-@:"4 -,4 -,J"4 -`:,2" -,F2, -@<J"4 -- -,F2"4

Secondary (augmented in the indicative) Imperfect and second Aorist

Active: -@< -,H -,(<) -@:,< -,J, -@< -- -,Ã< (aor. inf.): theinfinitive is NOT augmented.Middle-Passive (imperfect) or Middle (aorist):

-@:0< -@L -,J@ -`:,2" -,F2, -@<J@ -- -XF2"4 (aor.)

First Aorist (augmented) in the indicative-"- is the characteristic of the first aorist. Vowel and mute stems add -F-.

Liquid (8, D) and nasal (:, <) stems do not add -F- (³((,48", �B,6J,4<",

§6D4<", §:,4<", §N0<").

Active:-" -"H -,(<) -":,< -"J, -"< -- -"4

Middle:-V:0< -T -"J@ -V:,2" -"F2, -"<J@ -- -"F2"4

3. ExercisesA. Conjugate in full (all forms, active and middle or m/p, all fourtenses, indicative and infinitives). Check your chart for andpeculiarities of the verb (irregular principal parts, deponent future,etc.). Be able to translate the forms. Do one each day:

1. �(T 4. 2bT2. :"<2V<T 5. (DVNT3. 8":$V<T 6. NXDT

B. Give:1. all first person forms (singular and plural) of �6@bT2. all second person forms of §PT3. all third person forms of (\(<@:"44. infinitives of �DPT (6), §DP@:"4 (3), $V88T (4), ,Æ:\ (2),:"<2V<T (5)

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C. Parse (= identify forms), translate, and recite the principal partsof each verb:

1. ¦B"LFV:0<2. *X>,J"43. �6@bF@<J"44. §N,D@<5. ¦BX:RT6. ¦8,\B@L7. :,Ã<"48. ²6@bF"J@9. ,ÆB,Ã<10. ³((,48"<

D. Translate these forms of BX:BT into Greek: active, send; middle,send for; passive, be sent.

1. she was being sent

2. they are sending

3. we used to send

4. to send for (once, a single action)

5. to be sending for

6. we sent for

7. you-all (ye) will send

8. I will send for

9. it is being sent

10. you (thou) sent for

11. to be sending

12. to send (once)

13. I sent for a new book.

14. She sent a gift to her [=the] friends.

15. We were being sent to the market [�(@DV].

16. I think that I will send those women a gift.

17. Will you-all (ye) send for your [=the] friend.

E. Review the principal parts (p. 103) and translate thesesentences.

1. The citizens made plans for themselves in a democracy.

2. The poet will take notes.

3. Those women ransomed these men.

4. The citizens were being led by these women.

5. She thought that she would rule those islands.

6. Will you hear the wise [people].

7. It is unreasonable to be doing those [things].

8. They were bringing gifts. Gifts were being brought by those men.

These women brought those gifts.

9. Did you hit the poets with stones?

10. I did not understand what ([the things] which) you said.

"ransom" = 8bT in the middle "take notes" = (DVNT in the middle

32

CHAPTERS V and VI

I The Third DeclensionFind the base in the genitive singular. Find the pattern from thenom. and gen. sg.

A. Basic EndingsSingular

Masculine and Feminine Neuter___ / -H base-@H -@H-4 -4-" or -< base

Plural-,H -"-T< -T<-F4 (<) -F4 (<)-"H -"

-4, -", -F4, -"H are short.

B. VariationsSingular

Nominative: M/F -H, -T< (-@<-, -@<J-), -D; ; -:", -@HGenitive: -@H: -,TH, -@LHDative: -4: -,4Accusative: -": -,"; -<; neut. = nom.

PluralNominative: M/F -,H: -,4H; N -": -0, -,"Genitive: -T<: -,T<Dative: -F4: -,F4, -"F4, -@LF4, -,LF4Accusative: M/F -"H: -,"H, -,4H; N -": -0, -,"

C. Variations by stem type

Consonant Bases (1. mutes)Masculine and Feminine

Labial: nom. sg. -R; acc. sg. -"; dat. pl. -R68fR (68TB-`H); 68äB"; 68TR\

Palatal: nom. sg. ->; acc. sg. -"; dat. pl. ->4Nb8"> (Nb8"6-@H); Nb8"6"; Nb8">4

Dental (1): nom. sg. -H; acc. sg. -"; dat pl. -F4 (drop dental before F/H) �FB\H (�FB\*-@H); �FB\*"; �FB\F4

Dental (2): nom. sg. -H; acc. sg. -< ; dat.pl. -F4 (drop dental before F, <) PVD4H (PVD4J-@H); PVD4<; PVD4F4

33

Consonant bases (2. -@<-, -@<J-)If the nominative ends in -T< check the base for -@<- or -@<J-.

Stems in -@<-: nom. sg. -T<; acc. sg. -"; dat. pl. -@F4*"\:T< (*"\:@<-@H); *"\:@<"; *"\:@F4

Stems in -@<J-: nom. sg. -T<; acc. sg. -@<J" ; dat. pl. -@LF4(XDT< ((XD@<J-@H); (XD@<J"; (XD@LF4

NeutersStems in -:"J-: nom. sg = acc. sg. -:"; dat. pl. -(:)"F4

PD­:" (PDZ:"J-@H); PDZ:"F4

Vowel basesMasculine and Feminine

-,LH type (M): sg. nom. -,LH; gen. -,TH; dat. -,4; acc. -,"pl. nom. -,4H; gen. -,T<; dat. -,LF4; acc. -,"H

-4H type (M,F): sg. nom. -4H; gen. -,TH; dat. -,4; acc. -4<pl. nom. -,4H; gen. -,T<; dat. -,F4; acc. -,4H

Syncopated nouns drop -,- in the genitive and dative singular andin the dative plural; they show -"F4 in the dative plural. The -,- ofthe stem becomes -0- in the nominative singular.

Neuters-@H type: sg. nom. -@H; gen. -@LH; dat. -,4; acc. -@H

pl. nom. -0; gen. -ä<; dat. -,F4; acc. -0

II SYNTAX

A. Result ClausesòFJ, + the indicative (@Ü) "so that", "with the result that"òFJ, + the infinitive (:Z) "that", "so as to"

C. Conditions Contrary-to-fact,Æ (:Z) + imperfect -- imperfect + �< (@Ü) (refers to the present)

("were doing" ... "would be doing")

,Æ (:Z) + aorist -- imperfect + �< (@Ü) (refers to the past) ("had done"... "would have done")

The times can be mixed ("had done" ... "would be"; "were doing"... "would have done").

34

CHAPTER VII

Participles

Present Active and Middle-Passive,Future and Aorist, Active and Middle

1. Definition: A participle shares two parts of speech. It is a verbal adjective.

As an adjective it has gender, number, and case.As a verb it has tense and voice, and may take an object (in whatever

case the verb takes).

2. Uses: In general there are three uses: attributive, circumstantial, andsupplementary.

Attributive: with the article, the participle is used as a noun or adjective.Examples: @Ê §P@<J,H, J� Ð<J", Ò :X88T< PD`<@H.

Circumstantial: without the article, but in agreement with a noun orpronoun (expressed or implied), whether a subject or an object in thesentence. This is an adjectival use. The circumstantial participleexpresses:

TIME: (when, after, while) [�:", "ÛJ\6", :,J">b]CAUSE: (since) [�J,, ñH]MANNER: (in, by)CONDITION: (if) [if the condition is negative with :Z]CONCESSION: (although) [6"\, 6"\B,D]PURPOSE: (to, in order to) future participle [ñH]

GENITIVE ABSOLUTE: a noun / pronoun + a participle in thegenitive form a clause which gives the circumstances of theaction in the main sentence. In the genitive absolute, the nounis the subject of the participle.

noun in the genitive | participle in the genitive

Supplementary: the participle depends on a verb and completes themeaning of such verbs as: B"bT, �DPT, "ÆFPb<@:"4, N"\<@:"4.

Pay special attention to the idiomatic uses of the participle with:JL(PV<T, 8"<2V<T, N2V<T.

35

3. Translation: Present: ______ingFuture: in order to _______ (shows purpose)Aorist: _______ing, having ________, after _______ing

4. Forms:

ACTIVE: present, future, second aorist (the thematic tenses)BASE in -@<J- (m, n), -@LF- (f)

ADD ENDINGS TO THE TENSE STEM (for aorist remove theaugment)

Singular Plural-T< -@LF" -@< -@<J,H -@LF"4 -@<J"-@<J@H -@LF0H -@<J@H -@<JT< -@LFä< -@<JT<-@<J4 -@LF® -@<J4 -@LF4 -@LF"4H -@LF4-@<J" -@LF"< -@< -@<J"H -@LF"H -@<J"

First aorist. Remove the augment.BASE in -"<J- (m, n) -"F- (f)

-"H -"F" -"< -"<J,H -"F"4 -"<J"-"<J@H -"F0H -"<J@H -"<JT< -"Fä< -"<JT<-"<J4 -"F® -"<J4 -"F4 -"F"4H -"F4-"<J" -"F"< -"< -"<J"H -"F"H -"<J"

MIDDLE-PASSIVE (present) and MIDDLE (future and Aorist)For the present, future, and second aorist (remove augment) addto the TENSE STEM:

-@:,<@H, -@:X<0, -@:,<@<

For the first aorist (remove the augment) add:-":,<@H, -":X<0, -":,<@<

36

Review of Chapters I-VI:Nouns, Verbs, and SyntaxSelf-study Review

1. Forms Decline:

1. »*, º <X" B`84H2. @âJ@H Ò �802¬H B@40JZH3. J`*, JÎ º*× PD­:"3. ¦6,Ã<@H Ò BV8"4@H ÊBB,bH4. "àJ0 º �2V<"J@H PVD4H

Conjugate in full, including infinitives:1. BX:BT2. �(T3. *XP@:"4

2. Syntax: fill in the blanks and translate the sentences.1. Neuter plural subjects take _________________. (49)Evils come-into-being on account of money.

2. Verbs of "trusting" take the _________________ case. (48)Do you trust these new archons?

3. Verbs of "ruling" take the ________________ case. (48)The king ruled the citizens with justice.

4. The verb �6@bT takes the ____________ of the person heard andthe ____________ of the thing heard. (79)We will hear these philosophers.Did you hear the words of those shameful men?

5. The means by which something is done goes into the _________.(48)We persuaded the citizens with money.

6. The manner in which something is done goes into the__________. (p. 48)In my opinion tyranny is a bad [thing].

7. The predicate noun or adjective (with verbs like be, become, seem, becalled) goes into the __________ case. Those citizens are shameful and false.Heralds are messengers of gods and men.

37

8. The two positions of the adjective are (pp. 62-5):1. ______________ 2. ______________

These citizens are wise.The wise citizens do not take bribes [= receive unjust gifts].

9. The relative pronoun introduces a ___________ ________. Therela t ive pronoun agrees with i ts antecedent in ________ and________, but its _______ depends on the part it plays in its own________. (66)Those [things] which you are saying are not true.The men whom we saw are Greeks. ["I saw" is 2 aorist, ,É*@<.]The women whom we heard were saying wise [things].Did you get what you wanted?

10. The infinitive with the _________ is used as a noun. (pp. 74-5).To speak the truth [= true things] is not always fine.

11. The demonstrative goes into the ________ position. (p. 85)This citizen sends gifts to those cities.

12. Separation is expressed by the _________ case. (37, 85)From good men we learn good things.

13. Agent is expressed by the _________ case with ______. (89)These [things] were done by those [women].

14. Indirect Statement: verb of saying/thinking |________|_______(108-110)

I think [that] those things are good.

They thought [that] they had said true [things].

15. The accusative of respect is used for _____________. (Explainin your own words.)

I am not bad at all things.

16. Contrary to fact conditions use ______ tenses in both clauses.If we had seen those big dogs we would have left.

17. Result clauses take òFJ, and the _______ or ________.Find an example of each type of result clause and translate it.

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Check-list for the Chapters 1-7

IntroductionAlphabet, Punctuation, Classification of letters, Combinations oflettersAccent Rules in General: see also handouts on accents

Chapter IVERB CHANGES: VOICE, PERSON-NUMBERPresent Active and Middle-PassiveDeponent VerbsCASE DECLENSIONNouns of the First Declension -0 typeNouns of the Second DeclensionThe Definite ArticleVocabularySyntax Rules (48-9):

Dative of means

Genitive after �DPT (instead of dir. obj.)

Dative with special verbs (trust)

Neuter Plural Subject takes a Singular Verb (BELIEVE IT! DO IT!)

Chapter IIImperfect Active and Middle-PassiveIrregular Verb (,Æ:\)

Accent of enclitics (57-8 and handout)NOMINATIVE in the predicate with the verb "to be"Adjectives, Agreement

Two-termination adjectivesPOSITIONS of Adjectives: ATTRIBUTIVE and PREDICATE

Ò :X< ... Ò *X º :X< ... º *X 6J8. (p. 65)ADJECTIVES USED AS NOUNS (p. 64) -- GENDERRELATIVE PRONOUN (65-6 and handout)VocabularySyntax Rules (69-70)

Accusative of RESPECT ("good at")

Chapter IIIFuture Active and MiddlePRINCIPAL PARTSDeponent Futures and Irregular FuturesVocabularyVariations of the First DeclensionDEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN-ADJECTIVES

39

Position of Demonstrative with the articleVocabularySyntax Rules (89)

Genitive of Separation (with prepositions meaning "from")Genitive of Agent (= "by a person" ßB` + gen.)

Chapter IVAorist Active and MiddleTwo Aorists and "Liquid" first AoristPrincipal Parts (* 103)Irregular verb (N0:\)VOCABULARY p 113: learn the words listed below *INDIRECT STATEMENT infinitive with subject accusative

Chapters V, VIThird Declension Nouns

Basic EndingsVariations

VOCABULARY * wordsThird Declension Adjectives for recognition (know the names of the

different types, that is, -0H, -,H; -T<, -@<; -LH, -,4", -L)Irregular Adjectives for recognition: B�H, :X("H, B@8bHVocabularyRESULT CLAUSES with òFJ, (139-140)CONDITIONS contrary-to-fact (p. 143)

Chapter VIIParticiples

Forms of present, future and aorist active and middle participlesBasic uses: Attributive, Circumstantial, Supplementary

*Vocabulary from Lesson IV

�88V but�88@H, �880, �88@ other, another(4(<fF6T, (<fF@:"4 know*46"4@Fb<0, -0H, º justice

*46"\TH justly�*\6TH unjustly

*@6,Ã, *@6@ØF4 it seems, he/she seems; they seem,ÉB@< I said:V84FJ" especially, yes, sure

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:Z not@Ç@:"4 I think@Í@H, -", -@< such, what a

@Í@< such as@Ê`H J' ,Æ:\ I am able@Í`< J' ,É<"4 to be able

@Þ< thereforeFTND@Fb<0 -0H º soundness of mindJ, and (enclitic)J@4@ØJ@H, J@4"bJ0, J@4@ØJ@ (J@4@ØJ@<) of such a kind, such as this, such