behavioral health in the pcmh: making it work in small and medium sized independent practices
DESCRIPTION
Behavioral Health in the PCMH: Making it Work in Small and Medium Sized Independent Practices. Lori Zeman, PhD, Licensed Psychologist Director of Behavioral Health Integration, MedNetOne Health Solutions [email protected] Michigan Primary Care Consortium Symposium 4/29/14. Objectives. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Behavioral Health in the PCMH: Making it Work in Small and Medium
Sized Independent Practices
Lori Zeman, PhD, Licensed PsychologistDirector of Behavioral Health Integration,
MedNetOne Health [email protected]
Michigan Primary Care Consortium Symposium 4/29/14
Objectives
• Define why it is important to integrate behavioral health into the PCMH
• Discuss ways behavioral health and physical health can be integrated to improve care
• Identify important considerations and implementation strategies for your setting
Join the Conversation:
Behavioral Health CategoriesWarranting Attention in Primary Care
3
• Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders• Health Behaviors• Psychological factors that do not meet criteria for
mental heath diagnoses but exacerbate physical symptoms and impact health behaviors
Prevalence of Mental Health Conditions in Primary Care
4
Psychiatric disorders prevalence
• Major Depression 10 to 24%
• Panic Disorder 6 to 16%
• Other Anxiety Disorders 7 to 21%
• Alcohol Abuse 7 to 17%
• Any Psychiatric Diagnosis 28 to 52%
• 50% of all life-time MH disorders start by age 14
• 90% of all substance addictions start in the teens
• First symptoms of MI typically occur 2 to 4 years before full-blown disorder
• Despite effective treatments, the average delay between onset of symptoms and interventions is 8 to 10 years
Trajectory of Mental Illness
6
50% of people with major depression do not get detected• 40 to 60% of those get minimal guideline
concordant care for antidepressant dose and duration
• <10% get empirically validated psychotherapy 67% with any behavioral health disorders do not
get treatment (Kessler et al, 2005)
Behavioral Health Needs Are Not Adequately Addressed
Primary Care Clinic
Mental Health Clinic
Low Follow Through to MH Referrals
Patients who refuse referral tend to be high utilizers with unexplained physical symptoms
Join the Conversation:
People Access Mental Health Care in Primary Care
• 49.6% of people getting MH treatment get it in primary care • National Comorbidity Survey-Replication, Kessler et al,
2005
• 92% of all elderly patients receive MH care from PCP• PCPs prescribe:
• ~67% of all psycho-tropics• ~80% of antidepressants
• More than 80% of all children and 70% of adolescents see a physician at least once each year, and more than 50% have routine health visits
• 23% of pediatricians and family physicians routinely screen their adolescent patients for MH disorders• When pediatricians rely on clinical judgment 40 to 80% of
children with developmental or MH problems are missed
Missed Opportunities
• x
x
10 Most Common Complaints in Adult Primary Care
11
Chest Pain Fatigue Dizziness Headache Back Pain
Swelling Insomnia Abdominal Pain Numbness Shortness of
Breath10 to15% had identifiable organic basis
Kroenke & Mangelsdorf (1989) Am J Med;Strosahl et al. (1998); Kaiser; APA
Common Chronic Medical Conditions that Have Significant Behavioral Health Components
• Pain• Hypertension• Asthma• Diabetes• Sleep disorders
• HIV• Cardiovascular Disease• Irritable Bowel Syndrome• Obesity• Sexual Dysfunction
12
Health Behaviors
13
Behaviors or Unhealthy Behaviors•Smoking
25%•Poor Diet
30%•Sedentary lifestyles 50%•Non-Adherence20 to 50%
•Risky sexual behavior•Poor sleep hygiene
14
High Costs of Unmet BH Needs and Fragmented Care
• BH disorders account for half as many disability days as “all” physical conditions (Merikangas et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007)
• Untreated mental disorders in chronic illness is projected to cost commercial and Medicare purchasers between $130 and $350 billion annually (Hertz et al, 2002)
15
Join the Conversation:
Annual Medical Expenditures for Adults with and without a MH Condition
16
Cost without mental health condition
Cost with mental health condition
All adults * $1,913 $3,545Heart condition 4,697 6,919High blood pressure 3,481 5,492Asthma 2,908 4,028Diabetes 4,172 5,559*-Refers to all adults with and without chronic conditions. .
Information from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The 2002 and 2003 MEPS. AHRQ, Rockville, Md.
• HERO study in Birmingham Alabama• Study of 46,000 workers at several major US
companies
•Medical costs 70% higher among individuals with untreated depression
•Medical costs 46% higher among individuals reporting uncontrolled and untreated stress
Impact of Psychological Factors on Overall Health:
Top 10 Health Conditions Driving Costs for Employers (Med + Rx + Absenteeism + Presenteeism)
Costs/1000 FTEs
DepressionObesityArthritisBack/Neck PainAnxietyGERD
Allergy
Other CancerOther Chronic PainHypertension
$0 $50,000
$100,000 $150,000 $200,000 $250,000 $300,000 $350,000 $400,000 Presenteeism
AbsenteeismDrugMedical
Loeppke, et al., JOEM. 2009.
18
Improved Outcomes and Lower Costs With BH Integration
• Medical use decreased 15.7% for those receiving behavioral health treatment while controls who did not get behavioral health medical use increased 12.3% (Chiles et al., Clinical Psychology)
• Depression treatment in primary care for those with diabetes $896 lower total health care cost over 24 months (Katon et al., Diabetes Care. 2006)
• Depression treatment in primary care $3,300 lower total health care cost over 48 months (Unützer et al., Am J of Mgd Care )
19
Join the Conversation:
The Affordable Care Act
20
Requires mental health and substance abuse coverage as one of the 10 essential health benefits
Integrated Behavioral Health Helps Meet PCMH Core Principals
Whole Person Orientation: majority of personal health care in primary care
Coordinated Integrated Care: Personalized care across acute and chronic problems, to include prevention and focus on the physical, social, environmental, emotional, behavioral and cognitive aspects of health care.
21
Integrated Behavioral Health Helps Meet PCMH Core Principals
Enhanced Access: Time to third available appointment and same day access to the range of health care needs the patient has to include addressing in primary care by the team mental/behavioral health and health behavior change.
Payment for Added Value Enhance evidence-based screening, assessment and intervention for mental/behavioral health, substance misuse and abuse and health behavior change, that improves acute and long-term outcome, patient and provider satisfaction, decreases monthly cost for enrolled population, decreases ER visits, and prevents/decreases hospitalizations (i.e. medical and psychiatric).
22
Join the Conversation: 23
NCQA PCMH High-Level Goal for 2014: Further Integrate Behavioral Health
Element 2E delineates unhealthy behaviors and conditions related to mental health or substance abuse and evaluates capability to provide care reminders and use clinical decision support.
Element 1E asks practices to communicate the scope of services available including how behavioral health concerns are addressed.
Element 4B (Referrals) includes specific factors on establishing relationships with behavioral health providers.
24
Join the Conversation:
Roles for BH Providers in Primary Care
25
• Screening and/or follow-up assessment (should have good diagnostic skills)
• Program development: evaluation, treatment and follow-up protocols
• 2-way coordination with community resources, schools, specialty mental health
• Develop referral resource book• Brief interventions
Join the Conversation: 26
• Patient education/Anticipatory guidance • Handouts• Workshops
• Consult to medical providers• Address health behaviors • Help medical providers around engagement with
patients and families• Quality improvement initiatives
Roles for BH Providers in Primary Care (continued)
Integrated Care Models
27
• Identify partners• Preferential referral relationship• Referrals followed by phone calls and ongoing
collaboration• Effort to reduce barriers• Shared information
Enhanced Referral (PCMH-N)
• Specialist serves as consultant via telephone or video-conferencing
Telehealth
• Formalized screening• PCP training• Patient education• Follow-up care• Care manager • Psychiatrist consultant/supervisor
Disease/Care Management
.
Colocated
• BH and PC offer services in same physical location.
• PCPs typically refer to BH.
• Each has own traditional practice patterns, separate administrative and record systems.
• BH and primary care providers are considered part of the same team, not specialists within a clinic
• Care is co-managed
• Shared appointments, treatment plans
Fully Integrated: Primary Care Behavioral Health (PCBH)
If you have seen one integrated care program … you have seen one integrated care program
One size does not fit all – Understand factors important for
integration success in YOUR setting
34
AAP Mental Health Practice Readiness Inventory
35
What does your practice
do well?
What does your practice
do not so well?
http://pediatricmentalhealth.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/a8-mh-practice-readiness-inventory.pdf
Join the Conversation:
36
• What do you want to accomplish?• Who is your target population?
• How will they be identified?• Perform a needs analysis • Determine available financial mechanisms
Considerations
Join the Conversation: 37
Join the Conversation:
Business Arrangements With BH Provider
38
• Independent contractor (e.g., an individual or an organization such as a clinic or a PO)• Formal business agreement • Can be billed under separate Tax ID or same Tax ID with BH
provider paid via collections or flat hourly fee
• Employed member of practice • Billed under same Tax ID
• Partner model• Share risk• Same Tax ID
Join the Conversation:
How Will BH Provider Be Compensated?
39
• Percent of collections• Hourly rate• RVU/productivity• Share of P4P
Join the Conversation:
Funding Streams
40
• Fee-for-service• Capitation• Pay for Performance• Flexible infrastructure support• Case rates to cover prevention and care management of
chronic conditions• Grants/Demonstration projects• Carve-ins versus Carve-outs• Increased physician productivity (BHP frees up PCP time)
Join the Conversation:
Fee-For-Service Options
41
• Traditional mental health codes - 90791-92, 90832, 90834, 90837, 90833, 90836, 09838, 90839, 90840, 90846, 90847, 90849, 90853 –psychiatric evaluation, psychotherapy, and psychological testing
• Health and Behavior codes (H & B) - 96150-96155• Chronic Care Management Codes – T1015, T1019, G-
codes• Interdisciplinary team conference codes – 99366-99368
Join the Conversation:
Fee-For-Service Options (continued)
42
Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI) for Substance Use Payer Code Description 2012 Fee
Commercial
Insurance
99408
structured screening and brief intervention services; 15 to 30 min
$33.41
99409
structured screening and brief intervention services; >30 min $65.51
Medicare
G0396
Structured screening and brief intervention services; 15 to 30 min
$29.42
G0397
Structured screening and brief intervention services; >30 min $57.69
Medicaid
H0049 Screening $24.00H0050 Brief intervention, per 15 min $48.00
Join the Conversation:
Fee-For-Service Options (continued)
43
• Incident-to physician billing• Optimizing physician E & M coding
• Other – Medicare Advantage Hierarchical Condition Category (HCC) Payment Methodology • HCC Code 55 (Depression) adds ~ $300 to monthly payment• Not implemented yet in Michigan
Join the Conversation:
Billing Challenges
44
• Covered codes vary by payer• PCP and BH not always on same insurance panels • Carve-outs: disincentive for BH to address medical • Multiple co-pays at same visit• Some payers won’t cover 2 visits on same day• Prior authorization
Join the Conversation:
Considerations
45
• What performance metrics do you want to impact?• Financial implications
• Target your resources to priority areas• Select evidence based strategies• Determine appropriate metrics to evaluate success• Use of patient registry • Amount of BH provider time needed
Logistics: • Space, • Scheduling, • Patient flow – referral process• Information sharing
Confidentiality, consent Skill set of medical and BH staff
• Who is your optimal partner?• Training needs
46
Considerations
Desirable Characteristics of MH Providers in Primary Care Clinics
Flexible, adaptable to fast pace, unpredictable schedulesComfortable with ambiguity, think on their feetEnjoy teamworkComfortable in brief, sometimes one-session interventionsStrong diagnostic skills; Trained in EBTUnderstand BH problems common in primary care
(somatization, chronic pain, non-adherence, lifestyle changes necessary for comorbid chronic illnesses)
Naturally gravitate towards Motivational Interviewing
Join the Conversation:
Implementation Tips
48
• Identify integration champion(s)• Solicit input from people in all roles• Solicit patient/family input• Assess current practices• Build on strengths
Join the Conversation:
Implementing Tips (continued)
49
• Map the workflow
• Establish tracking system - goals
Join the Conversation:
Implementing Tips (continued)
50
• Conduct staff orientations• Engage all staff• Inform patients and families
• scripts
• Start small, pilot first• Address obstacles• Modify as needed
Join the Conversation:
Implementing Tips (continued)
51
• Review progress on regular basis• Integration is an ongoing process – it does not happen
quickly• Evaluate success of initiative• Acknowledge achievements!
Join the Conversation:
Resources
52
• AIMS Center (Advancing Integrated MH Solutions)• PCPCC (Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative)• AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality)• SAMHSA –HRSA Center for Integrated Health Solutions
Join the Conversation:
Conclusions• Behavioral and physical health integration has
unique challenges but the payoff is worth it!• Improved access• Improved quality• Improved satisfaction (patient and provider)• Improved outcomes• Lower costs or cost neutral
• What are your challenges?• What are your successes?• What will your next steps be?
54