THE BEHAVIOR PERSPECTIVE

THE BEHAVIOR PERSPECTIVE Behaviorism psychology , is an approach to psychology that combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and theory.

Behaviorism psychology is the psychology that concerns with the observable behavior of humans and animals, not with the unobservable events that takes place in their minds.

The behaviorist school of thought maintains that a persons behavior can be described scientifically through internal psychological events or through hypothetical concerns such as: thoughts and beliefs.

THE BEHAVIOR PERSPECTIVE Behavioral psychology is a perspective that focuses on learned behavior .

The learned behavior of a person is that which he has adopted from the society, from the environment, from the internal psychological events or from his beliefs and his thoughts.

The condition of the behavior of a person can be determined through various different means. Some of those conditions are :

Operant conditioning.

Classical conditioning.

Behavior shaping.

Observational learning.

Influence learning and performance.

B.F SKINNER B.F. SKINNER, AN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST, IS CREDITED WITH FIRST DEVELOPING THIS PRACTICE IN THE MID 1900S. HIS THEORY OF OPERANT CONDITIONING FORMED THE BASIS FOR THE PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION APPROACH

OPERANT Any active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences .

OPERANT CONDITIONING (INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING)

a learning process first described by B. F. Skinner. In operant conditioning, reinforcement or punishment are used to either increase or decrease the probability that a behavior will occur again in the future.

Skinner experiment on rat to achieve behavior result

Operant Chamber (“Skinner Box”)

◦ soundproof chamber with a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforce

Operant Chamber (“Skinner Box”) when a lab rat presses a blue button, he receives a

food pellet as a reward, but when he presses the red button he receives a mild electric shock. As a result, he learns to press the blue button but avoid

the red button.

COMPONENTS OF OPERANT CONDITIONINGReinforcementPunishment

REINFORCEMENT is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows.It also states the positive side of Thorndike’s Law of Effect.2 types of reinforcement.

Positive negative

TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT1. Positive Reinforcement : are favorable events that are presented

after the behavior.

2. Negative Reinforcement : a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus (escape-avoidance learning).

TYPES OF POSITIVE REINFORCESA. Natural reinforces

B. Token reinforces

C. Social reinforces

D. Tangible reinforces

WHEN POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT MOST EFFECTIVE?According to a behavioral guidelines checklist published by Utah State University, positive reinforcement is most effective when it occurs immediately after the behavior.

WHEN NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT MOST EFFECTIVE?

it is most effective when reinforces are presented immediately following a behavior.

PUNISHMENT Punishment is a term used in operant conditioning to refer to any change that occurs after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that that behavior will occur again in the future. While positive and negative reinforcement are used to increase behaviors, punishment is focused on reducing or eliminating unwanted behaviors.

KINDS OF PUNISHMENTpositive punishmentnegative punishment

POSITIVE PUNISHMENTis to decrease the behavior that it follows. In the case of positive punishment, it involves presenting an unfavorable outcome or event following an undesirable behavior.

Example : Your cell phone rings in the middle of a class lecture, and you are scolded by your teacher for not turning your phone off prior to class.

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT is to decrease the behavior that precedes it. In the case of negative punishment, it involves taking something good or desirable away in order to reduce the occurrence of a particular behavior.

Example :after getting low grades in her subjects because of spending more time in texting rather than in studying, her mother takes her cellphone away.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism.

Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behavior and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings, and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behavior.

BEHAVIOR SHAPING It is one of the five main types of child discipline. It's based on an underlying principle that guides a lot of discipline strategies.

Techniques involving environmental manipulations to change behavior.

REINFORCEMENT Positive : Positive reinforcement refers to giving a child something that will reinforce the behavior and motivate the child to repeat the behavior.

Negative : Negative reinforcement is when a child is motivated to change his behavior because it will take away something unpleasant.

PURPOSES Behavior modification is used to treat a varieties of problems in adults and children. Behavior modification has been successfully used to treat obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

RESULTS It is a teaching method to help cope with everyday life. Depending on individual needs, a person may only need it on a short-term basis. The exact length of a treatment plan depends on individual goals and progress made.

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING Learning through observing the behavior of another person called model.

Modeling is a form of learning where individuals ascertain how to act or perform by observing another individual.

It also plays an important role in the socialization process, as children learn how to behave and respond to others by observing how their parents and other people interact with each other.

EXAMPLES OF OBSERVATIONAL LERANINGoAn infant learns to make and

understand facial expressions.

oA child learns how to play

a game while watching others.

STAGES OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Attention Retention Production Motivation

ATTENTION In order to learn, you need to be paying full attention.

RETENTION The ability to store information is an important part of the learning process.

PRODUCTION Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the information, is time to actually perform the behavior you observed.

MOTIVATION

In order for observational learning to be successful, you have to be motivated to imitate the behavior that has been modeled.

LEARNING AND PERFORMANCE BEHAVIOR Our performance is mostly a result of our learning but the relationship between learning and performance is not that simple as we have always believed. There are times when learning affects performance in an undesirable manner. It is important to distinguish between learning (including conditioning) and performance.

LEARNING Learning is the process that continues lifelong in the lives of human beings as long as there is desire and motivation to learn.

Learning is all about mastering new skills, and developing a greater understanding about things not known to us and also about making a better sense of our surroundings.

We grow and develop mentally with the help of this process of learning as our mind or brain develops to its full potential.

PERFORMANCE Performance is a goal that is achievable through learning.

Performance is how we fare in an exam or situation or our productivity in the work environment.

Performance is our output that can be judged and evaluated.

Performance is something that is tangible and can be measured.

FACTORS INFLUENCING LEARNING

Amount of practice and training.

Amount of reward

Delay of reward.

Partial reinforcement.

FACTORS INFLUENCING PERFORMANCE Motivation.

Stimulus intensity.

Effort.

INFLUENCE LEARNING AND PERFORMANCE Learning and Performance of a person in some cases goes hand-in-hand, whereas, in other it doesn’t.

The mind set of human behavior is that whatever a person learns later on he can implement it and improve their performance.

CONCLUSION There are many different ways to think about human thought and behavior. The many perspectives in modern psychology provide researchers and students a way to approach different problems and find new ways to explain and predict human behavior as well as develop new treatment approaches for problem behaviors.