behavior and design of structures
TRANSCRIPT
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S2018abnIntroduction 1
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:
FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN
ARCH 614
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SPRING 2018
one
behavior and design
of structures
lecture
www.greatbuildings.com
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S2018abnIntroduction 2
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Syllabus & Student Understandings
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S2018abnIntroduction 3
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Course Description
• statics
– physics of forces and reactions on bodies
and systems
– equilibrium (bodies at rest)
• structures
– something made up of interdependent
parts in a definite pattern of organization
• design
– assessing and meeting structural
requirements of parts and the whole
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S2018abnIntroduction 4
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Course Description
• mechanics of materials
– external loads and effect on deformable
bodies
– use it to answer question if structure meets
requirements of
• stability and equilibrium
• strength and stiffness
– other principle building requirements
• economy, functionality and aesthetics
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S2018abnIntroduction 5
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Structure Requirements
• stability &
equilibrium
– STATICS
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S2018abnIntroduction 6
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Structure Requirements (cont)
• strength &
stiffness
– concerned with
stability of
components
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S2018abnIntroduction 7
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Structural System Selection
• kind & size of loads
• building function
• soil & topology of site
• systems integration
• fire rating
• construction ($$, schedule)
• architectural form
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S2018abnIntroduction 8
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Knowledge Required
• external forces
• internal forces
• material properties
• member cross sections
• ability of a material to resist breaking
• structural elements that resist excessive
– deflection
– deformation
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S2018abnIntroduction 9
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Problem Solving
1. STATICS:
equilibrium of external forces,
internal forces, stresses
2. GEOMETRY:
cross section properties, deformations and
conditions of geometric fit, strains
3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES:
stress-strain relationship for each material
obtained from testing
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S2018abnIntroduction 10
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Relation to Architecture
“The geometry and arrangement of the load-bearing members, the use of materials, and the crafting of joints all represent opportunities for buildings to express themselves. The best buildings are not designed by architects who after resolving the formal and spatial issues, simply ask the structural engineer to make sure it doesn’t fall down.” -Onouye & Kane
Statics and Strength of Materials for
Architecture and Building Construction
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S2018abnIntroduction 11
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Architectural Structures
• incorporates
– stability and equilibrium
– strength and stiffness
– economy, functionality and aesthetics
• uses
– sculpture
– furniture
– buildings
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S2018abnIntroduction 12
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
The “Fist”
Detroit, MI
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S2018abnIntroduction 13
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
AISC (Steel)
Sculpture
College Station, TX
http://wwweng.uwyo.edu/connections/
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S2018abnIntroduction 14
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
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“Jamborie”
Philadelphia, PA
Daniel Barret
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S2018abnIntroduction 15
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
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Exploris Mobile
Heath Satow
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S2018abnIntroduction 16
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
“Telamones”
Chicago, IL
Walter Arnold
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S2018abnIntroduction 17
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
“Free Ride Home” 1974
Kenneth Snelson
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S2018abnIntroduction 18
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
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“Zauber”
Laudenslager, Jeffery
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S2018abnIntroduction 19
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
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Conference
Table
Heath Satow
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S2018abnIntroduction 20
Lecture 1
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Bar Stool
“Stainless Butterfly”
Daniel Barret
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S2018abnIntroduction 21
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
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Chair
Paul Freundt
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S2018abnIntroduction 22
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
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End Tables
Rameu-Richard
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S2018abnIntroduction 23
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Steel House, Lubbock, TX
Robert Bruno
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S2018abnIntroduction 24
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
Frank Gehry (1997)
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S2018abnIntroduction 25
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Tjibaou Cultural Center,
New Caledonia
Renzo Piano
Photographer: John Gollings
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S2018abnIntroduction 26
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church, Italy
Renzo PianoPhotographer: Michel Denancé
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S2018abnIntroduction 27
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Athens Olympic Stadium
and Velodrome
Santiago Calatrava (2004)
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S2018abnIntroduction 28
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Milwaukee Art Museum
Quadracci Pavilion (2001)
Santiago Calatrava
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S2018abnIntroduction 29
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Airport Station, Lyon, France
Santiago Calatrava (1994)
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S2018abnIntroduction 30
Lecture 1
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Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
Piano and Rogers (1978)
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S2018abnIntroduction 31
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Hongkong Bank
Building (1986)
Foster and Partnerswww.greatbuildings.com
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S2018abnIntroduction 32
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Meyerson Symphony Center
Dallas, TX
Pei Cobb Freed & Partners
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S2018abnIntroduction 33
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Crystal Cathedral, LA
Philip Johnson (1980)
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S2018abnIntroduction 34
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Federal Reserve Bank
Minneapolis, MN
Gunnar Birkerts & Associates
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S2018abnIntroduction 35
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Hysolar Research Building
Stuttgart, Germany (1986 -87)
Gunter Behnisch
www.greatbuildings.com
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S2018abnIntroduction 36
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Notre Dame Cathedral
Paris, France
Maurice de Sully
www.greatbuildings.com
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S2018abnIntroduction 37
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Habitat 67, Montreal
Moshe Safdie (1967)
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S2018abnIntroduction 38
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
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Villa Savoye, Poissy, France
Le Corbusier (1929)
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S2018abnIntroduction 39
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Riola Parish Church
Riola, Italy
Alvar Aalto
www.greatbuildings.com
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S2018abnIntroduction 40
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Kimball Museum, Fort Worth
Kahn (1972)
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S2018abnIntroduction 41
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Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
• evolution traced to developments in
structural engineering and material
technology
– stone & masonry
– timber
– concrete
– cast iron, steel
– tensile fabrics, pneumatic structures......
Architectural Space and Form
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S2018abnIntroduction 42
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Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
• structure is a device for channeling
loads that result from the use and/or
presence of the building to the ground
– span a roof
– hold up a floor
– cross a river
– suspend a canopy
Architectural Space and Form
www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/
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S2018abnIntroduction 43
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Stone + Masonry
• columns
• walls
• lintels
• arches
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S2018abnIntroduction 44
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Elements of Architectural Structures
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Wood
• columns
• beams
• trusses
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S2018abnIntroduction 45
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
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Steel
• cast iron – wrought iron - steel
• cables
• columns
• beams
• trusses
• frames
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
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S2018abnIntroduction 46
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Elements of Architectural Structures
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Concrete
• columns
• beams
• slabs
• domes
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
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S2018abnIntroduction 47
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Structural Components
• bearing walls
• columns
• beams
• flat plates
• trusses
• arches
• shells
• cables
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S2018abnIntroduction 48
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
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Bearing Walls
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S2018abnIntroduction 49
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Bearing Walls
• behavior as “deep beams”
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S2018abnIntroduction 50
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Beams & Plates
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S2018abnIntroduction 51
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Beams & Plates
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S2018abnIntroduction 52
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Elements of Architectural Structures
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Building Framing
• Components or Assemblages
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S2018abnIntroduction 53
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
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Building Framing
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S2018abnIntroduction 54
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Elements of Architectural Structures
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System Selection
• evaluation of alternatives
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S2018abnIntroduction 55
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
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System Selection
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S2018abnIntroduction 56
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Structural Math
• quantify environmental loads
– how big is it?
• evaluate geometry and angles
– where is it?
– what is the scale?
– what is the size in a particular direction?
• quantify what happens in the structure
– how big are the internal forces?
– how big should the beam be?
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S2018abnIntroduction 57
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Elements of Architectural Structures
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Physical Math
• physics takes observable phenomena
and relates the measurement with rules:
mathematical relationships
• need
– reference frame
– measure of length, mass, time, direction,
velocity, acceleration, work, heat,
electricity, light
– calculations & geometry
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S2018abnIntroduction 58
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Geometric Math
• Greek architects relied
on proportion
– ratios of dimensions
employed were fixed
• projective geometry
– Renaissance
– allowed perspective &
sections
– intersections & proportion
Melancholia - Albrecht Dürer
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S2018abnIntroduction 59
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Elements of Architectural Structures
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Basic Math
• base:
– addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
• descriptive geometry
– relationships existing between geometric elements such as points, lines & planes
• functions, conversions & graphs
– relationships between quantities of numerical values
– graphs used to avoid mental sorting and see relationships quickly
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S2018abnIntroduction 60
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Language
• symbols for operations: +,-, /, x
• symbols for relationships: (), =, <, >
• algorithms– cancellation
– factors
– signs
– ratios and proportions
– power of a number
– conversions, ex. 1X = 10 Y
– operations on both sides of equality
3
1
32
2
6
2
6
5
5
2
3
1
6
x
1000103
110
1
1
10
Y
Xor
X
Y
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S2018abnIntroduction 61
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On-line Practice
• eCampus / Study Aids
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S2018abnIntroduction 62
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Geometry
• shapes
– rectangle
– triangle
– right triangle
– equilateral triangle
– rhomboid
– parallelogram
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S2018abnIntroduction 63
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Geometry
• angles
– right = 90º
– acute < 90º
– obtuse > 90º
– = 180º
• triangles
– area
– hypotenuse
– total of angles = 180º
2
hb
222 BCACAB
A
B
C
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S2018abnIntroduction 64
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Geometry
• lines and relation to angles
– parallel lines can’t intersect
– perpendicular lines cross at 90º
– intersection of two lines is a point
– opposite angles are equal when
two lines cross
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S2018abnIntroduction 65
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Elements of Architectural Structures
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Geometry
– intersection of a line with
parallel lines results in identical
angles
– two lines intersect in the same
way, the angles are identical
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S2018abnIntroduction 66
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Elements of Architectural Structures
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– sides of two angles are parallel and
intersect opposite way, the angles are
supplementary - the sum is 180°
– two angles that sum to 90° are said to be
complimentary
Geometry
90
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S2018abnIntroduction 67
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Elements of Architectural Structures
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– sides of two angles bisect a right angle
(90°), the angles are complimentary
– right angle bisects a straight line,
remaining angles
are complimentary
Geometry
90
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S2018abnIntroduction 68
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– similar triangles have proportional sides
Geometry
BC
E
A
A
BC
A
C
B
DE
BC
AE
AC
AD
AB
CB
BC
CA
AC
BA
AB
D
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S2018abnIntroduction 69
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Trigonometry
• for right triangles
C
B
A
CB
AB
hypotenuse
sideopposite sinsin
CB
AC
hypotenuse
sideadjacent coscos
AC
AB
sideadjacent
sideopposite tantan
SOHCAHTOA
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S2018abnIntroduction 70
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Trigonometry
• cartesian coordinate system
– origin at 0,0
– coordinates
in (x,y) pairs
– x & y have
signs
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X
Y
Quadrant IQuadrant II
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
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S2018abnIntroduction 71
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Trigonometry
• for angles starting at positive x
– sin is y side
– cos is x side
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X
Y
sin<0 for 180-360°
cos<0 for 90-270°
tan<0 for 90-180°
tan<0 for 270-360°
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S2018abnIntroduction 72
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Trigonometry
• for all triangles
– sides A, B & C are opposite
angles , &
– LAW of SINES
– LAW of COSINES
CBA
sinsinsin
cos2222 BCCBA
A
C
B
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S2018abnIntroduction 73
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Algebra
• equations (something = something)
• constants
– real numbers or shown with a, b, c...
• unknown terms, variables
– names like R, F, x, y
• linear equations
– unknown terms have no exponents
• simultaneous equations
– variable set satisfies all equations
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S2018abnIntroduction 74
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Algebra
• solving one equation
– only works with one variable
– ex:
• add to both sides
• divide both sides
• get x by itself on a side
012 x10112 x
21x2
1
2
2
x
12 x
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S2018abnIntroduction 75
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Algebra
• solving one equations
– only works with one variable
– ex:
• subtract from both sides
• subtract from both sides
• divide both sides
• get x by itself on a side
5412 xx
xxxx 254212
55251 x
2
2
2
23
2
6
x
3x
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S2018abnIntroduction 76
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Algebra
• solving two equation
– only works with two variables
– ex:
• look for term similarity
• can we add or subtract to eliminate one term?
• add
• get x by itself on a side
832 yx
6312 yx
6831232 yxyx
1414 x
114
14
14
14 x
x
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S2018abnIntroduction 77
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Physics for Structures
• measures
• vectors
• motion of particles
• center of mass
• equilibrium of bodies
• gravitation
• fluid mechanics
• temperatureGalileo Galilei
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S2018abnIntroduction 78
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Physics for Structures
• measures
– US customary & SI
Units US SI
Length in, ft, mi mm, cm, m
Volume gallon liter
Mass lb mass g, kg
Force lb force N, kN
Temperature F C
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S2018abnIntroduction 79
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Physics for Structures
• scalars – any quantity
• vectors - quantities with direction
– like displacements
– summation results in
the “straight line path”
from start to end
– normal vector is perpendicular to
something
y
xz
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S2018abnIntroduction 80
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Physics for Structures
• motion of particles
– displacement
– velocity
– acceleration
– rotation
– cause by forces
http://www.physics.umd.edu/
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S2018abnIntroduction 81
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Physics for Structures
• gravity
– acceleration of mass toward the earth
– weight or force due to gravity
• center of gravity
– location of mass doesn’t
change with motion
http://www.physics.umd.edu/
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S2018abnIntroduction 82
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Physics for Structures
• equilibrium of particles – no movement
http://www.physics.umd.edu/
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S2018abnIntroduction 83
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Physics for Structures
• fluid mechanics
– weight of water or fluid causes pressure on
any surface it interacts with
– pressure is force over an area
– air pressure causes forces
– water pressure gets greater as it gets
deeper
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S2018abnIntroduction 84
Lecture 1
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Physics for Structures
• temperature
– atoms respond to heat (physical chemistry)
• with heat solid goes to liquid goes to gas
• excited electrons
move apart
• movement is linear
– base 0 or freezing
at the temperature
water freezes at
http://www.physics.umd.edu/