Behavior in living Behavior in living organismsorganisms

Behavior in one celled Behavior in one celled organismsorganismsBehavior in plantsBehavior in plantsBehavior in animalsBehavior in animals

What is a stimulus?What is a stimulus?

• Stimulus is an information from the inside or outside of the organism. Stimulus(stimuli) creates a response (physiological or behavioral) in the organism.

• Stimuli triggers a special kind of behavior for each species. Only that species respond to that stimuli.

What is behavior?What is behavior?

• Behavior is a way of response to the stimuli.

• Behavior supports the survival of the organism.

• Prey escapes from the predator. Predator follows prey. Plants respond to light.

• The science which investigates behavior is called ethology.

Instinctive Instinctive (natural) behavior(natural) behavior

• That is performed without having been learned.

• Feeding, reproduction, bird song

• Reflexes and instincts

Learned Learned behaviorbehavior

• That is changed with experience.

• Imprinting

• Conditioning

• Trial-error

• Habituation

Behavior in one celled organismsBehavior in one celled organisms

• + or – • Replacement (taxis)• + chemotaxis:toward• - chemotaxis: away • + phototaxis:• - phototaxis:• geotaxis

• Nasty• The direction of the

stimulus is not important. Cell gives the same response

• Geonasty-geonastic

Behavior -depending on the direction of the stimuli

Behavior -not depending on the direction of the stimuli

Behavior in plantsBehavior in plants

• Tropism• + phototropism:• - geotropism:stem• - chemotropism:

against chemicals• Hydrotropism:• heliotropism

• Nasty• Geonasty-geonastic

photonastic• Thermonastic• Sismonastic

Behavior -depending on the direction of the stimuli

Behavior -not depending on the direction of the stimuli

Tropism typesTropism types• Chemotropism, movement or growth in response to chemicals • Geotropism or Gravitropism, movement or growth in response

to gravity • Hydrotropism, movement or growth in response to moisture

or water • Heliotropism, movement or growth in response to sunlight • Phototropism, movement or growth in response to light • Thermotropism, movement or growth in response to

temperature • Thigmotropism, movement or growth in response to touch or

contact • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropism

• http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/psychology/psych1a6/1aa3/EvoPsych/lec1-2.htm

• http://www.animalbehavioronline.com/

• http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/vecase/Behavior/index.html

Behavior in animalsBehavior in animals

• Reflexes are sudden and fixed behaviors. (reaction) controlled by ???

• The reflexes are not performed conciously. Spinal cord is involved for these kind of behaviors not brain.

• Grasp reflex of a baby important for catching mother.

Reflexes

InstinctsInstincts• Instinctive behavior is performed

without being learned. • It is a concious behavior. That

person is sure(concious) about what he is doing. Brain is involved.

• Migration, nesting, looking after youngs

• Endocrine and nervous system involve in behavior. The most important centers in the body are hypophysis and hypothalamus.

What is learning?What is learning?

• The behavioral changes as a result of the experiences form learning. Learning causes a change of behavior.

• Imprinting

• Conditioning

• Trial-error

• Habituation

ImprintingImprinting• Learning occurring at a particular age or a

particular life stage that is rapid.

• Young Geese of Konrad Lorenz, learn the characteristics of him as parent.

• "critical period" of

about 36 hours shortly

after hatching is best

for imprinting of geese.

ConditioningConditioning

• Conditioning is a type of associative learning.• Ivan Pavlov described the learning of

conditioned behavior as being formed by pairing stimuli to condition an animal into giving a certain response

• Food (Unconditioned.Stimulus) => Salivation (U.R.) Natural response.

• Food (U.S.) + Bell (Neutral.S.) => Salivation (U.R.) After repeating the pairing a few times.

• Bell (Conditioned.S.) => Salivation (C.R.) Learning occurs. Dogs salivate without food.

Trial-error (operant conditioning)Trial-error (operant conditioning)

• When first put into the maze, the mice took a long time to escape. With experience, ineffective responses occurred less frequently and successful responses occurred more frequently, enabling the mice to escape in less time over successive trials .

Habituation Habituation

• There is a progressive diminution (reduction) of behavioral response with the repetition of a stimulus . The learned suppression of response is habituation .

• A short amount of time after dressing, the stimulus the weight of clothes creates is 'ignored' by the nervous system and we become unaware of it.

Biological clockBiological clock

• Biological Clocks are physiological systems that enable organisms to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature, such as the cycles of day and night and of the seasons.

• Sleeping, winter sleep, migration are regulated by biological clock.

Social BehaviorSocial Behavior

• Living in a social group can provide benefits. Shielding against predators, cooperative defenses.

• Social behavior results from the interactions among two or more individuals.

• Cooperation, competition, predation, defense are social behaviors.

• Social groups have hierarchies. In the hierarchy, each individual knows his own responsibilities.

SocietiesSocieties

• The individuals of the same species effectively interact with each other in the societies. Bees, birds, wolves, human, ants

• There is a division of labor.

CommunicationCommunication

• Individuals within the society communicate with each other. This is unavoidable for gathering, feeding, defense, reproduction.

• Sound, smell(pheremones), movement, mimics are important communication ways.

Communication stylesCommunication styles• Dogs- Urination

• Birds- singing patterns and songs

• Bees- The 'round dance' reveals a food source not far away. The 'figure eight' dance reveals a distant food source.

                               

The 'round dance' reveals a food source not far away. The 'figure eight' dance reveals a distant food source.